Brief Article Review Guideline
🔳 ጥናትና ምርምር ጽሁፍ እንዴት መገምገም እንደምንችል በአጭር መንገድ ለመግለጽ እሞክራለሁ።
◼️Journal reviewers ይህንን መንገድ ይከተላሉ ፣ የዩንቨርስቲ መምህራንና እና Advisors ይህንን ከግምት ያስገበሉ ፣ ከዚህ በተጨማሪ በትምህርት ላይ ተማሪዎች Article review እንድሰሩ ይጠይቃሉ።
ስለዚህ Article review የመድረግ ዘዴ ማወቅ ያስፈልጋል።
◼️በእያንዳንዱ ክፍል ከዚህ በታች የተዘረዘሩትን ጥያቄዎች የጥናት ጽሁፉ አለው ወይ የሚለውን መገምገም ያስፈልጋል ።
☑️አንድ ጥናታዊ ጽሁፍ ከዚህ በታች በተዘረዘሩትን ዋና ዋና ጥያቄዎችን ሊያካትት/ሊመልስ ያስፈልጋል።
1⃣ Citation: write the following information about the article you are going to review
➖Include full title, all authors (last name, initials), full journal title, year, volume number, and page numbers.
2⃣Summary:
➖Present summary of essential contents and main ideas
ቁጥር 1 እና 2 Review ከመጀረችሁ በፊት መጻፍ ያለባችሁ ነገሮች ናቸው።
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
3⃣Study Titles, problem &purpose
➖is the title important? Self explanatory?
➖Was the purpose and/or research question stated clearly?
➖A clear statement of purpose or research questions helps you determine if the topic is important, relevant, and of interest to you.
➖Does the author clearly define a research problem or topic?
➖Is its significance explained? Are core issues or research variables identified?
➖Is specialized terminology usefully defined?
4⃣Was relevant background literature reviewed?
➖A review of the literature should be included in an article describing research to provide some background to the study.
➖Does the author provide an adequate literature review?
➖Does it discuss current research on the problem, and help to situate the authors own research?
5⃣Are the research objectives clearly stated?
➖Are hypotheses or specific research questions identified?
6⃣Methodology
➖Does the author clearly identify the research methodology and any associated limitations of the research design?
➖Are participants described, including the method of sample selection if appropriate?
➖Are instruments adequately described, including issues of appropriateness, validity and reliability?
➖Do any evident biases or ethical considerations arise in relation to the methodology?
➖Are the methods for measuring results clearly explained and appropriate?
7⃣Results
➖What are the author's major findings and conclusions?
➖Have these been supported by the author's analyses, arguments, findings or evidence?
➖Has the author overlooked anything?
8⃣Discussion & conclusion
➖Do the research results validate the authors conclusions and/or recommendations?
➖is the finding adquetly discussed and the author compared the finding with other similar studies??
➖is the conclusion reported inline with its objectives??
9⃣ Suggestion for future research:
➖Does the author suggest areas for further research or discussion?
🔟References
➖Are references given (footnotes or bibliography)?
➖What is the size of the reference section?
➖Are the references recent, important?
➖How are the references used: for support, rebuttal, etc.?
❇️ከላይ የተዘረዘሩትን ጥያቄዎች ከግምት በመስገበት ፣ በእያንደንዱ ርዕስ በአንቀጽ(paragraph) መልክ ዝርዝር ግምገመ በማቅረብ Article review ማድረግ ይቻላል።
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🔳 ጥናትና ምርምር ጽሁፍ እንዴት መገምገም እንደምንችል በአጭር መንገድ ለመግለጽ እሞክራለሁ።
◼️Journal reviewers ይህንን መንገድ ይከተላሉ ፣ የዩንቨርስቲ መምህራንና እና Advisors ይህንን ከግምት ያስገበሉ ፣ ከዚህ በተጨማሪ በትምህርት ላይ ተማሪዎች Article review እንድሰሩ ይጠይቃሉ።
ስለዚህ Article review የመድረግ ዘዴ ማወቅ ያስፈልጋል።
◼️በእያንዳንዱ ክፍል ከዚህ በታች የተዘረዘሩትን ጥያቄዎች የጥናት ጽሁፉ አለው ወይ የሚለውን መገምገም ያስፈልጋል ።
☑️አንድ ጥናታዊ ጽሁፍ ከዚህ በታች በተዘረዘሩትን ዋና ዋና ጥያቄዎችን ሊያካትት/ሊመልስ ያስፈልጋል።
1⃣ Citation: write the following information about the article you are going to review
➖Include full title, all authors (last name, initials), full journal title, year, volume number, and page numbers.
2⃣Summary:
➖Present summary of essential contents and main ideas
ቁጥር 1 እና 2 Review ከመጀረችሁ በፊት መጻፍ ያለባችሁ ነገሮች ናቸው።
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
3⃣Study Titles, problem &purpose
➖is the title important? Self explanatory?
➖Was the purpose and/or research question stated clearly?
➖A clear statement of purpose or research questions helps you determine if the topic is important, relevant, and of interest to you.
➖Does the author clearly define a research problem or topic?
➖Is its significance explained? Are core issues or research variables identified?
➖Is specialized terminology usefully defined?
4⃣Was relevant background literature reviewed?
➖A review of the literature should be included in an article describing research to provide some background to the study.
➖Does the author provide an adequate literature review?
➖Does it discuss current research on the problem, and help to situate the authors own research?
5⃣Are the research objectives clearly stated?
➖Are hypotheses or specific research questions identified?
6⃣Methodology
➖Does the author clearly identify the research methodology and any associated limitations of the research design?
➖Are participants described, including the method of sample selection if appropriate?
➖Are instruments adequately described, including issues of appropriateness, validity and reliability?
➖Do any evident biases or ethical considerations arise in relation to the methodology?
➖Are the methods for measuring results clearly explained and appropriate?
7⃣Results
➖What are the author's major findings and conclusions?
➖Have these been supported by the author's analyses, arguments, findings or evidence?
➖Has the author overlooked anything?
8⃣Discussion & conclusion
➖Do the research results validate the authors conclusions and/or recommendations?
➖is the finding adquetly discussed and the author compared the finding with other similar studies??
➖is the conclusion reported inline with its objectives??
9⃣ Suggestion for future research:
➖Does the author suggest areas for further research or discussion?
🔟References
➖Are references given (footnotes or bibliography)?
➖What is the size of the reference section?
➖Are the references recent, important?
➖How are the references used: for support, rebuttal, etc.?
