የጥናትና ምርምር ሥራ ከመጀመሩ በፊት ልብ ሊባሉ የሚገቡ 2 ነጥቦች

ጥናትና ምርምር በትምህርት ተቋማት፣ በበጎ አድራት ድርጅቶች፣ በንግድ ተቋማት እንዲሁም በግለሰቦች እንደሚሰራ ይታወቃል፡፡ የጥናትና ምርምሩ እንደተመራማሪው ፍላጎት የተለያየ ቢሆንም በዋንኛነት ግን ጥናት አድራጊው ወጭ ቆጣቢና ዉጤታማ አሰራር እንዲኖር ፤ ዘመናዊ አሰራርን ለማስፈን የሚያስችሉ አሰራሮችን ለመፍጠርና ለመተግበር ጥናቶችን ምርምሮች ይሰራሉ፡፡
ታዲያ አንድ የጥናትና ምርምር ፕሮጀክት ሲዘጋጅ ልብ ሊባሉ የሚገቡ ጉዳዮች አሉ፡፡በዚሁ መሰረት ጥናትና ምርምሩ ከመጀመሩ በፊት ጥናት አድራጊው አካል ትኩረት ሊያደርግባቸው ከሚገቡ ጉዳዮች መካከል ዋንኞቹን መጥቀስ ይቻላል፡፡
በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ጥናቱ ወይንም ፕሮጀክቱ በምን አይነት ሁኔታ/መልክ ሊሠራ እንደሚገባ በመቀጠልም የጥናቱ ፕሮጀክት ዶክመንት የሚያካትታቸውን ርዕሶችና ንዑስ ርዕሶች እንዲሁም በውስጣው ሊካተቱ የሚችሉ ፍሬ ሀሳቦችን በቅድሚያ መወሰን ይገባል፡፡ የጥናትና ምርምርም ሥራን ማቀድና መተግበር በአንድ ሌሊት የሚጠናቀቅ ነገር ባይሆንም ከላይ የተጠቀሱ ጉዳዮችን ግን ቀደም ብሎ ማሰብ ሥራችንን ፍሬያማ ሊያደርገው ይችላል የሚል እምነት አለን:

ለምርምር ወይም ለጥናት ስራ (Research )የመነሻ ሀሳብ ከየት እናገኛለን?
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የምርምር ስራ በዋናነት በአንድ ዘርፍ ላይ እውቀትን ለማዳበር እና ሁኔታወችን ከመሰረታቸው ለመረዳት ወይም ያጋጠሙ ችግሮችን ለመፍታት ሊሰራ ይችላል፡፡

በከፍተኛ ትምህርት ላይ ያሉ ተማሪዎች እንዲሁም በስራ ላይ ያሉ ባለሞያዎች በምርምር ስራ ላይ ሊሳተፉ ይችላሉ፡፡

በተለይ የከፍተኛ ትምህርት ተማሪዎች ላይ የምርምር ሀሳብ እንዴት እናግኝ ወይም እንወስን የሚለው ጥያቄ ብዙ ጊዜ ይነሳል፡፡ የምርምር ሀሳብ ለማግኘት ወይም ለመምረጥ የሚከተሉት ነጥቦች ሊያግዙ ይችላሉ፡፡
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1. Observation (አካባቢን ማየት) :- በአካባቢያችን፣ በስራ ቦታ እንዲሁም በመኖሪያ አካባቢ፣ የምናያቸው ችግሮች ወይም ሂደቶችን ለምርምር ስራ ሀሳብ ልናገኝባቸው ይችላሉ፡፡
በቀላሉ ለምሳሌ አንድ መምህር የተማሪዎቹ ውጤት ቢቀንስበት ለምን ቀነሰ ብሎ ችግሩንና የችግሩን መንስኤ ሊያጠና ይችላል፡፡ በተመሳሳይ የተማሪዎቹን ውጤት እንዴት መጨመር ወይም ማስተካከል ይቻላል የሚለውንም ሊያጠና ይችላል፡፡

