Reverse UPSC
72 BPSC Notification.pdf
There is no shame in having a plan B if you have already given 3 attempts start thinking for something else too at the end of the day a good job is what matters..💯🤞
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India aur Unicorns
India duniya ka teesra (3rd) sabse bada startup ecosystem hai (USA aur China ke baad).
Pehla Unicorn: India mein InMobi (2011) pehla unicorn bana tha.
Examples: BYJU'S, Swiggy, Zomato (jo ab public ho chuki hai), Dream11, Razorpay, etc.
3. Unicorn se aage ki "Mythical" Terms
Jab valuation $1 billion se aur upar chali jati hai, toh naye terms use hote hain:
Decacorn: Jis startup ki valuation $10 billion se zyada ho (e.g., Flipkart, PhonePe).
Hectocorn: Jiski valuation $100 billion se zyada ho (e.g., SpaceX, Bytedance).
4. Startup Ecosystem ki Hierarchy
Economy mein startups ko unki growth ke hisaab se alag-alag naam diye gaye hain:
Soonicorn (Soon-to-be-Unicorn): Woh startups jo bahut jald $1 billion ki valuation touch kar sakte hain.
Gazelle: Aise startups jinmein aane wale 2 saal mein unicorn banne ki kshamta (potential) hoti hai.
Cheetah: Woh startups jo 4 saal mein unicorn banne ki raah par hain.
India duniya ka teesra (3rd) sabse bada startup ecosystem hai (USA aur China ke baad).
Pehla Unicorn: India mein InMobi (2011) pehla unicorn bana tha.
Examples: BYJU'S, Swiggy, Zomato (jo ab public ho chuki hai), Dream11, Razorpay, etc.
3. Unicorn se aage ki "Mythical" Terms
Jab valuation $1 billion se aur upar chali jati hai, toh naye terms use hote hain:
Decacorn: Jis startup ki valuation $10 billion se zyada ho (e.g., Flipkart, PhonePe).
Hectocorn: Jiski valuation $100 billion se zyada ho (e.g., SpaceX, Bytedance).
4. Startup Ecosystem ki Hierarchy
Economy mein startups ko unki growth ke hisaab se alag-alag naam diye gaye hain:
Soonicorn (Soon-to-be-Unicorn): Woh startups jo bahut jald $1 billion ki valuation touch kar sakte hain.
Gazelle: Aise startups jinmein aane wale 2 saal mein unicorn banne ki kshamta (potential) hoti hai.
Cheetah: Woh startups jo 4 saal mein unicorn banne ki raah par hain.
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SHANTI Act, 2025: Kya hai ye?
Iska pura naam hai—Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI).
1. Purane Laws ka Replacement
Ye Act do purane laws ko khatam karke unki jagah lega:
Atomic Energy Act, 1962: Jo nuclear power ke development aur use ko control karta tha.
Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010: Jo nuclear accident hone par compensation (muavza) tay karta tha.
2. Private Sector ki Entry (Sabse Bada Change)
Pehle nuclear power par sirf sarkar ka kabza tha. Ab:
Private companies nuclear plants operate kar sakti hain aur bijli (power) generate kar sakti hain.
Wo equipment manufacture kar sakti hain aur "limited fuel-cycle activities" (jaise uranium enrichment) bhi kar sakti hain (ek limit tak).
3. Sarkari Control (Sensitive Areas)
Sari cheezein private nahi hui hain. Kuch "sensitive" kaam abhi bhi sirf Central Government ke paas rahenge:
Spent-fuel reprocessing (istamaal kiye gaye fuel ko recycle karna).
High-level waste handling (nuclear kachre ka nipatara).
Heavy-water production.
4. Nayi Regulatory Body: AERB & Council
AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board): Isse ab Statutory Status mil gaya hai (matlab ab ye law ke tehat ek mazboot body hai). Iska kaam safety check karna hai.
Atomic Energy Redressal Advisory Council: Ye ek nayi body hai jo complaints sunegi.
Appellate Authority: Agar koi AERB ke decision se khush nahi hai, toh wo Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL) mein appeal kar sakta hai.
5. Graded Liability Framework
Pehle nuksaan ki bharpai ka ek fix cap hota tha. Ab isse "Graded" kar diya gaya hai:
Nuclear plant ki capacity ke hisaab se liability ₹100 crore se ₹3,000 crore ke beech hogi.
Iska pura naam hai—Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI).