❇️ከላይ የተዘረዘሩትን ጥያቄዎች ከግምት በመስገበት ፣ በእያንደንዱ ርዕስ በአንቀጽ(paragraph) መልክ ዝርዝር ግምገመ በማቅረብ Article review ማድረግ ይቻላል።
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ጥናታዊ ጽሁፍ/research ማዘጋጀት ትፈልጋለህ? እነዚህን 15 ነጥቦች ልብ በል።
የጥናት/ሪሰርች ይዘት፣ ስፋትና ጥልቀት ሊለያይ ይችላል፡፡ ተጨባጭ ችግርን ለመፍታት ይሁን የተደበቀ ምስጢርን ፈልፍለን ለማግኘት ወይንም ከዚሁ ለተለየ ዓላማ ጥናት ሊታቀድና ሊከናወን ይችላል፡፡
በዚሁ መሰረት አንድ ጥናት/ሪሰርች ሲዘጋጅ ከዚህ በታች የተመለከቱትን ብዙዎች ዘንድ የተለመዱ ዋና ዋና ይዘቶችን ሊያካትት ይችላል፡፡ ዝርዝሩን ተመልከቱት፤
⏺ የጥናቱ ርዕስ/ Topic
የጥናት ርዕስ ቃላት ጥንቃቄ ይፈልጋል፡፡ ትክክለኛ ስዋሰው፣ ገላጭ ቃላት፣ የጥናቱን ችግር፣ ሥፍራ/ቦታ በተቻለ መጠን በሚስብ ሁኔታ ቢጻፍ ይመረጣል፡፡ ርዕሱን የሚያነብ ሰው የጥናቱን ይዘት በቀላሉ እንዲረዳ ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል፡፡ በዚሁ በፊት ገጽ ላይ ከርዕስ በተጨማሪ፣ የአጥኚው/ዎቹ ሙሉ ሥም፣ ጥናቱ የሚቀርብለት ሠው/ተቋም፣ጥናቱ የተዘጋጀበት ወቅትና ሥፍራ ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡
⏺ ምስጋና/ Acknowledgement
የምሥጋና መልዕክት ግልጽ ነው፡፡ ጥናቱ ተጀምሮ እንዲጠናቀቅ በተለያዩ መልኩ አስተዋጽኦ ያደረጉ ሠዎች የሚመሰገኑበት ክፍል ነው፡፡ ሠው ብቻ ላይመሰገንበትም ይችላል፡፤ ሥፍራዎች፣ ሁኔታዎች፣ ወቅቶችና ሌሎች ጉዳዮች በዚህ ክፍል ሊመሰገኑ ይችላሉ፡፡
⏺ ማውጫ/Table of content
በማውጫ የጥናቱ የተለያዩ አቢይና ንዑስ ክፍሎች የሚገለጽበት ገጽ ይጠቀሳል፡፡
⏺ መግቢያ/ Introduction
በዚህ ክፍል የጥናቱን መነሻ ለአንባቢዎች መረጃ የሚሰጥበት ነው፡፡ መግቢያ መንዛዛት የለበትም፡፡ አንድ ገጽ ይበቃል፡፡ ዞሮ ዞሮ የአንድ ጥናት መግቢያ የአንባቢውን ስሜት የሚቀሰቅስ፣ የጥናቱን ወሰንና አቅጣጫ የሚያመላክት፣ጥናቱን እንዴት እንደሚሰራና የጥናቱን ጭብጥ የሚያሳይ ይዘት እንዲኖረው ተደርጎ ይዘጋጃል፡፡
⏺ የጥናቱ ዓላማ /Objective
የጥናት ዓላማ ከተለያዩ ርዕሶች ጋር ጥልቅ ቁርኝት አለው፡፡ የጥናት ዓላማ፣ ከጥናቱ ችግሮች፣መላ ምቶች መረጃና ውጤት አቀራረብና አተናተን፣ ማጠቃለያና መደምደሚያ ጋር ይተሳሰራል፡፡ የጥናት ርዕሰ ከተመረጠ በኋላ፤ በጉዳዩ ዙሪያ ያሉ ችግሮችን በሚገባ ከተረዳን በኋላ የጥናት ዓላማዎች ይዘጋጃሉ፡፡
የጥናት ዓላማዎች አቢይና ዝርዝር ተብለው ሊቀመጡ ይችላሉ፡፡ ዞሮ ዞሮ ዓላማዎች በጥናቱ የተጠቀሱ ቁልፍ ችግሮችን ወይንም መላምትን መሰረት ተደርገው ይቀረጻሉ፡፡
⏺ የጥናቱ አስፈላጊነት/ Significance of the study
ጥናት ለተለያየ አገልግሎት ይውላል፡፡ በዚህ ክፍል የዚህን ጥናት ውጤት አስፈላጊነት ግልጽ በሆነ መልኩ በዝርዝር ይቀመጣል፡፡
የጥናቱን ወሰን/ Scope of the study
በዚህ ንዑስ ክፍል የጥናቱ አጠቃላይ ስፋት፣ ርዝመትና ጥልቀት ይገለጻል፡፡ ለምሌ ያህል፣ ጥናቱ የት እንደሚሰራ፣ በእነማን ላይ እንደሚሰራ፣ ጊዜና የመሳሰሉ ወሰኖች በግልጽ ይቀመጣሉ፡፡ ወሰን ያልተበጀለት ጥናት መጀመሪያውንና መጨረሻውን ማወቅ ይቸግራል፡፡
⏺ የጥናቱ ታሳቢ ክፍተቶች/ Limitation
አንድ ጥናት ሲካሄድ ሁሉም ነገር አልጋ ባልጋ ሊሆን አይችልም፡፡ የተለያዩ ክፍተቶች ሊፈጠሩ ይችላሉና በዚህ ክፍል በጥናቱ ወቅት ሊገጥሙን የሚችሉ ችግሮች ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ እነዚህ ችግሮች ከአጥኚው አቅም በላይ ሊሆኑ ይገባል እንጂ ሁሉንም ችግር መጥቀስ አይገባም፡፡ ታዲያ በዚህ ክፍል ክፍተቶቹን ለማጥበብ በአጥኚው ሊደረጉ የሚገቡ ጥረቶችም ሊካተቱ ይገባል እንጂ ክፍተቶችን ብቻ ጠቅሶ እጅን አጣጥፎ መቀመጥ አይገባም፡፡
⏺ የጥናቱ ዘዴና አካሄድ/ Methodology of the study
የአንድ ጥናት ዘዴና አካሄድ/ Methodology እንደየ ጥናቱ ጠባይ፣ችግር፣አይነትና ዓላማ የተለያየ ሊሆን ይችላል፡፡ ዘዴና አካሄድ መጥቀስ ማለት በአጭሩ ጥናቱ እንዴት እንደሚሰራ፣ የት እንደሚሰራ፣ የመረጃ መሰብሰቢያ ዘዴ ፣ የመረጃውም መሰብሰቢያ ዘዴ እንዴት አንደተዘጋጀ፤ ምን አይነት ጥናት እንደሆነ፣ የናሙና ይዘት፣ አመራረጥና መጠን (ናሙና ያለው እንደሆነ) ፣ ውጤቱ እንዴት እንደሚተነተን፣ውጤቱ እንዴት እንደሚሰራጭና የመሳሰሉ የጥናቱን አጠቃላይ አሰራርና አካሄድ መግለጽ ማለት ነው፡፡
⏺ የተዛማጅ ፅሁፍ ምልከታ/ Literature Review
በዚህ ክፍል ከዚህ በፊት የተደረጉ ጥናቶችንና ስምምነቶችን የተቀመጡ ንድፈ-ሃሳቦችን በጥልቀት ይመረመራሉ፡፡ ተዛማጅ ጽሁፍ በጥናት ውስጥ በተለያየ መልኩ ማካተት የሚስችል የጥና ጽሁፍ ምልከታ አጻጻፍ አለ፤ ከዚህ ውስጥ የሚስማማንን መርጠን መጠቀም የእኛ ምርጫ ነው፡፡ የተዛማጅ ፅሁፍ ምልከታ ሥራ ሰፊና ጥልቅ ነውና በዚህች አጭር ንዑስ ርዕስ ሁሉን መግለጽ ይከብዳል፡፡
⏺ የጥናት ግኝት አቀራረብ ትንተና/ Data analysis & Interpretation
የአንድ ጥናት ውጤት እንደ ጥናቱ አይነትና የመረጃ ማጠናቀሪያ ሥልት ሁኔታ፣ በተለያየ መልክ ሊቀርብና ሊተነተን ይችላል፡፡ አንድን ጥናት ጥናት የሚያሰኘው አጥኚው የሳይንስና የሎጂክን ስልት በመከተል በግኝቶቹ ላይ የሚደረገው ትንታኔና ትርጉም እንጂ ጥሩ የሆኑ መረጃ ማቅረብ ብቻ ሊሆን አይችልም፡፡
በመሆኑም በግኝት አቀራረብና አተናተን ወቅት አስተያየትን ከተጨባጭ ሁኔታ መለየት፤የጥናቱን ወሰን ማስታወስ እንዲሁም የተሳሳተ ትንታኔና ትርጉም ላለመስጠት ጥንቃቄ ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል፡፡
⏺ ማጠቃለያ/ Conclusion