2. Literature review (ማንበብ):- አንድ ተመራማሪ ወይም ተማሪ ሁልጊዜም እንደልምድ መያዝ ያለበት ነገር ሳይንሳዊ እና ትምህርታዊ ጆርናሎችን መከታተልና ማንበብ ነው፡፡ በየአመቱ በየዘርፉ በሺ የሚቆጠሩ የምርምር ስራ ውጤቶች በጆርናሎች ይታተማሉ፡፡ የምርምር ስራዎችን ማየትና ማንበብ በቀጣይ ለሚሰራ ምርምር መነሻ ሀሳብ ይገኝበታል፡፡
ለምሳሌ የተማሪዎችን ውጤት እንዴት መጨመር እንደሚቻል የተሰራን ጥናት ፅሁፍ ያነበበ መምህር እሱ ከሚያስተምራቸው ተማሪዎች አንፃር ወይም በተለየ እይታ ሊሰራው ይችላል፡፡

3. የምርምር እና ትምህርታዊ ኮንፈረንሶችን፣
ሴሚናሮችን እና ፕረዘንቴሽኖችን መከታተል:- በተለይ በከፍተኛ ትምህርት ተቋማት የሚደረጉ የምርምር ስራ የሚቀርቡባቸው ፕሮግራሞች ለምርምር ስራ ሀሳብ ከማግኘት ባለፈ በአጠቃላይ ስለምርምር ስራ ሂደት መማር ይቻላል፡፡

❖አንድ ፕሮጀክት ቀረፃ (proposal) ሊያካትታቸው የሚገባቸው ዋና ዋና ነጥቦች፡-

✠A) ማውጫ (Table of contents)

ገፁ ከሦስት ከበለጠ ማውጫ ሊዘጋጅለት ይገበዋል፡፡ ማውጫ ሁሉንም ምዕራፎችና ንዑስ ምዕራፎች ያሉበትን ገፅ ባመላከተ መልኩ መዘጋጀት ይኖርበታል፡፡

✠B) አጭር መግለጫ (Executive Summary)

ከግማሽ ገፅ ያልበለጠ ሆኖ ለያካትታቸው ሃሳቦች
☞ ፕሮጀክቱ እንዲሰራ ያስገደደው ዋና ችግር
☞ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያመጣው ተፅዕኖ
☞ለችግሩ የተቀመጠ መፍተሄ
☞የፕሮጀክት አዋጭነት የሚያመላክት ግምገማ
☞ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስገኘው ጥቅም
☞ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስፈልገው የገንዘብ መጠንና የሚወስደው ጊዜ መካተት አለባቸው፡፡

✠C) መግቢያ (Back Ground)

ከአንድ ገፅ ባልበለጠ መገለፅ ሲገባው የሚያካትታቸው ነጥቦች፡-
☞ ፕሮጀክቱ የሚፈታው ችግር ምን እንደሆነ
☞ ችግሩን ለምን መፍታት እንዳስፈለገው
☞ ስለፕሮጀክቱ አጠር ያለ ማብራሪያ የሚሉትን ይይዛል፡፡

✠D) ፕሮጀክቱ የሚመልሳቸው ችግሮች (Rationale)

ፕሮጀክቱ እንዲሰራ ምክንያት የሆኑ ነገሮች ተሰርተው መገለፅ አለባቸው በተጨማሪም የፕሮጀክቱ አጠቃላይ ግብ
ለአንባቢው ግልፅ በሆነ መንገድ መስፈር አለበት፡፡

✠E) የፕሮጀክቱ ዓላማ (project objective)

ፕሮጀክቱ ሊሰራበት የሚችሉ ዋናውንና ዝርዝር ዓላማዎች ለይቶ ማቅረብ አለበት፡፡ ይህም ፕሮጀክቱ ሲጠናቀቅ
ሊያስገኘው ይችላል ተብሎ የታሰበውን ወጤት መግለፅ ያስፈልጋል፡፡

