Q: What is the exact meaning of, and difference between, सकर्मक/अकर्मक and परस्मैपदी/आत्मनेपदी in a धातु? Are the two concepts related, and if so, how?

A: It's a very good question! In Sanskrit, a धातु (verbal root) indicates a क्रिया (action), and both सकर्मक/अकर्मक and परस्मैपदी/आत्मनेपदी of a धातु relate to the nature of its corresponding क्रिया.

Let us take सकर्मक/अकर्मक first. The कर्म of a क्रिया (action) is basically the आश्रय of the क्रिया-फल (the locus of the result of that action). If the क्रिया-फल-आश्रय is the कर्तृ entity itself, then the क्रिया/धातु is अकर्मक, and if the locus is anywhere other than the कर्तृ, the क्रिया/धातु is सकर्मक. E.g. in वृधुँ (वृध्) वृद्धौ, the action of growing, the result of the action of growing can be in the कर्तृ itself, so it is अकर्मक, and if something else is being grown by the कर्तृ, it has to be expressed as a णिजन्त. Whereas in डुपचँष् पाके, the result of cooking is never in the कर्तृ itself, so it is सकर्मक. Thus, अकर्मक literally means "acting on self" and सकर्मक literally means "acting on others".

Now, a deeper question is, who is the intended beneficiary (सम्प्रदान) of the result of the action? If this is the कर्तृ itself, the धातु is आत्मनेपदी, and if not, it is परस्मैपदी. Thus, आत्मने literally means "intended for self" and परस्मै literally means "intended for others". Staying with डुपचँष् पाके as an example, though it needs a कर्म for the result, the cooked food can be intended for the कर्तृ himself/herself, or for others. Accordingly, we have आत्मनेपदी (e.g. पचते) or परस्मैपदी (e.g. पचति) respectively.

In Vedic Sanskrit, almost all धातुs were उभयपदी, and could be put in either form depending on the intended beneficiary. In classical Sanskrit, which is what we use today, this got hardened based on the predominant usage into आ.प., प.प. and उ.प. forms, and only in उ.प. धातुs like डुपचँष् पाके we still get to select the form based on intended use, else we use आ.प. or प.प. as the case may be, irrespective of the intended beneficiary.

Thus the key intuition is, कर्मकता depends on क्रिया-फल-आश्रय, the locus of the result (acting-on-self vs acting-on-others), while आत्मने/परस्मै depends on क्रिया-फल-सम्प्रदान, the intended beneficiary (effectee) of the result (intended-for-self vs intended-for-others). Therefore, there is no direct relation between the two concepts.

However, it is my belief that in practice, actions that act on the self are more likely to be intended for self, therefore statistically we may find that अकर्मक धातुs are आत्मनेपदी more often than परस्मैपदी, though I have not formally tested this.

The best example for a धातु being उभयपदी earlier is the famous Upanishad वाक्यम् सत्यमेव जयते. That is, सत्यम् एव जयते. Truth alone triumphs. If you see the धातुपथ, it will say जि जये is परस्मैपदी and सकर्मक, because normally the result of winning is on someone else, and so is the intended benefit (effect). However, there is a deeper insight that all enemies are essentially internal (the षड्रिपु's of unbalanced काम, क्रोध etc). Therefore all defeats and victories are essentially internal. Also since Truth is ultimate, it does not need to defeat anyone, but just assert itself. Hence the आत्मनेपदी form, जयते. Today, since जि जये is classified as परस्मैपदी based on predominant usage, we call the use of जयते in this वाक्यम् as छान्दस/आर्ष-प्रयोग.

नमोनमः. 🙏😊
- Amit Rao

#sanskritlessons

🚩जय सत्य सनातन 🚩

🚩आज की हिंदी तिथि

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⛅ 🚩तिथि - दशमी शाम 05:59 तक तत्पश्चात एकादशी.

⛅ दिनांक - 12 जुलाई 2023
⛅ दिन - बुधवार
⛅ शक संवत् - 1945
⛅ अयन - दक्षिणायन
⛅ ऋतु - वर्षा
⛅ मास - श्रावण
⛅ पक्ष - कृष्ण
⛅ नक्षत्र - भरणी शाम 07:43 तक तत्पश्चात कृतिका
⛅ योग - धृति सुबह 09:40 तक तत्पश्चात शूल
⛅ राहु काल - दोपहर 12:45 से 02:26 तक
⛅ सूर्योदय - 06:02
⛅ सूर्यास्त - 07:29
⛅ दिशा शूल - उत्तर दिशा में
⛅ ब्राह्ममुहूर्त - प्रातः 04:37 से 05:19 तक
⛅ निशिता मुहूर्त - रात्रि 12:24 से 01:07 तक