ጥናቶች የተለያየ ስፋትና ጥልቀት አላቸው፡፡ ታዲያ ይህ ክፍል ከመጀመሪያው እስከ መጨረሻው ያሉ የወቅቱን ሁኔታና ግኝቶች በማጠቃለል አጠር ተደርጎ የሚቀርበት ነው፡፡
⏺ የመፍትሔ ሐሳብ/ Recommendation
በጥናቱ የተለዩ ችግሮችና መንስዔዎቻቸው ከታወቁ በኋላ የመፍተሄ ሃሳቦች በዝርዝር ይቀመጣሉ፡፡ ስለዚህ የመፍተሄ ሃሳቦችን ከማቅረባችን በፊት ችግሮቹን በሚገባ መረዳት ይገባል፡፡
በዚህ ክፍል ሁሉም የመፍሔ ሀሳብ ሊገለጽ አይገባም፡፡ ተጨባጭ ሁኔታን በመረዳት ተግባራዊ ሊሆኑ የሚችሉትን በመለየት በቅደም ተከተል ማቀመጥ ያስፈልጋል፡፡
⏺ አባሪ/ Appendices
በዚህ ክፍል ለጥናቱ የተገለገልንባቸውን ዝርዝር የመረጃ ማጠናቀሪያ ቅጾችና ሌሎች ዝርዝር ግብዓቶች ይቀመጣሉ፡፡
ጥናቱ ለማካሄድ የተጠቀምናቸውን መረጃዎች ማለትም መጠይይቆች፤ የተለያዮ ፕሮግራሞች እና ሌሎች ፎርማቶች ከጥናቱ ጋር ተያይዘው የሚቀርቡበት ነው፡፡
⏺ ማጣቀሻ /Reference
ይህ ክፍል ለጥናቱ የተጠቀምናቸው መረጃዎች የሚገለጽበት ነው፡፡ መረጃዎቹ በማን፣ መቼ፣የት እንደተጻፉ በግልጽ መቀመጥ አለባቸው፡፡ ስምምነት የተደረሰባቸው የተለያዩ ማጣቀሻ አጻጻፍ ስልቶች አስተምህሮዎች አሉና በተፈላጊው ስልት ማጣቀሻን በግልጽ በማስቀመጥ የጥናቱ እውነተኛነት በዚህ ክፍል ይረጋገጣል፡፡
የጥናት/ሪሰርች ይዘት፣ ስፋትና ጥልቀት ሊለያይ ይችላል፡፡ ተጨባጭ ችግርን ለመፍታት ይሁን የተደበቀ ምስጢርን ፈልፍለን ለማግኘት ወይንም ከዚሁ ለተለየ ዓላማ ጥናት ሊታቀድና ሊከናወን ይችላል፡፡
በዚሁ መሰረት አንድ ጥናት/ሪሰርች ሲዘጋጅ ከዚህ በታች የተመለከቱትን ብዙዎች ዘንድ የተለመዱ ዋና ዋና ይዘቶችን ሊያካትት ይችላል፡፡ ዝርዝሩን ተመልከቱት፤
⏺ የጥናቱ ርዕስ/ Topic
የጥናት ርዕስ ቃላት ጥንቃቄ ይፈልጋል፡፡ ትክክለኛ ስዋሰው፣ ገላጭ ቃላት፣ የጥናቱን ችግር፣ ሥፍራ/ቦታ በተቻለ መጠን በሚስብ ሁኔታ ቢጻፍ ይመረጣል፡፡ ርዕሱን የሚያነብ ሰው የጥናቱን ይዘት በቀላሉ እንዲረዳ ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል፡፡ በዚሁ በፊት ገጽ ላይ ከርዕስ በተጨማሪ፣ የአጥኚው/ዎቹ ሙሉ ሥም፣ ጥናቱ የሚቀርብለት ሠው/ተቋም፣ጥናቱ የተዘጋጀበት ወቅትና ሥፍራ ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡
⏺ ምስጋና/ Acknowledgement
የምሥጋና መልዕክት ግልጽ ነው፡፡ ጥናቱ ተጀምሮ እንዲጠናቀቅ በተለያዩ መልኩ አስተዋጽኦ ያደረጉ ሠዎች የሚመሰገኑበት ክፍል ነው፡፡ ሠው ብቻ ላይመሰገንበትም ይችላል፡፤ ሥፍራዎች፣ ሁኔታዎች፣ ወቅቶችና ሌሎች ጉዳዮች በዚህ ክፍል ሊመሰገኑ ይችላሉ፡፡
⏺ ማውጫ/Table of content
በማውጫ የጥናቱ የተለያዩ አቢይና ንዑስ ክፍሎች የሚገለጽበት ገጽ ይጠቀሳል፡፡
⏺ መግቢያ/ Introduction
በዚህ ክፍል የጥናቱን መነሻ ለአንባቢዎች መረጃ የሚሰጥበት ነው፡፡ መግቢያ መንዛዛት የለበትም፡፡ አንድ ገጽ ይበቃል፡፡ ዞሮ ዞሮ የአንድ ጥናት መግቢያ የአንባቢውን ስሜት የሚቀሰቅስ፣ የጥናቱን ወሰንና አቅጣጫ የሚያመላክት፣ጥናቱን እንዴት እንደሚሰራና የጥናቱን ጭብጥ የሚያሳይ ይዘት እንዲኖረው ተደርጎ ይዘጋጃል፡፡
⏺ የጥናቱ ዓላማ /Objective
የጥናት ዓላማ ከተለያዩ ርዕሶች ጋር ጥልቅ ቁርኝት አለው፡፡ የጥናት ዓላማ፣ ከጥናቱ ችግሮች፣መላ ምቶች መረጃና ውጤት አቀራረብና አተናተን፣ ማጠቃለያና መደምደሚያ ጋር ይተሳሰራል፡፡ የጥናት ርዕሰ ከተመረጠ በኋላ፤ በጉዳዩ ዙሪያ ያሉ ችግሮችን በሚገባ ከተረዳን በኋላ የጥናት ዓላማዎች ይዘጋጃሉ፡፡
የጥናት ዓላማዎች አቢይና ዝርዝር ተብለው ሊቀመጡ ይችላሉ፡፡ ዞሮ ዞሮ ዓላማዎች በጥናቱ የተጠቀሱ ቁልፍ ችግሮችን ወይንም መላምትን መሰረት ተደርገው ይቀረጻሉ፡፡
⏺ የጥናቱ አስፈላጊነት/ Significance of the study
ጥናት ለተለያየ አገልግሎት ይውላል፡፡ በዚህ ክፍል የዚህን ጥናት ውጤት አስፈላጊነት ግልጽ በሆነ መልኩ በዝርዝር ይቀመጣል፡፡
የጥናቱን ወሰን/ Scope of the study
በዚህ ንዑስ ክፍል የጥናቱ አጠቃላይ ስፋት፣ ርዝመትና ጥልቀት ይገለጻል፡፡ ለምሌ ያህል፣ ጥናቱ የት እንደሚሰራ፣ በእነማን ላይ እንደሚሰራ፣ ጊዜና የመሳሰሉ ወሰኖች በግልጽ ይቀመጣሉ፡፡ ወሰን ያልተበጀለት ጥናት መጀመሪያውንና መጨረሻውን ማወቅ ይቸግራል፡፡
⏺ የጥናቱ ታሳቢ ክፍተቶች/ Limitation
አንድ ጥናት ሲካሄድ ሁሉም ነገር አልጋ ባልጋ ሊሆን አይችልም፡፡ የተለያዩ ክፍተቶች ሊፈጠሩ ይችላሉና በዚህ ክፍል በጥናቱ ወቅት ሊገጥሙን የሚችሉ ችግሮች ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ እነዚህ ችግሮች ከአጥኚው አቅም በላይ ሊሆኑ ይገባል እንጂ ሁሉንም ችግር መጥቀስ አይገባም፡፡ ታዲያ በዚህ ክፍል ክፍተቶቹን ለማጥበብ በአጥኚው ሊደረጉ የሚገቡ ጥረቶችም ሊካተቱ ይገባል እንጂ ክፍተቶችን ብቻ ጠቅሶ እጅን አጣጥፎ መቀመጥ አይገባም፡፡
⏺ የጥናቱ ዘዴና አካሄድ/ Methodology of the study
የአንድ ጥናት ዘዴና አካሄድ/ Methodology እንደየ ጥናቱ ጠባይ፣ችግር፣አይነትና ዓላማ የተለያየ ሊሆን ይችላል፡፡ ዘዴና አካሄድ መጥቀስ ማለት በአጭሩ ጥናቱ እንዴት እንደሚሰራ፣ የት እንደሚሰራ፣ የመረጃ መሰብሰቢያ ዘዴ ፣ የመረጃውም መሰብሰቢያ ዘዴ እንዴት አንደተዘጋጀ፤ ምን አይነት ጥናት እንደሆነ፣ የናሙና ይዘት፣ አመራረጥና መጠን (ናሙና ያለው እንደሆነ) ፣ ውጤቱ እንዴት እንደሚተነተን፣ውጤቱ እንዴት እንደሚሰራጭና የመሳሰሉ የጥናቱን አጠቃላይ አሰራርና አካሄድ መግለጽ ማለት ነው፡፡
⏺ የተዛማጅ ፅሁፍ ምልከታ/ Literature Review
በዚህ ክፍል ከዚህ በፊት የተደረጉ ጥናቶችንና ስምምነቶችን የተቀመጡ ንድፈ-ሃሳቦችን በጥልቀት ይመረመራሉ፡፡ ተዛማጅ ጽሁፍ በጥናት ውስጥ በተለያየ መልኩ ማካተት የሚስችል የጥና ጽሁፍ ምልከታ አጻጻፍ አለ፤ ከዚህ ውስጥ የሚስማማንን መርጠን መጠቀም የእኛ ምርጫ ነው፡፡ የተዛማጅ ፅሁፍ ምልከታ ሥራ ሰፊና ጥልቅ ነውና በዚህች አጭር ንዑስ ርዕስ ሁሉን መግለጽ ይከብዳል፡፡