✠F) የፕሮጀክቱመግለጫ (project Description):-

☞ የፕሮጀክቱ ስያሜና ዓላማ
☞ ጉዳዮን የሚያስረዳ ገለፃ
☞ የፕሮጀክቱ ቀጣይነት
☞ የፕሮጀክተ የሚተገበርበት ስልት
☞ ለፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስፈልጉ ግብዓቶችና የፕሮጀክቱን የግዜ ሰሌዳ ከአስር ገፅ ባልበለጠ መገለፅ አለበት፡፡

✠G) የፕሮጀክቱ አመራርና አደረጃጀት (project management and organization):-

☞ ፕሮጀክቱን የሚመሩቱና የሚሳተፉ
☞ የባለሙያዎችን ኃላፊነትና ተግባር
☞ የፕሮጀክቱን ውስጣዊ አሰራር አደረጃጀት አስፈላጊ ሆኖ ከተገኘም መግለፅ አለበት፡፡

✠H) የፕሮጀክቱ ያገባኛል ባዮችና ተጠቃሚዎች (stakeholders and Beneficiaries):-

☞ ተጠቃሚዎች (Beneficiaries) ማለት በፕሮጀክቱ በቀጥታም ሆነ በተዘዋዋሪ ተጠቃሚ የሚሆኑትን ይገልፃል፡፡
☞ ያገባኛል ባዮች (stakeholders):-
የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ያገባኛል ባዮች (Primary stake holders)፡-በፕሮጀክቱ በቀጥታም ሆነ በተዘዋዋሪ በአሉታዊም ሆነ በአወንታዊ ተፅዕኖ የሚደርስባቸው ወይም በፕሮጀክቱ ላይ የሚያደርሱትን ያካትታል፡፡
የሁለተኛ ደረጃ ያገባኛል ባዮች (secondary stake holders)፡- ለፕሮጀክቱ መሰራት የራሳቸው ድርሻና ተፅዕኖ ያላቸው ግለሰቦች፤ ቡድኖችና ተቋማት ተለይተው መዘርዘር አለባቸው፡፡

✠I) የፕሮጀክቱ ትግበራ (project implementation):-

የፕሮጀክት ዕቅድ ማለት የሚሰሩት ስራዎች፤ ስራውን ለመስራት የሚያስፈልጉ የሀብት ድልድል፤ ስራው በማን፤ እንዴት፤ መቼና የት እንደሚፈፀም መገለፅ አለበት፡፡

✠J) ሊያጋጥሙ የሚችሉ ስጋትና በጎ ጎኖች (Risk and Assumption):-

☞ ፕሮጀክቱ ተግባራዊ ሲሆን ሊያጋጥሙ ይችላሉ ተብሎ የሚታሰቡ ስጋቶች ይገለፁበታል፡፡
☞ ለፕሮጀክቱን ተፈፃሚነት የሚያፋጥኑ፤ የሚረዱ በጎ ጎን ያላቸው ነገሮች አብራርቶ በሰንጠረዥ መገለፅ አለበት፡፡

✠K) ክትትና ግምገማ (Monitoring and Evaluation):

ይህ ርዕስ የሚይዛቸው፡-
☞ የስብሰባ ቃለ ጉባኤ፤ የስራ ጉብኝት፤ የማማከር ስራ መቸ እንደሚደረግና በስንት ጊዜ ልዮነት እንደሚቀርብ
☞ የክትትል ስራ የሚሰራበት ስልት
☞ የግምገማ ዕቅድን
☞ ፕሮጀክት እንዴት ለሚመለከታቸው ሪፖርት እንደሚደረግ

✠L) የፕሮጀክቱ ቀጣይነት (sustainability):

ፕሮጀክቱ የሚሰጠውን ጥቅም ዘላቂነት መገለፅ አለበት፡፡

Research Introduction and Literature review writing

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background

A brief introduction of the topic.
Motivation and Background of Study
Should create reader interest in the topic,
Should lay the broad foundation for the problem that leads to the study,
Should reach out to a specific audience.
Should be between 1-2 pages only

1.2. Problem Statement

Describes the context for the study and it also identifies the general analysis approach.