1. Purane Laws ka Replacement
Ye Act do purane laws ko khatam karke unki jagah lega:
Atomic Energy Act, 1962: Jo nuclear power ke development aur use ko control karta tha.
Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010: Jo nuclear accident hone par compensation (muavza) tay karta tha.
2. Private Sector ki Entry (Sabse Bada Change)
Pehle nuclear power par sirf sarkar ka kabza tha. Ab:
Private companies nuclear plants operate kar sakti hain aur bijli (power) generate kar sakti hain.
Wo equipment manufacture kar sakti hain aur "limited fuel-cycle activities" (jaise uranium enrichment) bhi kar sakti hain (ek limit tak).
3. Sarkari Control (Sensitive Areas)
Sari cheezein private nahi hui hain. Kuch "sensitive" kaam abhi bhi sirf Central Government ke paas rahenge:
Spent-fuel reprocessing (istamaal kiye gaye fuel ko recycle karna).
High-level waste handling (nuclear kachre ka nipatara).
Heavy-water production.
4. Nayi Regulatory Body: AERB & Council
AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board): Isse ab Statutory Status mil gaya hai (matlab ab ye law ke tehat ek mazboot body hai). Iska kaam safety check karna hai.
Atomic Energy Redressal Advisory Council: Ye ek nayi body hai jo complaints sunegi.
Appellate Authority: Agar koi AERB ke decision se khush nahi hai, toh wo Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL) mein appeal kar sakta hai.
5. Graded Liability Framework
Pehle nuksaan ki bharpai ka ek fix cap hota tha. Ab isse "Graded" kar diya gaya hai:
Nuclear plant ki capacity ke hisaab se liability ₹100 crore se ₹3,000 crore ke beech hogi.
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Under the SHANTI Act 2025, which of the following activities are EXCLUSIVELY reserved for the Central Government or its wholly-owned institutions?
Enrichment up to notified limits
Spent-fuel reprocessing
Heavy-water production
Radionuclide separation
Manufacturing of nuclear equipment
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A) 1, 2, and 3 only
B) 2, 3, and 4 only
C) 2, 4, and 5 only
D) 1, 3, and 5 only
Enrichment up to notified limits
Spent-fuel reprocessing
Heavy-water production
Radionuclide separation
Manufacturing of nuclear equipment
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A) 1, 2, and 3 only
B) 2, 3, and 4 only
C) 2, 4, and 5 only
D) 1, 3, and 5 only
Last Minute Static Checklist for Prelims-2026
Static Geography – Topics & Subtopics Favourites
01 - Interior of the Earth: Crust, Mantle, Core – PYQ: 2014, 2020
02 - Earth’s Rotation, Axis Shift and Polar Ice Melting – PYQ: 2025
03 - Seismic Waves: P, S and Surface Waves – PYQ: 2015
04 - Moho, Gutenberg and Lehmann Discontinuities
05 - Rock Types: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic – PYQ: 2013, 2019
06 - Chalk, Clay, Porosity and Permeability of Rocks – PYQ: 2025
07 - Rock Cycle and Weathering of Rocks
08 - Continental Drift Theory and Evidences – PYQ: 2020, 2025
09 - Plate Tectonics: Boundaries and Movements – PYQ: 2016, 2023
10 - Seafloor Spreading and Mid-Oceanic Ridges
11 - Earthquakes: Focus, Epicentre, Magnitude – PYQ: 2020
12 - Earthquake Zones of India
13 - Volcanoes: Types and Distribution – PYQ: 2014
14 - Ring of Fire – PYQ: 2016
15 - Isostasy Theory
16 - Weathering: Physical, Chemical and Biological – PYQ: 2016
17 - Mass Wasting: Landslides, Solifluction, Soil Creep
18 - River Landforms: Valley, Gorge, Canyon, Meander, Delta – PYQ: 2021
19 - Glacial Landforms: U-shaped Valley, Moraines, Cirques – PYQ: 2023
20 - Aeolian Landforms: Dunes, Loess, Mushroom Rocks
21 - Karst Topography: Sinkholes, Caves, Stalactites
22 - Coastal Landforms: Spits, Bars, Cliffs, Lagoons
23 - Arid and Semi-arid Landforms
24 - Structure of Atmosphere – PYQ: 2022
25 - Troposphere, Stratosphere and Ozone Layer
26 - Heat Budget of Earth – PYQ: 2025