⏺ የጥናት ግኝት አቀራረብ ትንተና/ Data analysis & Interpretation
የአንድ ጥናት ውጤት እንደ ጥናቱ አይነትና የመረጃ ማጠናቀሪያ ሥልት ሁኔታ፣ በተለያየ መልክ ሊቀርብና ሊተነተን ይችላል፡፡ አንድን ጥናት ጥናት የሚያሰኘው አጥኚው የሳይንስና የሎጂክን ስልት በመከተል በግኝቶቹ ላይ የሚደረገው ትንታኔና ትርጉም እንጂ ጥሩ የሆኑ መረጃ ማቅረብ ብቻ ሊሆን አይችልም፡፡
በመሆኑም በግኝት አቀራረብና አተናተን ወቅት አስተያየትን ከተጨባጭ ሁኔታ መለየት፤የጥናቱን ወሰን ማስታወስ እንዲሁም የተሳሳተ ትንታኔና ትርጉም ላለመስጠት ጥንቃቄ ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል፡፡
⏺ ማጠቃለያ/ Conclusion
ጥናቶች የተለያየ ስፋትና ጥልቀት አላቸው፡፡ ታዲያ ይህ ክፍል ከመጀመሪያው እስከ መጨረሻው ያሉ የወቅቱን ሁኔታና ግኝቶች በማጠቃለል አጠር ተደርጎ የሚቀርበት ነው፡፡
⏺ የመፍትሔ ሐሳብ/ Recommendation
በጥናቱ የተለዩ ችግሮችና መንስዔዎቻቸው ከታወቁ በኋላ የመፍተሄ ሃሳቦች በዝርዝር ይቀመጣሉ፡፡ ስለዚህ የመፍተሄ ሃሳቦችን ከማቅረባችን በፊት ችግሮቹን በሚገባ መረዳት ይገባል፡፡
በዚህ ክፍል ሁሉም የመፍሔ ሀሳብ ሊገለጽ አይገባም፡፡ ተጨባጭ ሁኔታን በመረዳት ተግባራዊ ሊሆኑ የሚችሉትን በመለየት በቅደም ተከተል ማቀመጥ ያስፈልጋል፡፡
⏺ አባሪ/ Appendices
በዚህ ክፍል ለጥናቱ የተገለገልንባቸውን ዝርዝር የመረጃ ማጠናቀሪያ ቅጾችና ሌሎች ዝርዝር ግብዓቶች ይቀመጣሉ፡፡
ጥናቱ ለማካሄድ የተጠቀምናቸውን መረጃዎች ማለትም መጠይይቆች፤ የተለያዮ ፕሮግራሞች እና ሌሎች ፎርማቶች ከጥናቱ ጋር ተያይዘው የሚቀርቡበት ነው፡፡
⏺ ማጣቀሻ /Reference
ይህ ክፍል ለጥናቱ የተጠቀምናቸው መረጃዎች የሚገለጽበት ነው፡፡ መረጃዎቹ በማን፣ መቼ፣የት እንደተጻፉ በግልጽ መቀመጥ አለባቸው፡፡ ስምምነት የተደረሰባቸው የተለያዩ ማጣቀሻ አጻጻፍ ስልቶች አስተምህሮዎች አሉና በተፈላጊው ስልት ማጣቀሻን በግልጽ በማስቀመጥ የጥናቱ እውነተኛነት በዚህ ክፍል ይረጋገጣል፡፡
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Referencing & Citation
ዛሬ ስለ APA/ Harvard style ስለሚባለው እንመልከት በሚቀጥለው ስለ Vancouver እመለሳለሁ ።
♻️Harvard style እና APA Style Author-Data style System የሚከተሉ ስሆኑ፣ በጣም ተመሳሳይ ናቸው፣ ነገር ግን የተወሰኑ ልዩነት አላቸው።ልዩነቶቹን እመለስበታለሁ ።
✳️ሁለቱም በጽሁፋችሁ(Citation) ላይ የሚቀመጠው Author እና year ነው። የአጻጻፍ ላይም በጣም ተመሳሳይነት አላቸው ።
❇️APA/Harvard በጣም ተመሳሳይ ስለሆኑ አንድ ላይ እንመልከት፣ የAPA እና Harvard ልዩነት በሚቀጥለው ጽሁፍ አቀርበለው።
1⃣ ባparagraph መጀመሪያ የAuthor name ስገለጽ ከታች በለው መልኩ Cite በመረግ መጀመር ይቻላል።
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Cormack (1994) states that "when writing...".
OR
Smith (1946) and Jones (1948) have both shown ...
OR
Further research (Green, Harris and Dunne, 1969) showed...
2⃣ከparagraph መጨረሻ ላይ ስሆን
፣በዚህ ጊዜ ከጽሁፉ መጨረሻ ላይ ከታች እንደለው መስቀመጥ ይቻላል።
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After the paragraph (Cormack, 1994)
3⃣ብዙ Authors አንድ ጽሁፍ ላይ ከሆነ፣ et al የሚለውን እንጠቀማለን ፣
ለ Harvard ከሶስት በላይ የሆኑ Authors ስሆን et al የምንጠቀመው ፣ ለ APA ደግሞ ከሁለት በላይ ስሆን et al የሚል ጽሁፍ በመጨመር Cite መድረግ ይቻላል
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Green, et al. (1995) found that the majority ...
ወይም ከ paragraph መጨረሻ ላይ (Green, et al., 1995)
4⃣የብዙ Authors የተላያዩ ጽሁፎችን በአንድ አንቀጽ(paragraph)Cite መድረግ ስያስፈልግ
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Recent research (Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008) shows that...
ወይም ከparagraph መጨረሻ ከታች በለው መሠረት የሁሉንም ጻሀፊዎች ስም በመጥቀስ መስቀመጥ ይቻላል
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(Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008)
5⃣አንድ Author ብቻውን የተላያዩ ጽሁፎችን በተላያያ ጊዜ(ዓመት) የጻፈውን ለመስቀመጥ ስሆን ደግሞ
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as suggested by Patel (1992; 1994) who found that...
6⃣የተላያዩ ጽሁፎች በአንድ Author በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ(ዓመት ስሆን
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Earlier research by Dunn (1993a) found that...but later research suggested again by Dunn (1993b) that ...