A problem might be defined as the issue that exists in the literature, theory, or practice that leads to a need for the study.

1.3. Significance of study

You should write about the effect of your study, and how it will change the things.
Talk about the benefits it will bring, how it will be helpful, to whom and why.

2. Literature Review

Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work.
Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment.
Its main goal is to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader.

The literature could include
1. Theoretical Background
2. Empirical Evidences

2.1. Theoretical Background

It should establish the need for the research and indicate that the writer is knowledgeable about the area.
Try to identify gap in existing literature
A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and a comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic.

2.2. Empirical Evidences

It is the literatures, or previous studies that relate or argue positively with your studies hypothesis and variables
Try to review relevant studies on topic
Try to discuss results of prior studies, data types used and methodologies adopted.

Correlation coefficient

✅ዉድ የቻናላችን ቤተሰብ ዛሬ ከ Numercal Data analysis አንዱ ስለሆነው ስለ #Pearson_Correlation test ነው ይዤ የቀረብኩላችሁ፣ ሼር በማድረግ ለሌሎችም እንድደርስ ያድርጉ።

🔢 ይህ pearson correlation teet ከNumerical Data Analysis ውስጥ አንዱ ስሆን፣

✅በ 2 variable በመካከል ያለውን Association ለማየት እንጠቀመለን።

ይህን test ለመጠቀም ልሟሉ የሚገቡ (Assumptions) ፣

1⃣ሁለቱም varianle በቁጥር የሚለኩ ( numerical) መሆን አለባቸው ፣

2⃣The variables should be normally distributed ( ይህን ለማወቅ ከዚህ በፍት እንደልኩ Normality test(Shapiro wilk) Check ማድረግ ይኖርብናል፣ ምክንያቱም Pearson correlation is a parametric test.

3⃣Linear r/ship ወይም ቀጥተኛ ግንኙነት መኖር አለበት ይህም በ Scatter plot check ይደረጋል።

✳️Normality fulfill ከደረገ ይህንን test መጠቀም እንችላለን ፣ ነገር ግን የማያሟለ ከሆነ Spearmen correlation test (Non parametric test) ነው መጠቀም የሚቻለው ፣

🚹ለምሳሌ፣ በ height ና weight ወይም monthly income እና Blood pressure ( ሁለቱም በቁጥር የሚገለጹ ስሆን በሁለቱም መካከል ቀጥተኛ ግኑኙነት መኖሩን ማወቅ እንችላለን ።)

✅Pearson correlation coefficient (r) የሚለው የግንኙታን ጥንካሬ(Strength) ና አቅጣጫ(Direction) እንድንረድ ይረደል።

🚫Disadvantage

⚠️ትክክለኛውን cause and effect association አያሳይም።

⚠️Confounding Control አያደርግም፣ ማለት Association የመጠው በሌላ factor ሊሆን ይችላል። እሱን አይቆጣጣርም።

⚠️አንደንዴ የሁለቱ variable ግንኙነት የውሸት ሊሆን ይችላል( Spurious relationship)

🔰Pearson Correlation coefficient (r) Strength ና Direction of association የሚያሳይ ስሆን፣ በ +ve1 እና -ve 1 መካከል ስሆን የተላያዩ ደረጀዎች አለው፣ ከ r&value ጋር ደግሞ የ P value( sig) ከታች ይኖራል።

ከታች (SPSS ouput ይመልከቱ)

Level of Strength

–1- A perfect negative r/ship
– 0.70- A strong negative r/ship
– 0.50- A moderate negative r/ship
– 0.30- A weak negative r/ship

0 - No linear relationship

+0.30- A weak positive r/ship
+0.50- A moderate positive r/ship
+0.70- A strong positive r/ship
+1- A perfect positive r/ship

