#selenium provides the easiest way to get cookies with #python

One of the key concepts of #python is the concept of callable.

Callable is an object that can be called. Basically, all of those are callables: user-defined functions, instance methods, generator functions, coroutine functions, async generator functions, built-in functions, built-in methods, classes and class instances.

In order to be a classic callable - you need to have a dunder method "call" to be defined. As it is in my short demo code on the attached image.

I make a custom class inheriting all there is from the float class. And I add the only method of the topic - the call dunder. For fun sake upon using our object as function - we will return a float times the specified number. In order to return our Callable_Number other than the float - we need to also modify the multiplication dunder. Which is now by default returns the float type.

On the line 5 we initiate our class. By the way, we are calling the class to get it's instance. That's how classes themselves are callable. And we get our Callable_Number object as the result. The following print statement clearly shows the float value and the existence of the call dunder, thanks to the callable built-in function.

On the line 7 we CALL the "a" object, an INSTANCE of our class. That's where the call dunder is activated. Thus the multiplication as a result. As you see - our newly created "b" object lacks the call dunder. Since it is a usual float due to the mechanism I described previously.

Useful links:

1 - callable built-in function https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#callable
2 - datamodel with callable types described https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html
3 - expressions reference on calls https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#calls
4 - C-API call protocol https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/call.html

The way I like my imports to be refactored in #python - is for them to be grouped and each name on a single line. It is highly readable, less prone for errors.

A simple way to refactor imports - is to use the isort library. I prefer to utilize the following flags:

mode 3 - stands for VERTICAL_HANGING_INDENT

force grid wrap 2 - to start grid wrapping with only 2 imported names

trailing comma - so that all lines are similar

With some shortcuts the final command looks like this:

isort file-name.py -m 3 -fgw 2 -tc

You can edit the isort config file in order to NOT TO use all those flags each time. For these and other helpful details you can always refer to the isort official documentation: https://pycqa.github.io/isort/index.html

During the 20-th PyErevan meetup one of the speakers - Ruben - showed how a #python #PyGame application can be #WASM-ed and shared through the net.

For fun sake I made my own humble visual #game and shared it through the Itch.io

- game hosted on https://rioran.itch.io/random-shifting-colors

- source code can be found on github https://github.com/Rioran/random-colors-visuals

Finally got my hands on the Jupyter Notebook 7. Whoa, I like those new features!

Here is my screenshot with the debugger and table of contents pane out of the box. Nice and clean! And those just scratch the tip of the iceberg!

Though, not everything is ideal. Some users, me included, could face difficulties to upgrade Notebook 6 to 7 from the Anaconda Navigator on Windows machine. Pity, I do love the Anaconda Distribution. So, terminal is our best friend. Install:

pip install jupyter
pip install notebook

And run:

jupyter notebook

Here is a nice library to be aware about: https://pypi.org/project/python-dotenv/

Python-dotenv reads key-value pairs from a .env file and can set them as environment variables. It helps in the development of applications following the 12-factor principles.

As a feature reach alternative to the slim dotenv library my fellow Python tamers recommend the dynaconf. It handles a lot more.

Hey, dear #python enthusiasts, PyPI just went through a public audit! A huge masterpiece report can be found in the Trail Of Bits repository . Shortly: 8 medium and 6 low severity exposures, low test coverage, but overall all is good.

By the way, did you know that you can unpack strings with multiple assignment in #python ?

Just finished a 3 month "Python Intro" course. Tutored 11 bright students by the flag of the Armenian Code Academy.

LinkedIn post.

A must-have technique for a huge or feature-rich application - feature flags. It is a great way to control your project without the need to redeploy. You decide what parts of the project you want to work and in what way, remotely and smoothly.

Here is a well written entry article for the topic.

tempfile - a nice built-in Python library to create temporary directories and files. You can use those tmp objects directly in Python or in complex scenarios like execution of a terminal command with BashOperator inside Airflow DAG.

Official docs: https://docs.python.org/3/library/tempfile.html

Example:

from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile


with NamedTemporaryFile('w') as file:
    file.write('Roman\nRioran\nVoronov\n')
    file.flush()
    print(f'{file.name = }')  # file.name = '/tmp/tmpbrotweh8'
    with open(file.name, 'r') as tmp_file:
        print(f'{tmp_file.readlines() = }')  # tmp_file.readlines() = ['Roman\n', 'Rioran\n', 'Voronov\n']

Several years ago during my analyst work in Yandex I regularly performed SQL related tasks via one hell of an internal tool. Not sure if NDA allows me to announce its internal name. But! Lo and behold - a huge and powerful part of that tool is now publicly released as YTsaurus! As I see it - the name is a mix of several geek words like "thesaurus" including one internal joke.

Just check out the number and quality of those features! https://ytsaurus.tech/

This tool allowed me to perform intensive and complicated calculations over billions of samples of user activity data in Taxi service.

As I continue reading "Refactoring" by Martin Fowler, chapter 6 discusses data access, particularly reference versus value. This topic brings back memories from years ago when I witnessed a team spend weeks debugging issues caused by poor data access practices.