7⃣Author (ጻሀፊው) ባይተወቅስ? ጻሐፊውን ለማውቅ ትግል ያስፈልጋል፣ ግን ይህ ባይሆን እና የግድ ጽሁፉ Cite ማድረግ አስፈላጊ ከሆነ፣ title በ italic ይጻፋል ከዓመተ ምህርት በፊት ግን Anon.. የሚል ይሁፍ እንጠቀማለን ።
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Marketing strategy (Anon., 1999)
8⃣Second hand referancing( cross referencing) የሚበል አለ፣ ይህ ማለት ሌላ ሰው Cite ያደረገውን ነገር ግን በእናንተ እጅ ላይ የሌላውን ጽሁፍ ከሌላ ጽሁፍ ላይ ስተገኙ፣ እና Cite ስታደርጉ ነው
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Research recently carried out by Brown (1966 cited in Bassett, 1986) found that ...
ወይም በ paragraph መጨረሻ ላይ፣
(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142)
ይህ ማለት፣ Brown በጻፈው አድስ ጽሁፍ ውስጥ Bassett የጻፈውን Cite አድርጓል፣ እናንተ ግን ከ brown ዶክሜንት ውስጥ የ Bassettን ሀሳብ ስትወስዱ ነው፣ ነገር ግን የBassett ዶክሜንት በእጀችሁ የለም፣ ወይም አለነባባችሁም ማለት ነው፣
🚫ይህ መንገድ ግን አይመከርም፣ በብዙ ምሁራን ዘንድም ተቀባይነት የለም።
9⃣ ጊዜ ወይም year የሌላው ከሆነስ? ከAuthor ቀጥሎ n.d. የሚል ተቀጽላ እንጠቀማለን፣
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Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated......
🚫ነገር ግን Author ወይም year የሌላውን ጽሁፍ እንደ Reference እንድንጠቀም አይመከርም ።
⚠️ሁለቱም Author እና Year የሌላው ቢሆንስ🤪🤪🤪😝😝😝
APA vs Harvard citation
ከዚህ በፊት እንደተመለከነው ፣ APA እና Harvard Style በጣም ተመሳሳይ ስሆኑ፣ ትንሽ ልዩነት አለችው ። ልዩነቱን እንመልከት፣
💹ከ paragraph መጨረሻ( intext citation)
APA: (Shadid, 2020)
Harvard: (Shadid 2020)
💹Page Number ለማሳየት
APA:(Armstrong, 2015, pp. 3-17)
Harvard:(Armstrong 2015: 3-17)
💹ለብዙ Authors et al አጠቀቀም ይለያያል። et al አጻጻፍም ትንሽ ይላያያል et al የሚለውን ተመልከቱ
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APA: use (et al.,) for more than two authors
Harvard: use (et al.) for more than three Authors
💹Referancing
APA: Ryan-Flood, R., & Gill, R. (2010). Secrecy and silence in the research process: Feminist reflections. Routledge.
Harvard : Ryan-Flood, R., and Gill, R. 2010. Secrecy and Silence in the Research Process: Feminist Reflections. London: Routledge
ነገር ግን ያላቸው ልዩነት ውስን ቢሆንም፣ ይህ ብቻ አይደለም ።
ሪሰርች ስትሰሩ ከዚህ በታች የጠቀስኳቸው ከከበዷችሁ ነገ በምርጥ አቀራረብ ቪዲዮ ይዥላችሁ ቀርቤያለሁ!
✅ Automatic References
✅ Automatic List of tables
✅ Automatic List of figures
✅ Citation
በምርጥ አቀራረብ በYouTube ተዘጋጅቶ ለእይታ ዝግጁ ነው ከታች ያለውን ሊንክ በመጫን መመልከትና መማር ትችላላችሁ!
https://youtu.be/VujbubSHkZs
ከዚህ በታች የዘረዘርኳቸው
✔️ Automatic Tables of Content.
✔️ Page Break እንዴት እንሰራለን? ለሚለው ከታች ያለውን ሊንክ በመጫን ይመልከቱ
https://youtu.be/aB-z5uKq75U
#share
©resrch
ዛሬ ስለ APA/ Harvard style ስለሚባለው እንመልከት በሚቀጥለው ስለ Vancouver እመለሳለሁ ።
♻️Harvard style እና APA Style Author-Data style System የሚከተሉ ስሆኑ፣ በጣም ተመሳሳይ ናቸው፣ ነገር ግን የተወሰኑ ልዩነት አላቸው።ልዩነቶቹን እመለስበታለሁ ።
✳️ሁለቱም በጽሁፋችሁ(Citation) ላይ የሚቀመጠው Author እና year ነው። የአጻጻፍ ላይም በጣም ተመሳሳይነት አላቸው ።
❇️APA/Harvard በጣም ተመሳሳይ ስለሆኑ አንድ ላይ እንመልከት፣ የAPA እና Harvard ልዩነት በሚቀጥለው ጽሁፍ አቀርበለው።
1⃣ ባparagraph መጀመሪያ የAuthor name ስገለጽ ከታች በለው መልኩ Cite በመረግ መጀመር ይቻላል።
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Cormack (1994) states that "when writing...".
OR
Smith (1946) and Jones (1948) have both shown ...
OR
Further research (Green, Harris and Dunne, 1969) showed...
2⃣ከparagraph መጨረሻ ላይ ስሆን
፣በዚህ ጊዜ ከጽሁፉ መጨረሻ ላይ ከታች እንደለው መስቀመጥ ይቻላል።
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After the paragraph (Cormack, 1994)
3⃣ብዙ Authors አንድ ጽሁፍ ላይ ከሆነ፣ et al የሚለውን እንጠቀማለን ፣
ለ Harvard ከሶስት በላይ የሆኑ Authors ስሆን et al የምንጠቀመው ፣ ለ APA ደግሞ ከሁለት በላይ ስሆን et al የሚል ጽሁፍ በመጨመር Cite መድረግ ይቻላል
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Green, et al. (1995) found that the majority ...
ወይም ከ paragraph መጨረሻ ላይ (Green, et al., 1995)
4⃣የብዙ Authors የተላያዩ ጽሁፎችን በአንድ አንቀጽ(paragraph)Cite መድረግ ስያስፈልግ
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Recent research (Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008) shows that...
ወይም ከparagraph መጨረሻ ከታች በለው መሠረት የሁሉንም ጻሀፊዎች ስም በመጥቀስ መስቀመጥ ይቻላል
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(Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008)
5⃣አንድ Author ብቻውን የተላያዩ ጽሁፎችን በተላያያ ጊዜ(ዓመት) የጻፈውን ለመስቀመጥ ስሆን ደግሞ
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as suggested by Patel (1992; 1994) who found that...
6⃣የተላያዩ ጽሁፎች በአንድ Author በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ(ዓመት ስሆን
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Earlier research by Dunn (1993a) found that...but later research suggested again by Dunn (1993b) that ...
7⃣Author (ጻሀፊው) ባይተወቅስ? ጻሐፊውን ለማውቅ ትግል ያስፈልጋል፣ ግን ይህ ባይሆን እና የግድ ጽሁፉ Cite ማድረግ አስፈላጊ ከሆነ፣ title በ italic ይጻፋል ከዓመተ ምህርት በፊት ግን Anon.. የሚል ይሁፍ እንጠቀማለን ።
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Marketing strategy (Anon., 1999)
8⃣Second hand referancing( cross referencing) የሚበል አለ፣ ይህ ማለት ሌላ ሰው Cite ያደረገውን ነገር ግን በእናንተ እጅ ላይ የሌላውን ጽሁፍ ከሌላ ጽሁፍ ላይ ስተገኙ፣ እና Cite ስታደርጉ ነው
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Research recently carried out by Brown (1966 cited in Bassett, 1986) found that ...