ምርጥ የ Research guideline

HOW TO WRITE A THESIS/DISSERTATION

We will start by addressing the basic differences between a proposal a master’s thesis and a dissertation

1️⃣RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Firstly, the research proposal is a written outline compiled for the purpose of laying out the research program. This document should detail the intentions and strategies of your research path in order to establish what the point and purpose of the entire range of experiments entails Basically your research proposal tells about the research you will conduct during your study

2️⃣MASTERS THESIS
Master’s Thesis is a final project done when pursuing master’s degree - which can be based on your research paper and demonstrates you knowledge of specific topic and level of your analytical and critical thinking.

3️⃣DOCTORATE DISSERTATION
Doctorate dissertation is a final project that leads to a doctoral degree. Here you need to contribute some kind of a new knowledge, which means you can use works of other authors only to guide you through your research process. You will also need to make a dissertation research proposal - the supervisory committee will ensure that you identified your research objective correctly, that it will have a significant impact in your field, and that you fully understand how to complete this research successfully.

🤙CONCLUSION
The proposal is simply a skeleton that show how the thesis or dissertation will be conducted and the thesis and dissertation are very similar except mainly for the level of education and the kinds of research done.

9 BASIC WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR STYLE IN ACADEMIC WRITING

1️⃣ Use ACTIVE VOICE
Don't say: "The stepmother's house was cleaned by Cinderella." (Passive.)
Say instead: "Cinderella cleaned the stepmother's house." (Active voice.)
Passive voice construction ("was cleaned") is reserved for those occasions where the "do-er" of the action is unknown.
Example: "Prince Charming saw the glass slipper that was left behind."

2️⃣ Mix it up in terms of PUNCTUATION
Here are a few commonly misused punctuation marks that a lot of people aren't sure about:

🔷 The semi-colon (;) separates two complete sentences that are complementary.

Example: "She was always covered in cinders from cleaning the fireplace; they called her Cinderella."

🔷 The colon (:) is used...

▪️ preceding a list.
Example: "Before her stepmother awoke, Cinderella had three chores to complete: feeding the chickens, cooking breakfast, and doing the wash."

▪️ as a sort of "drum roll," preceding some big revelation.
Example: "One thing fueled the wicked stepmother's hatred for Cinderella: jealousy."

🔷 The dash (--) is made by typing two hyphens (-). No spaces go in between the dash and the text. It is used...

▪️ bracket off some explanatory information.
Example: "Even Cinderella's stepsisters-who were not nearly as lovely or virtuous as Cinderella--were allowed to go to the ball."

▪️ in the "drum roll" sense of the colon.
Example: "Prince Charming would find this mystery lady--even if he had to put the slipper on every other girl in the kingdom."

3️⃣ Vary your SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Don't say: "Cinderella saw her fairy godmother appear. She was dressed in blue. She held a wand. The wand had a star on it. She was covered in sparkles. Cinderella was amazed. She asked who the woman was. The woman said, 'I am your fairy godmother.' She said she would get Cinderella a dress and a coach. She said she would help Cinderella go to the ball."

Instead say: (there are multiple correct ways to rewrite this, but here's one) "Amazed, Cinderella watched as her fairy godmother appeared. The woman dressed in blue was covered in sparkles and carried a star-shaped wand. Cinderella asked the woman who she was, to which the woman replied, 'I am your fairy godmother." The fairy godmother would get Cinderella a dress and a coach; she would help Cinderella get to the ball."

4️⃣ Closely related to this, avoid CHOPPINESS
Don't say: "She scrubbed the floors. They were dirty. She used a mop. She sighed sadly. It was as if she were a servant ."

Instead say : (again, there are multiple ways to do this) "She scrubbed the dirty floors using a mop, as if she were a servant. She sighed sadly."

5️⃣ Avoid REPETITION.
Don't say: "The stepsisters were jealous and envious ."
Instead say : "The stepsisters were jealous ." (...or envious. Pick one.)