Here is my Python 3.10 illustration of the technique Martin mentions. The two code samples have common parts. If you don't encapsulate - sooner or later, you'll run into trouble. As shown here: employee_b data gets modified by changes to seemingly unrelated objects. The overhead of copying is negligible, but the risks drop dramatically.

Risky code:

from dataclasses import dataclass, field


@dataclass
class Employee:
    name: str = 'No name'
    birth_year: int | None = None
    projects: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'Employee({self.name}, {self.projects})'


if __name__ == '__main__':
    employee_a = Employee(name='Roman')
    employee_b = Employee(name='Rioran')

    new_projects = ['Party', 'New Year']

    employee_a.projects = employee_b.projects = new_projects
    employee_a.projects.append('Gym')
    new_projects[0] = 'Dance'

    print(f'{employee_b = }')
    # employee_b = Employee(Rioran, ['Dance', 'New Year', 'Gym'])

Encapsulated data:

from dataclasses import dataclass, field


@dataclass
class Employee:
    name: str = 'No name'
    birth_year: int | None = None
    _projects: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'Employee({self.name}, {self.projects})'

    @property
    def projects(self):
        return self._projects.copy()

    @projects.setter
    def projects(self, new_value: list):
        self._projects = new_value.copy()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    employee_a = Employee(name='Roman')
    employee_b = Employee(name='Rioran')

    new_projects = ['Party', 'New Year']

    employee_a.projects = employee_b.projects = new_projects
    employee_a.projects.append('Gym')
    new_projects[0] = 'Dance'

    print(f'{employee_b = }')
    # employee_b = Employee(Rioran, ['Party', 'New Year'])

Reminder on #postgresql indexes types.

By the way, #postgresql source code contains great documentation on indexes! For example, here's the HASH index README.

I participated in my first LeetCode contest ever and ranked 1873 out of 33,261 participants, placing me in the top 6%

Here is how py2puml & plantuml tools combination could help you visualize your Python project entities.

Both are easily installed. PlantUML is even available as a PyCharm plugin. Normally going from zero to image would take less than a minute.

Minor hickups are possible though. On Windows py2puml tryed standard output instead of file creation. And output redirection was polluted with NULL symbols. Also by default py2puml didn't capture method names.

Here is my Kettle in Python:

class Heater:
    def __init__(self, min_temperature: int = 0, max_temperature: int = 100):
        self.enabled: bool = False
        self.temperature: int = 0
        self.min_temperature: int = min_temperature
        self.max_temperature: int = max_temperature

    def start(self):
        self.enabled = True

    def update(self):
        if self.enabled:
            self.temperature += 1
            self.temperature = min(self.max_temperature, self.temperature)
        else:
            self.temperature -= 1
            self.temperature = max(self.min_temperature, self.temperature)


class Reservoir:
    def __init__(self, volume: int = 1000):
        self.volume: int = volume
        self.water: int = 0

    def fill(self, input_water):
        total_water = self.water + input_water
        self.water = min(self.volume, self.water + input_water)
        spilled = total_water - self.water

        return spilled

    def pour(self, amount):
        pour_amount = min(self.water, amount)
        self.water -= pour_amount

        return pour_amount


class Kettle(Heater, Reservoir):
    def __init__(self, volume=1000, min_temperature=0, max_temperature=100):
        Reservoir.__init__(self, volume)
        Heater.__init__(self, min_temperature, max_temperature)

That's what py2puml produced:

@startuml tea
!pragma useIntermediatePackages false

class tea.Heater {
  enabled: bool
  temperature: int
  min_temperature: int
  max_temperature: int
  + __init__(min_temperature: int = 0, max_temperature: int = 100)
  + start()
  + update()
}
class tea.Kettle {
}
class tea.Reservoir {
  volume: int
  water: int
  + __init__(volume: int = 1000)
  + fill(input_water: int): int
  + pour(amount: int): int
}
tea.Heater <|-- tea.Kettle
tea.Reservoir <|-- tea.Kettle
footer Generated by //py2puml//
@enduml

Yo, check out an awesome package and project manager for #python !

https://docs.astral.sh/uv/

Easily installed on Windows even with:

pip install uv

Though take notice:

If installing from PyPI, we recommend installing uv into an isolated environment, e.g., with pipx

Here are some official documentation highlights:

🚀 A single tool to replace pip, pip-tools, pipx, poetry, pyenv, twine, virtualenv, and more.
⚡️ 10-100x faster than pip.
🗂 Provides comprehensive project management, with a universal lockfile.
❇️ Runs scripts, with support for inline dependency metadata.
🐍 Installs and manages Python versions.
🛠 Runs and installs tools published as Python packages.
🔩 Includes a pip-compatible interface for a performance boost with a familiar CLI.
🏢 Supports Cargo-style workspaces for scalable projects.
💾 Disk-space efficient, with a global cache for dependency deduplication.
⏬ Installable without Rust or Python via curl or pip.
🖥 Supports macOS, Linux, and Windows.

uv is backed by Astral, the creators of Ruff.