ወይም በ paragraph መጨረሻ ላይ፣
(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142)
ይህ ማለት፣ Brown በጻፈው አድስ ጽሁፍ ውስጥ Bassett የጻፈውን Cite አድርጓል፣ እናንተ ግን ከ brown ዶክሜንት ውስጥ የ Bassettን ሀሳብ ስትወስዱ ነው፣ ነገር ግን የBassett ዶክሜንት በእጀችሁ የለም፣ ወይም አለነባባችሁም ማለት ነው፣
🚫ይህ መንገድ ግን አይመከርም፣ በብዙ ምሁራን ዘንድም ተቀባይነት የለም።
9⃣ ጊዜ ወይም year የሌላው ከሆነስ? ከAuthor ቀጥሎ n.d. የሚል ተቀጽላ እንጠቀማለን፣
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Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated......
🚫ነገር ግን Author ወይም year የሌላውን ጽሁፍ እንደ Reference እንድንጠቀም አይመከርም ።
⚠️ሁለቱም Author እና Year የሌላው ቢሆንስ🤪🤪🤪😝😝😝
APA vs Harvard citation
ከዚህ በፊት እንደተመለከነው ፣ APA እና Harvard Style በጣም ተመሳሳይ ስሆኑ፣ ትንሽ ልዩነት አለችው ። ልዩነቱን እንመልከት፣
💹ከ paragraph መጨረሻ( intext citation)
APA: (Shadid, 2020)
Harvard: (Shadid 2020)
💹Page Number ለማሳየት
APA:(Armstrong, 2015, pp. 3-17)
Harvard:(Armstrong 2015: 3-17)
💹ለብዙ Authors et al አጠቀቀም ይለያያል። et al አጻጻፍም ትንሽ ይላያያል et al የሚለውን ተመልከቱ
👇👇👇👇
APA: use (et al.,) for more than two authors
Harvard: use (et al.) for more than three Authors
💹Referancing
APA: Ryan-Flood, R., & Gill, R. (2010). Secrecy and silence in the research process: Feminist reflections. Routledge.
Harvard : Ryan-Flood, R., and Gill, R. 2010. Secrecy and Silence in the Research Process: Feminist Reflections. London: Routledge
ነገር ግን ያላቸው ልዩነት ውስን ቢሆንም፣ ይህ ብቻ አይደለም ።
ሪሰርች ስትሰሩ ከዚህ በታች የጠቀስኳቸው ከከበዷችሁ ነገ በምርጥ አቀራረብ ቪዲዮ ይዥላችሁ ቀርቤያለሁ!
✅ Automatic References
✅ Automatic List of tables
✅ Automatic List of figures
✅ Citation
በምርጥ አቀራረብ በYouTube ተዘጋጅቶ ለእይታ ዝግጁ ነው ከታች ያለውን ሊንክ በመጫን መመልከትና መማር ትችላላችሁ!
https://youtu.be/VujbubSHkZs
ከዚህ በታች የዘረዘርኳቸው
✔️ Automatic Tables of Content.
✔️ Page Break እንዴት እንሰራለን? ለሚለው ከታች ያለውን ሊንክ በመጫን ይመልከቱ
https://youtu.be/aB-z5uKq75U
#share
©resrch
👍6🥰1
✏️ጥናታዊ ጽሑፍ ለምታዘጋጁ #ተመራቂ ተማሪዎች ስለምትሠሩት Proposal እና Research ትንሽ እገዛ
እንዴት ናችሁ? በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ የሚመርጡት የጥናት ርዕስ መነሻውና መድረሻውን ሥነፍኖት በትክክል የተረዱትን መሆን ይገባዋል። ጥናታዊ ጽሑፍ መጨረሻ መታወቅ ያለበት ውጤቱ ነው እንጂ ሂደቱ መሆን የለበትም። ህደቱን ገና ከመጀመሪያው በትክክል እና በግልጽ (Accurately and clearly) መረዳትና ማወቅ ለውጤታማነት ተገቢ ነው። የጥናቱ ንድፈ ሀሳብ (Proposal) በሚገባ የሚመራ መንገድ መሆን አለበት። ጥናትን በተመለከተ ምሁራኑ የሚሉትን አንድ ታላቅ ገለፃ ላስታውሳችሁ "A research is as good as its propsal" -(የአንድ ጥናት ጥሩነት እንደ ንድፈ ሀሳቡ/ዕቅዱ/ ጥሩነት ይታወቃል) እንደማለት ነው። በመሆኑም የተወሰነ ምክረ ሃሳብ እገዛ ለማድረግ ጥቂት ነገር ላስታውሳችሁ። ልብ ሊባል የሚገባው ግን የግል ድጋፍ እንጂ የተቋም ይፋዊ format እያሳወቅሁ አለመሆኑን ነው።
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#1ኛ. #Title ፦ ርዕስ ለመመረጥ የመጀመሪያው ትኩረት ከሙያዎት ጋር ተያይዞ ያሉ ችግሮችን ያስተውሉ። ከዚህ ባለፈ ሙያዎትን ተጠቅመው በአካባቢዎ ባለው ማህበረስብ ውስጥ ያለውን ችግር በመፍታት አስተዋጽኦ ማድረግ የሚችሉበት ቢሆን ይመረጣል። ከዚህ አንጻር "ይህንን አይነት መፍትሔ ብሠራለትስ" የሚሉትን ችግር መርጠው አጭር እና ገላጭ የሆነ የጥናት ርዕስ መምረጥ ነው። ከተቋሙ አካባቢ ወጣ ያሉ ሀገራዊ ይዘት ያላቸው ርዕሶች መሆንም ይችላሉ።
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#2ኛ. #Introduction_to_your_title ፦ በዚህ ርዕስ ሥር ስለ ጥናቱ ርዕስ ምንነት ገለጻ ማድረግ ነው። በዚህ ርዕስ ሥር የሚያካትቷቸው ይዘቶች defnitions, theories, materials used, tests, methods, constructions systems, types, ..... የመሳሰሉት ቢሆኑ መልካም ነው።
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#3ኛ. #Background_to_your_title ፦ ይህ ደግሞ ስለሚያጠኑት ጥናት ታሪካዊ ዳራ/አመጣጥ (hisorical status) ገለጻ ማድረግ ነው። [who start investigate first, which country use, improvement (ማን ጀመርው? የት ቦታ? መቼ? በምን ተጀምሮ ወዴት ተሻሻለ all improvements፣ አሁን የት ደረሰ፣ .....) የሚሉትን የርዕሳችሁን ታሪካዊ ጉዞ አሁን እስካለበት ድረስ ብቻ የምታስቀምጡበት ነው። ከዚህ በተጨማሪ እርስዎ ሊጨምሩበት ወይም ሊቀይሩት ወይም ሊያስተካክሉት የሚችሉበትንም ጎን ጠቆም ማድረፍ መልካም ነው።
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#4ኛ. #Statement_of_the_problem ፦ ይኸኛው ዋና መሠረት ነው። ትክክለኛ ገለጻም ይጠይቃል። “የጥናቱ ርዕስ ለመስራት ያነሳሳህ/ሽ ምን ችግር ኖሮ ነው[what is the problem that initiate you to apply your research over this title?.....]” ለሚል ጥያቄ ተገቢ መልስ የምትሰጡበት የጥናት ሰነድ ክፍል ነው። ለጥናት የተሰማራችሁበትን ችግር ወይም የአንድ ነገር እጥረት ለማስቀመጥ ሞክሩ። ገለጻችሁም "There is lack of/a problem of/ ____" የሚል አይነት ቢሆን መልካም ነው።
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#5ኛ. #Objectives {General and Specific}፦ ጠቅላይ/ዋና ዓላማ ከአንድ ዓረፍተ ነገር ባይበልጥ ከበዛ ደግሞ ከሁለት በላይ እንዳይሆንይመከራል። በዝርዝር ዓላማ (specific objectives) የሚቀመጡት ደግሞ በዋና ዓላማ ዉስጥ የሚገኙ በጥናቱ መከናወን የሚታወቁ የተለያዩ መልሶችን ታስቀምጣላችሁ።