6️⃣ Be CONCISE
Don't say: "The mystery lady was one who every eligible man at the ball admired."

Instead say : "Every eligible man at the ball admired the mystery lady."

7️⃣ Use the VOCABULARY that you know
Don't always feel you have to use big words. It is always better to be clear and use simple language rather than showing off flashy words you aren't sure about and potentially misusing them. This is not to say, however, that you should settle for very weak vocabulary choices (like "bad" or "big" or "mad").

8️⃣ But also work on expanding your VOCABULARY
When reading, look up words you don't know. See how they're used. Start a list. Incorporate them into your writing as you feel comfortable and as they are appropriate.

9️⃣ Keep language FORMAL and avoid language of everyday speech
Don't say: "Cinderella was mellow and good. She never let her stepmother get to her ."

Say instead: "Cinderella was mild-mannered and kind. She never let her stepmother affect her high spirits ."

HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY ESSAY
There are two basic types of summaries: a reader summary, that you compose to develop a better understanding of what you have read, or a summary essay, which is written for others and is an overview of an original text. The point of writing a summary essay is to convey an understanding of the essence of a source text to readers, without them having to read it in its entirety.

STEPS

1️⃣ Thoroughly read and study the original text. When you read it, get a feeling for the author’s style, tone and mood, and try to identify the main ideas expressed.

2️⃣ Divide the text into several sections, and sketch a rough outline. Breaking the text into several parts will make the material easier to grasp. Then read each part once more, but this time highlight some of the key points. Mark areas you want to refer to in your summary, as well as those that shouldn’t be included in your essay.

3️⃣ When you have a clear understanding of the information in each part of the source, write down the main idea in each section in the form of a short overview.

4️⃣ Write an introduction. It should briefly present the main ideas in the original text. The introduction should include the name of the author, the title of their work, and some background information about the author, if needed.

5️⃣ In the main body paragraphs, state the ideas you’ve chosen while reading the text. Expand on them by including one or more examples from the original text. Include important information only and avoid describing minor, insignificant points.

6️⃣ After you have summarized the main ideas in the original text, your essay is finished. A conclusion paragraph should be added if your teacher specifically tells you to include one.

SUMMARY ESSAY TOPICS
You can write a summary essay on a scientific work, an interesting article, a novel, or a research paper. This type of essay can be on any subject. For example, you might want to write a summary essay on:

🎞 Mad Max: Fury Road (film)
📓 Moby Dick (book)
📙 A novel by Danelle Steel
🗞 An article in The New York Times
📰 A blog post of a famous journalist

KEY POINTS TO CONSIDER

1️⃣ One of the most important aspects about a summary essay is its connection to the source. Keep in mind that your interpretation of the source can mislead your readers or even distort the meaning of the original text.

2️⃣ Your summary essay should serve as a substitute for the original source; by reading your summary essay, a reader should be able to develop an understanding of the original work.

3️⃣ This type of essay is about summarizing the original text, not criticizing it.

DO AND DONT

✅ Do cite the author’s words if you need to use them. Otherwise, it may look like plagiarism.

✅ Do write in present tense, even if the author of the original text has passed away a long time ago.

✅ Do understand the original source completely. If you have doubts about the meaning of certain terms, clarify them before you start to write.

✅ Do make sure you’ve said exactly what the author did when citing their words.

✅ Do revise your paper when it’s ready. You may find a nice place to insert a new quotation, correct some mistakes, and make other improvements. You can also give your essay to a friend or a colleague to read to see if they can grasp the main idea of the source after reading your summary essay.