27 - Terrestrial Radiation, Albedo and Greenhouse Effect – PYQ: 2025
28 - Factors Affecting Temperature Distribution
29 - Isotherms: January and July Pattern – PYQ: 2025
30 - Temperature Inversion – PYQ: 2021
31 - Major ports- key features(artificial, tidal etc)
32 - Soil Types and crops associated
33 - Pressure Belts and Wind Systems – PYQ: 2020
34 - Coriolis Force – PYQ: 2021
35 - Trade Winds, Westerlies and Polar Easterlies
36 - Jet Streams – PYQ: 2015
37 - Local Winds: Loo, Chinook, Foehn, Mistral
38 - Indian Monsoon Mechanism – PYQ: 2020
39 - Retreating Monsoon and Western Disturbances
40 - El Niño, La Niña and ENSO, Indian Ocean Dipole and MJO– PYQ: 2021, 2023
41 - Major Dams, Reservoirs and Rivers – PYQ: 2020, 2021
42 - Tropical Cyclones – PYQ: 2015, 2020
43 - Temperate Cyclones – PYQ: 2020
44 - Rainfall Types: Convectional, Orographic, Cyclonic
45 - Types of Clouds and Cloud-Radiation Linkage
46 - Ocean Relief: Ridges, Trenches, Abyssal Plains – PYQ: 2014
47 - Continental Shelf, Slope and Deep-Sea Plains
48 - Ocean Salinity and Temperature
49 - Ocean Currents: Warm and Cold Currents – PYQ: 2013, 2021
50 - Upwelling and Fisheries
51 - Tides: Spring and Neap Tides – PYQ: 2016
52 - Tsunami: Causes and Features – PYQ: 2018
53 - Coral Reefs: Fringing, Barrier, Atoll – PYQ: 2022
54 - Lagoons, Atolls and Barrier Reefs
55 - EEZ, Territorial Sea and UNCLOS – PYQ: 2020
56 - Persian Gulf, Mediterranean Sea and Key Oil Infra – PYQ: 2024
57 - Important Straits and Canals – PYQ: 2020
58 - Indian Physiographic Divisions – PYQ: 2021
59 - Himalayan Ranges: Greater, Lesser, Shiwalik, tans Himalaya
60 - Major River Systems of India – PYQ: 2023
61 - Distribution of Major, Minor and Critical Minerals in India and across the world
62 - Forest Classification: Evergreen, Deciduous, Thorn, Montane, Mangrove
63 - River Projects: Tehri, Sardar Sarovar, Hirakud, Bhakra – PYQ: 2021
64 - Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats Comparison, hill ranges of Pennisula
65 - Natural Vegetation Types and trees found in specific areas
66 - National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves – PYQ: 2019
67 - Important Lakes, Wetlands and Ramsar sites of India: Wular, Chilika, Loktak, Sambhar, Kolleru – PYQ: 2018, 2023
68 - Himalaya Mapping(Important Mountain Passes in India – PYQ: 2021), Species, National Parks, Tunnels, Monastries.
Static Geography – Topics & Subtopics Favourites
01 - Interior of the Earth: Crust, Mantle, Core – PYQ: 2014, 2020
02 - Earth’s Rotation, Axis Shift and Polar Ice Melting – PYQ: 2025
03 - Seismic Waves: P, S and Surface Waves – PYQ: 2015
04 - Moho, Gutenberg and Lehmann Discontinuities
05 - Rock Types: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic – PYQ: 2013, 2019
06 - Chalk, Clay, Porosity and Permeability of Rocks – PYQ: 2025
07 - Rock Cycle and Weathering of Rocks
08 - Continental Drift Theory and Evidences – PYQ: 2020, 2025
09 - Plate Tectonics: Boundaries and Movements – PYQ: 2016, 2023
10 - Seafloor Spreading and Mid-Oceanic Ridges
11 - Earthquakes: Focus, Epicentre, Magnitude – PYQ: 2020
12 - Earthquake Zones of India
13 - Volcanoes: Types and Distribution – PYQ: 2014
14 - Ring of Fire – PYQ: 2016
15 - Isostasy Theory
16 - Weathering: Physical, Chemical and Biological – PYQ: 2016
17 - Mass Wasting: Landslides, Solifluction, Soil Creep
18 - River Landforms: Valley, Gorge, Canyon, Meander, Delta – PYQ: 2021
19 - Glacial Landforms: U-shaped Valley, Moraines, Cirques – PYQ: 2023
20 - Aeolian Landforms: Dunes, Loess, Mushroom Rocks
21 - Karst Topography: Sinkholes, Caves, Stalactites
22 - Coastal Landforms: Spits, Bars, Cliffs, Lagoons
23 - Arid and Semi-arid Landforms
24 - Structure of Atmosphere – PYQ: 2022
25 - Troposphere, Stratosphere and Ozone Layer
26 - Heat Budget of Earth – PYQ: 2025