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#6ኛ. #Scope_of_the_Research ፦ ይህ የሚገልጸው የጥናትችሁን ስፋተ-ሜዳ ነው። ምን ምን እንደሚያጠቃልል ወይም እንደሚዳስስ፣ ምን ምንን ደግሞ እንደሚተው /እንደማያጠቃልል/ ከነምክንያቱ፣ ለምን አይነት ተግባር የሚውል እንደሆነ ... በአጠቃላይ የጥናቱን መጠነ-ስፋት ወይም ይዘት የሚያስረዳ ይሆናል።
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#7ኛ. #Litrature_review ፦ [በርዕሱ ዙሪያ እስካሁን የተጠኑ ጽሁፎች ምን ብለዋል?] “ማን የተባለው ሰው በየትኛው መጽሐፉ/ጥናቱ የትኛው ገጽ ላይ ተያያዥ የሆኑ ነገሮችን ምን ብሏል?“ የሚለውን መረጃ የያዘ ነው። በ"Litrature" ሥር የሚያካትቱት የቀደሙ ህትመቶች ማስረጃ ከእርስዎ ጥናት ጋር ተያያዥ ሀሳብ ያላቸውን ብቻ ነው። እርስዎ የማይዳሡትን ነገር በዚህ ርዕስ ሥር ማስገባት ከማንዛዛት እና ትርጉም አልባነት አያልፍም፣ ይልቁንም ሥራዎትን ውጤት (value) እና ተቀባይነት (acceptance) ሊያሳጣ ይችላል። በዚህ ሥር የሚጠቅሷቸው ማስረጃዎች reference specification [books, quastionary, journals, published apers, recorded interviews, vedio evidences] መሆን አለባቸው እንጂ guide specification [oral speeking, internet notes, handouts, non published documents] ላይ ያገኙትን ነገር ባይጠቀሙ ይመከራል። የተጠቀሙትን ምንጭም ከነመገኛ ገፁ አብረው ዋቢ ማስቀመጥም ተገቢ እና ግዴታ ነው።
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#8ኛ. #METHODOLOGY ፦ ይህ ደግሞ ዋናው የጥናት ሂደት መረብ ነው። ትናቱ የሚከናወንበት አካባቢ (study area)፣ ናሙና የሚወሰድበት የናሙና አወሳሰው ሥነዘዴ - ሥነዘዴው የተመረጠበትን ማስረጃ ምክንያት ጨምሮ (sampling system)፣ ከንድፈ ሀሳብ እስከ ፍጻሜ ያለውን የሚያሳይ የጥናቱ መነሻና መድረሻ ፍሰት (research deign - ብዙ ጊዜ በ"Chart" ሊገለፅ ይችላል) መካተት አለባቸው። ከዚህ በተጨማሪ ቤተሙከራዊ ጥናት (Experimental research) ከሆነ የተለያዩ የቤተሙከራ ፍተናዎች (laboratory tests) የሚሠሩበት ስለሆነ የሚሰሩት ሙከራዎች (tests) የሚያስፈልጉ መሥሪያ ነገሪች (materials), መሥሪያ መሳሪያዎች (equipments), የሙከራ ሂደቶች (procedures to be used) የሚሉት ይዘቶች በግልፅ መታወቅ አለባቸው።
ከቤተሙከራ ውጪ ከሆነ ደግሞ አንዳንዶቹ ተግባራዊ የሆኑ የቴክኖሎጂ ፍልስፍናዎች ስለሆኑ የሚጠቀሙትን ሂደት ማስቀመጥ ተአቢ ነው። (ምሳሌ ~ መኪና መሥራት፣ በፀሀይ ጉልበት የሚሰራ ባቡር መሥራት ሊሆን ይችላል)።
በሌላ በኩል Theoretical or statistical data analaysis ላይ የተመሰረቱ ጥናቶች ከሆኑ ደግሞ የሚጠቀሟቸው የቃለመጠይቅ ጥያቄዎች (interiview questions)፣ የሚያስሞሉት የሰነድ ጥያቄ (questionair formats for data statistics)፣ የሚጠቀሟቸው የኮምፒዉተር ፕሮግራም (softwares to be used)፣ የሚፈልጉት ስታቲካዊ መረጃ (statistic data)፣ የሚሳተፉት ባለድርሳዎች (participants /responsible bodies)፣ የጥናት ማመዛዘኛ መንገድ (analaysis statics method..) የመሳሰሉትን ማካተት ተገቢ ሲሆን ይህ "Methodology" የሚባለው ክፍል አንድ ሰው በየትኛው ሥነዘዴ እንደሠራ የክንውን ሂደቱን የሚያስቀምጥበት ክፍል ነው።
#NB ፦ እነዚህ ከላይ ያሉት በሙሉ በንድፈ ሀሳብ ሰነድ (proposal document) ላይ ጭምር መስፈር ኣለባቸው ሲሆኑ ቀጥሎ ያለው ተራ ቁጥር 9፣ 13፣ 14 ብቻ ግን ጥናቱ ከተጀመረ በኋላ የሚካተቱ ክፍሎች ናቸው።
#9ኛ . #RESULT_AND_
እንዴት ናችሁ? በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ የሚመርጡት የጥናት ርዕስ መነሻውና መድረሻውን ሥነፍኖት በትክክል የተረዱትን መሆን ይገባዋል። ጥናታዊ ጽሑፍ መጨረሻ መታወቅ ያለበት ውጤቱ ነው እንጂ ሂደቱ መሆን የለበትም። ህደቱን ገና ከመጀመሪያው በትክክል እና በግልጽ (Accurately and clearly) መረዳትና ማወቅ ለውጤታማነት ተገቢ ነው። የጥናቱ ንድፈ ሀሳብ (Proposal) በሚገባ የሚመራ መንገድ መሆን አለበት። ጥናትን በተመለከተ ምሁራኑ የሚሉትን አንድ ታላቅ ገለፃ ላስታውሳችሁ "A research is as good as its propsal" -(የአንድ ጥናት ጥሩነት እንደ ንድፈ ሀሳቡ/ዕቅዱ/ ጥሩነት ይታወቃል) እንደማለት ነው። በመሆኑም የተወሰነ ምክረ ሃሳብ እገዛ ለማድረግ ጥቂት ነገር ላስታውሳችሁ። ልብ ሊባል የሚገባው ግን የግል ድጋፍ እንጂ የተቋም ይፋዊ format እያሳወቅሁ አለመሆኑን ነው።
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#1ኛ. #Title ፦ ርዕስ ለመመረጥ የመጀመሪያው ትኩረት ከሙያዎት ጋር ተያይዞ ያሉ ችግሮችን ያስተውሉ። ከዚህ ባለፈ ሙያዎትን ተጠቅመው በአካባቢዎ ባለው ማህበረስብ ውስጥ ያለውን ችግር በመፍታት አስተዋጽኦ ማድረግ የሚችሉበት ቢሆን ይመረጣል። ከዚህ አንጻር "ይህንን አይነት መፍትሔ ብሠራለትስ" የሚሉትን ችግር መርጠው አጭር እና ገላጭ የሆነ የጥናት ርዕስ መምረጥ ነው። ከተቋሙ አካባቢ ወጣ ያሉ ሀገራዊ ይዘት ያላቸው ርዕሶች መሆንም ይችላሉ።
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#2ኛ. #Introduction_to_your_title ፦ በዚህ ርዕስ ሥር ስለ ጥናቱ ርዕስ ምንነት ገለጻ ማድረግ ነው። በዚህ ርዕስ ሥር የሚያካትቷቸው ይዘቶች defnitions, theories, materials used, tests, methods, constructions systems, types, ..... የመሳሰሉት ቢሆኑ መልካም ነው።
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#3ኛ. #Background_to_your_title ፦ ይህ ደግሞ ስለሚያጠኑት ጥናት ታሪካዊ ዳራ/አመጣጥ (hisorical status) ገለጻ ማድረግ ነው። [who start investigate first, which country use, improvement (ማን ጀመርው? የት ቦታ? መቼ? በምን ተጀምሮ ወዴት ተሻሻለ all improvements፣ አሁን የት ደረሰ፣ .....) የሚሉትን የርዕሳችሁን ታሪካዊ ጉዞ አሁን እስካለበት ድረስ ብቻ የምታስቀምጡበት ነው። ከዚህ በተጨማሪ እርስዎ ሊጨምሩበት ወይም ሊቀይሩት ወይም ሊያስተካክሉት የሚችሉበትንም ጎን ጠቆም ማድረፍ መልካም ነው።