Types of Validity

🔰Validity ከ measurement (tools) አንጻር ስንመለከት፣ የተለያዩ የvalidity አይነቶች አሉ፣ እነዚህን በዛሬው ጽሁፍ እንመልከት፣

1) Ｆace Validity

🔰ማለት አንድ በዚያ ጥናቱ ዙሪያ እውቀት ያለው ሰው(expert) questioner( items) አይቶ valid ነው ወይም ትክክለኛ ወይም አይደለምብሎ በመጠይቁ ላይ ሀሰቡን ስሰጥ ነው።

🔰ይህም በዘርፉ expert የሆነ ሰው፣ መጠይቁ (questioner, measurements or tool) ለማጥናት የተፈለገውን ነገር measure ማድረግ ይችላል ወይ የሚለውን የምያይበት ነው። ይህም በሰዎች እይታ ላይ የተመሰረተ ስለሆን ብዙ አስተማማኝ አይደለም ግን ብዙ ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል።

2) Ｃontent Validity

🔰Content validity ይህም ከ face validity ጋር በጣም ተቀረረብ ስሆን፣ አንደንዶች ተመሳሳይ አርገው ይወስዱታል፣

🔰በዚህ ጊዜ በዘርፉ እውቀት ያለቸው ሰዎች(experts) በ መጠይቁ ላይ ደረጀ(rate) ይሰጣሉ፣

🔰የተለያዩ ሰዎች ናቸው rate የሚያደርጉት ፣ Rate ስያደርጉ፣ +1(favourable) ወይም 0 (unfavourable) ይሰጣሉ፣ ይህም የእያንደንዱ ውጤት ከግምት ውስጥ ገብቶ agreement between raters calculate ይደረጋል።

🔰ይህንን rating በተለያዩ rating scale ማድረግ የሚቻል ስሆን በአብዛኛው ግን scale-level CVI ( S-CVI) የምንለውን እንጠቀማለን ፣ በዚህም መሰረት የተለያዩ experts agreement ከ 0.78 በላይ ከሆነ፣ መጠይቁ ( questioner, tool) ለጥናቱ ተቀባይነት ይኖራዋል(valid) ነው ማለት ነው፣

🔰Content validity ችግር በሰዎች ውስኔ የተመሰረተ (subjective) ስለሆነ biased ሊሆን ይችላል።

3) Ｃriterion validity

🔰ይህ አይነት መንገድ አድሱን tool ከዚህ በፊቱ ከነበረው standard tool ወይም በወጠለት criteria ጋር በማነጻጸር የtool score ምን ያህል ተቀረረቢ ነው የሚለው ይታያል።

🔰ነገር ግን ከዚህ በፊት ያለው ተመሳሳይ tool validty የተሰረ ወይም (gold standard) መሆን ይኖርበታል ማለት ነው። ስለዚህ በአድሱም፣ በ standard tool ፣ በሁለቱም pilot study በማድረግ ውጤቱን compare ማድረግ ነው፣ ምን ያህል ተመሳሳይነት አለው የሚለውን በማየት ማውሰን ይቻላል።
ለዚህም multiple correlation (r) ተጠቅመን ምን ያህል related ይሆናል የሚለውን እናያለን።

4) Ｃonstract Validity

🔰ይህ መንገድ ከ theoretical construct ጋር tool ያለውን ግንኙነት በማየት ነው validity judge ማድረግ የሚቻለው።

🔰በዚህ ጊዜ አንድን ተመሳሳይ ነገር measure ለማድረግ የተላያዩ ሁለት አይነት tool በማዘጋጀት ፣ የተላያዩ tool ግን ሀሳቡ አንድ አይነት ሆኖ፣ የተላያዩ ቃላትና አቀረረብ በመከተል ማዘጋጀት ያስፈልጋል፣ ከዚያ በሁለቱም tool መረጃ መሰብሰብ እና compare ማድረግ። ከዚያ ምን ያህል similarity አለው የሚለውን በማየት መፈረጅ ይቻላል።

🔰ይህን validity ለመገምገም በአብዛኛው factor analysis እንጠቀማለን

🔰በዚህ construct validity ውስጥ የተለያዩ አይነት መንገዶች አሉ፣ እነዚህን በሌላ ጊዜ ይዤ እመለሰለሁ፣

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