OPIOIDS ‼️
• “Morphine: miosis + constipation + retention”NOT urination
• “Methadone = long acting withdrawal control”✔️ addiction treatment
• “Meperidine = seizures” ⚠️ anticholinergic effect
• Naloxone does NOT treat withdrawal
• Morphine ❌ NOT for head injury ✔️ Crosses placenta
• Opioids ❌ NOT anti-inflammatory
• Buprenorphine ❌ not easily reversed ✔️ sublingual
• Codeine ❌ not addiction-free
Tramadol = Inhibits 5-HT & NE reuptake
(cancer patients) → give laxative
• “Morphine: miosis + constipation + retention”NOT urination
• “Methadone = long acting withdrawal control”✔️ addiction treatment
• “Meperidine = seizures” ⚠️ anticholinergic effect
• Naloxone does NOT treat withdrawal
• Morphine ❌ NOT for head injury ✔️ Crosses placenta
• Opioids ❌ NOT anti-inflammatory
• Buprenorphine ❌ not easily reversed ✔️ sublingual
• Codeine ❌ not addiction-free
Tramadol = Inhibits 5-HT & NE reuptake
(cancer patients) → give laxative
❤7
Local Anesthetics ✅
Non-ionized form → crosses membrane ✔️
• Alkaline pH → ↑ effect ✔️
Bupivacaine = heart danger ⛔️
Prilocaine = metHb
Benzocaine = topical only
Amides = ❗ More systemic toxicity
Procaine = NOT used topically ❗
Articaine = both amide + ester bond ❗
Procaine = allergy
Non-ionized form → crosses membrane ✔️
• Alkaline pH → ↑ effect ✔️
Bupivacaine = heart danger ⛔️
Prilocaine = metHb
Benzocaine = topical only
Amides = ❗ More systemic toxicity
Procaine = NOT used topically ❗
Articaine = both amide + ester bond ❗
Procaine = allergy
❤10
🔴 Anaerobes
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces
🟢 Oxidase Positive
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Campylobacter
🔴 Intracellular
Listeria
Neisseria
Salmonella
Yersinia
Nocardia
🟢 Catalase Negative
Streptococci
Actinomyces
Shigella
Clostridium
🔴 Non-capsulated
Shigella
Clostridium
Actinomyces
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Citrobacter
🟢 Motile
Enterobacteriaceae (except Shigella, Klebsiella)
Pseudomonas
Campylobacter
Bacillus
Listeria
Nocardia
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces
🟢 Oxidase Positive
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Campylobacter
🔴 Intracellular
Listeria
Neisseria
Salmonella
Yersinia
Nocardia
🟢 Catalase Negative
Streptococci
Actinomyces
Shigella
Clostridium
🔴 Non-capsulated
Shigella
Clostridium
Actinomyces
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Citrobacter
🟢 Motile
Enterobacteriaceae (except Shigella, Klebsiella)
Pseudomonas
Campylobacter
Bacillus
Listeria
Nocardia
❤17
📌Bacteria have vaccine 💉
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Clostridium tetani
Bacillus anthracis
Salmonella typhi
📌Zoonotic 🦟
Bacillus anthracis
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Yersinia
Listeria
📌Endogenic
Gram-positive cocci
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Bacteroides
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Clostridium tetani
Bacillus anthracis
Salmonella typhi
📌Zoonotic 🦟
Bacillus anthracis
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Yersinia
Listeria
📌Endogenic
Gram-positive cocci
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Bacteroides
❤11
Penicillin-sensitive 💊
Streptococci
Neisseria
Actinomyces
Clostridium
Corynebacteria
Listeria
Bacillus (except B. anthracis variable)
Streptococci
Neisseria
Actinomyces
Clostridium
Corynebacteria
Listeria
Bacillus (except B. anthracis variable)
❤10
🔴 all Pyogenic cocci Endogenous
except Neisseria
🟣 all Non–spore forming G⁺ bacilli Exogenous
Except Actinomyces
🟤 all Spore-forming G⁺ bacilli Exogenous
🟡 all Enterobacteriaceae Endogenous
Except salmonella & shigella
⚫ all Bacteroides Endogenous
🔵 all Other Gram-negative bacilli → Endogenous Except Campylobacter & Yersinia
except Neisseria
🟣 all Non–spore forming G⁺ bacilli Exogenous
Except Actinomyces
🟤 all Spore-forming G⁺ bacilli Exogenous
🟡 all Enterobacteriaceae Endogenous
Except salmonella & shigella
⚫ all Bacteroides Endogenous
🔵 all Other Gram-negative bacilli → Endogenous Except Campylobacter & Yersinia
❤9