What would you do if you found out that you were wrong?

“The New Science” is the major work of Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico. It was first published in 1725 to little success, but has gone on to be highly regarded and influential in the philosophy of history, sociology, and anthropology. The central concepts were highly original and foreshadowed the Age of Enlightenment.

Vico frequently espoused a cyclical philosophy of history where human history is created by man. He categorized the stages of human history into three main epochs:

1) Age of Gods, represented in primitive society by the family life of the cave, to which the thunderous voice of God has driven mankind;
(2) Age of Heroes, characterized by incessant conflict between the ruling patricians and their subject plebeians;
(3) Age of Man, in which rank and privilege have finally been eradicated by the revolutions of the preceding age.
These 3 epochs are then repeated after a short period of chaos, which is characterized by the bewildering collapse of democratic society, which is inherently dysfunctional and therefore riddled with an array of hellish and perplexing problems: conflict, violence, oppression, injustice corruption, poverty, ignorance, alienation, suffering, and terrorism.

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