27 - Terrestrial Radiation, Albedo and Greenhouse Effect – PYQ: 2025
28 - Factors Affecting Temperature Distribution
29 - Isotherms: January and July Pattern – PYQ: 2025
30 - Temperature Inversion – PYQ: 2021
31 - Major ports- key features(artificial, tidal etc)
32 - Soil Types and crops associated
33 - Pressure Belts and Wind Systems – PYQ: 2020
34 - Coriolis Force – PYQ: 2021
35 - Trade Winds, Westerlies and Polar Easterlies
36 - Jet Streams – PYQ: 2015
37 - Local Winds: Loo, Chinook, Foehn, Mistral
38 - Indian Monsoon Mechanism – PYQ: 2020
39 - Retreating Monsoon and Western Disturbances
40 - El Niño, La Niña and ENSO, Indian Ocean Dipole and MJO– PYQ: 2021, 2023
41 - Major Dams, Reservoirs and Rivers – PYQ: 2020, 2021
42 - Tropical Cyclones – PYQ: 2015, 2020
43 - Temperate Cyclones – PYQ: 2020
44 - Rainfall Types: Convectional, Orographic, Cyclonic
45 - Types of Clouds and Cloud-Radiation Linkage
46 - Ocean Relief: Ridges, Trenches, Abyssal Plains – PYQ: 2014
47 - Continental Shelf, Slope and Deep-Sea Plains
48 - Ocean Salinity and Temperature
49 - Ocean Currents: Warm and Cold Currents – PYQ: 2013, 2021
50 - Upwelling and Fisheries
51 - Tides: Spring and Neap Tides – PYQ: 2016
52 - Tsunami: Causes and Features – PYQ: 2018
53 - Coral Reefs: Fringing, Barrier, Atoll – PYQ: 2022
54 - Lagoons, Atolls and Barrier Reefs
55 - EEZ, Territorial Sea and UNCLOS – PYQ: 2020
56 - Persian Gulf, Mediterranean Sea and Key Oil Infra – PYQ: 2024
57 - Important Straits and Canals – PYQ: 2020
58 - Indian Physiographic Divisions – PYQ: 2021
59 - Himalayan Ranges: Greater, Lesser, Shiwalik, tans Himalaya
60 - Major River Systems of India – PYQ: 2023
61 - Distribution of Major, Minor and Critical Minerals in India and across the world
62 - Forest Classification: Evergreen, Deciduous, Thorn, Montane, Mangrove
63 - River Projects: Tehri, Sardar Sarovar, Hirakud, Bhakra – PYQ: 2021
64 - Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats Comparison, hill ranges of Pennisula
65 - Natural Vegetation Types and trees found in specific areas
66 - National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves – PYQ: 2019
67 - Important Lakes, Wetlands and Ramsar sites of India: Wular, Chilika, Loktak, Sambhar, Kolleru – PYQ: 2018, 2023
68 - Himalaya Mapping(Important Mountain Passes in India – PYQ: 2021), Species, National Parks, Tunnels, Monastries.
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Government of India appoints Lieutenant General N S Raja Subramani PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (Retd.) as the Chief of Defence Staff, who shall also function as Secretary to Government of India, Department of Military Affairs, with effect from the date of assumption of charge and until further orders.
The present Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, will complete his tenure on 30th May, 2026. Lieutenant General NS Raja Subramani is currently Military Adviser, National Security Council Secretariat since 01st Sep 2025. Prior to that, he was the Vice Chief of the Army Staff from 01st Jul 2024 to 31st July 2025 and was General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Central Command from March 2023 till June 2024.
The present Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, will complete his tenure on 30th May, 2026. Lieutenant General NS Raja Subramani is currently Military Adviser, National Security Council Secretariat since 01st Sep 2025. Prior to that, he was the Vice Chief of the Army Staff from 01st Jul 2024 to 31st July 2025 and was General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Central Command from March 2023 till June 2024.
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Lagta hai pad ke ho gya hai sabka ? tabhi hamesha active rahte ho telegram par
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