उस बालक का नाम अनिरुद्ध है।
= तस्य बालकस्य नाम अनिरुद्धः अस्ति।

उस बालिका का नाम राधिका है।
= तस्याः बालिकायाः नाम राधिका अस्ति।

वे दोनों इस घर में रहते हैं।
= तौ एतस्मिन् भवने निवसतः।

इस बालिका के पिता उस घर में रहते हैं।
= एतस्याः बालिकायाः पिता तस्मिन् गेहे निवसति।

इन दो बालकों को तुम ये फल देते हो।
= एताभ्यां बालकाभ्यां त्वं एतानि फलानि यच्छसि।

इन घरों में वे बालक रहते हैं।
= एतेषु सदनेषु ते बालकाः निवसन्ति।

उस घर में तुम रहते हो, इस घर में मैं रहता हूँ।
= तस्मिन् निलये त्वं वससि, एतस्मिन् निलये अहं वसामि।

यह घर इस बालिका का है।
= एतत् निकेतनम् अस्याः बालिकायाः अस्ति।

ये हमारे घर हैं।
= एते अस्माकं निलयाः सन्ति।

इनमें हम रहते हैं।
= एतेषु वयं निवसामः।

मोहन उस घर से वस्तुएँ लाकर इस घर में रखता है,
= मोहनः तस्मात् गृहात् वस्तूनि नीत्वा एतस्मिन् गृहे स्थापयति

#vakyabhyas

🍃कान्ताकटाक्षविशिखा न लुनन्ति यस्य चित्तं न निर्दहति कोपकृशानुताप:।
कर्षन्ति भूरिविषयाश्च न लोभपाशा
लोकत्रयं जयति कृत्स्नमिदं स धीरः।।

🔆 यस्य जनस्य हृदयं रूपवतीस्त्री विदीर्णं कर्तुं न शक्नोति।
क्रोधरूपी अग्निः यस्य हृदयं न सन्तापयति यः च लोभपूर्णैः वस्तुभिः न आकर्षितः भवति सः जितेन्द्रियः धैर्यशीलः विश्वमपि जेतुं शक्नोति।

⚜जिस पुरुष के हृदय को सुन्दर स्त्री के कटाक्षरूपी तीक्ष्ण बाण विदीर्ण नहीं करते हैं, क्रोधरूपी अग्नि का सन्ताप जिसके हृदय को नहीं जलाता है और अनेक विषय अर्थात् भोग्य पदार्थ लोभरूपी पाशों के द्वारा जो आकर्षित नहीं होता हैं, वह धैर्यशील, जितेन्द्रिय पुरुष तीनों लोकों को जीत लेता है।

#Subhashitam

प्रतिदिनं प्रातः ७:१५ वादने १५ निमेषात्मिकायै वार्तायै डी डी न्यूज् इति पश्यत।

https://youtu.be/jljLNxKfNOI

Dear Sir/ Madam
Namaskara.

We cordially invite you to attend a Lecture (in Sanskrit) on 'Modern Methods of Sanskrit Education' being delivered ONLINE by noted Sanskrit Scholar Shri Shyamsundar S. Bhat, Rtd. Sanskrit & Hindi Teacher, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Govt. of India, during 4.00 p.m. - 5.00 p.m. on Friday, 14-07-2023, at the celebration of the Birth Centenary of Acharya Pt. Bhaishankar B. Purohit.
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Thanking you,
Yours sincerely
Hitesh Trivedi
Assistant Director
P.G. & Research Dept.
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan

स्मारणम्-
वन्दे संस्कृतमातरम्।
आत्मीयाः संस्कृतबान्धवाः, जिज्ञासवः सुधियः,
भवन्तः सादरं संसूच्यन्ते यदस्माभिः उत्तरप्रदेशसंस्कृतसंस्थानस्य तत्वावधाने सञ्चाल्यमाणसंस्कृतभाषाशिक्षणकक्ष्याषु समवेतरूपेण बौद्धिकसत्रं जुलाईमासस्य 14/07/2023 तमे दिनाङ्के सायं 03 वादने समायोज्यते तत्र भवतामुपस्थितिः सादरं विनिवेद्यते।

वक्ता
कुलदीप-मैन्दोला
प्रवक्ता
राजकीय -इण्टर-कालेज-कोटद्वारम्, उत्तराखण्डः।


प्रशिक्षकाः - डॉ० श्वेता-बरनवाल:, शिवानी लक्ष्मीकान्तपाठकश्च।

गूगल मीट लिंक👇
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समयः - अपराह्नं 02:55 वादने

National Seminar-26-27&28 July-2023 by Maharshi Panini Sanskrit Vedic Vishwavidyalaya

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वयं युष्माकं प्रतीक्षां कुर्मः। 😇
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