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#4ኛ. #Statement_of_the_problem ፦ ይኸኛው ዋና መሠረት ነው። ትክክለኛ ገለጻም ይጠይቃል። “የጥናቱ ርዕስ ለመስራት ያነሳሳህ/ሽ ምን ችግር ኖሮ ነው[what is the problem that initiate you to apply your research over this title?.....]” ለሚል ጥያቄ ተገቢ መልስ የምትሰጡበት የጥናት ሰነድ ክፍል ነው። ለጥናት የተሰማራችሁበትን ችግር ወይም የአንድ ነገር እጥረት ለማስቀመጥ ሞክሩ። ገለጻችሁም "There is lack of/a problem of/ ____" የሚል አይነት ቢሆን መልካም ነው።
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#5ኛ. #Objectives {General and Specific}፦ ጠቅላይ/ዋና ዓላማ ከአንድ ዓረፍተ ነገር ባይበልጥ ከበዛ ደግሞ ከሁለት በላይ እንዳይሆንይመከራል። በዝርዝር ዓላማ (specific objectives) የሚቀመጡት ደግሞ በዋና ዓላማ ዉስጥ የሚገኙ በጥናቱ መከናወን የሚታወቁ የተለያዩ መልሶችን ታስቀምጣላችሁ።
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#6ኛ. #Scope_of_the_Research ፦ ይህ የሚገልጸው የጥናትችሁን ስፋተ-ሜዳ ነው። ምን ምን እንደሚያጠቃልል ወይም እንደሚዳስስ፣ ምን ምንን ደግሞ እንደሚተው /እንደማያጠቃልል/ ከነምክንያቱ፣ ለምን አይነት ተግባር የሚውል እንደሆነ ... በአጠቃላይ የጥናቱን መጠነ-ስፋት ወይም ይዘት የሚያስረዳ ይሆናል።
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#7ኛ. #Litrature_review ፦ [በርዕሱ ዙሪያ እስካሁን የተጠኑ ጽሁፎች ምን ብለዋል?] “ማን የተባለው ሰው በየትኛው መጽሐፉ/ጥናቱ የትኛው ገጽ ላይ ተያያዥ የሆኑ ነገሮችን ምን ብሏል?“ የሚለውን መረጃ የያዘ ነው። በ"Litrature" ሥር የሚያካትቱት የቀደሙ ህትመቶች ማስረጃ ከእርስዎ ጥናት ጋር ተያያዥ ሀሳብ ያላቸውን ብቻ ነው። እርስዎ የማይዳሡትን ነገር በዚህ ርዕስ ሥር ማስገባት ከማንዛዛት እና ትርጉም አልባነት አያልፍም፣ ይልቁንም ሥራዎትን ውጤት (value) እና ተቀባይነት (acceptance) ሊያሳጣ ይችላል። በዚህ ሥር የሚጠቅሷቸው ማስረጃዎች reference specification [books, quastionary, journals, published apers, recorded interviews, vedio evidences] መሆን አለባቸው እንጂ guide specification [oral speeking, internet notes, handouts, non published documents] ላይ ያገኙትን ነገር ባይጠቀሙ ይመከራል። የተጠቀሙትን ምንጭም ከነመገኛ ገፁ አብረው ዋቢ ማስቀመጥም ተገቢ እና ግዴታ ነው።
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#8ኛ. #METHODOLOGY ፦ ይህ ደግሞ ዋናው የጥናት ሂደት መረብ ነው። ትናቱ የሚከናወንበት አካባቢ (study area)፣ ናሙና የሚወሰድበት የናሙና አወሳሰው ሥነዘዴ - ሥነዘዴው የተመረጠበትን ማስረጃ ምክንያት ጨምሮ (sampling system)፣ ከንድፈ ሀሳብ እስከ ፍጻሜ ያለውን የሚያሳይ የጥናቱ መነሻና መድረሻ ፍሰት (research deign - ብዙ ጊዜ በ"Chart" ሊገለፅ ይችላል) መካተት አለባቸው። ከዚህ በተጨማሪ ቤተሙከራዊ ጥናት (Experimental research) ከሆነ የተለያዩ የቤተሙከራ ፍተናዎች (laboratory tests) የሚሠሩበት ስለሆነ የሚሰሩት ሙከራዎች (tests) የሚያስፈልጉ መሥሪያ ነገሪች (materials), መሥሪያ መሳሪያዎች (equipments), የሙከራ ሂደቶች (procedures to be used) የሚሉት ይዘቶች በግልፅ መታወቅ አለባቸው።
ከቤተሙከራ ውጪ ከሆነ ደግሞ አንዳንዶቹ ተግባራዊ የሆኑ የቴክኖሎጂ ፍልስፍናዎች ስለሆኑ የሚጠቀሙትን ሂደት ማስቀመጥ ተአቢ ነው። (ምሳሌ ~ መኪና መሥራት፣ በፀሀይ ጉልበት የሚሰራ ባቡር መሥራት ሊሆን ይችላል)።
በሌላ በኩል Theoretical or statistical data analaysis ላይ የተመሰረቱ ጥናቶች ከሆኑ ደግሞ የሚጠቀሟቸው የቃለመጠይቅ ጥያቄዎች (interiview questions)፣ የሚያስሞሉት የሰነድ ጥያቄ (questionair formats for data statistics)፣ የሚጠቀሟቸው የኮምፒዉተር ፕሮግራም (softwares to be used)፣ የሚፈልጉት ስታቲካዊ መረጃ (statistic data)፣ የሚሳተፉት ባለድርሳዎች (participants /responsible bodies)፣ የጥናት ማመዛዘኛ መንገድ (analaysis statics method..) የመሳሰሉትን ማካተት ተገቢ ሲሆን ይህ "Methodology" የሚባለው ክፍል አንድ ሰው በየትኛው ሥነዘዴ እንደሠራ የክንውን ሂደቱን የሚያስቀምጥበት ክፍል ነው።
#NB ፦ እነዚህ ከላይ ያሉት በሙሉ በንድፈ ሀሳብ ሰነድ (proposal document) ላይ ጭምር መስፈር ኣለባቸው ሲሆኑ ቀጥሎ ያለው ተራ ቁጥር 9፣ 13፣ 14 ብቻ ግን ጥናቱ ከተጀመረ በኋላ የሚካተቱ ክፍሎች ናቸው።
#9ኛ . #RESULT_AND_
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#RESULT [ፕሮጀክቱ የሚሰራው በTEST ከሆነ የተገኘውን ዉጤት፣ theory ከሆነ የ[intrview, questionaier, system documented data, real and visual application,...] የሚያሳዩትን ዉጤት/አኳኋን ማስቀመጥ ነው
#DISCUSSION [ከተገኘው ውጤት አንጻር ለእያንዳንዱ ውጤት ሙያዊ ማብራሪያ እና የማሻሻያ ድጋፍ ሀሳብ ማስቀመጥ የሚጠበቅብዎት ክፍል ነው። [discuss weather the result implies good or bad accourding to proffesional point of view based on standards, laws, codes, contract agreement document, principles, softwares ... and put your proffesional solution for failures in the results]
#10ኛ .#Beneficiariers_of_your_project_output {may not mandatory}፦ ጥናቱ ከተጠናቀቀ በኋላ ተጠቃሚ አካላት እነማ ናቸው። [may be scientists, teachers, students, farmers, gevornment, contractors, or all ethiopians or world.... as per your study scope]
#11ኛ . #Desimination_of_output [i.e. how you make available your study paper for users? May be by puting at different libraries, publishing and posting on google, by training.....]
#11ኛ . የማጥኛ ጊዜ ሰሌዳ (Schedule)
#12ኛ . የሚያስፈልገው በጀት (Bedjet/cost)
#13ኛ . #Conclusion
#14ኛ . #Recommendation ፦ [this should be not advice rather it is the measure to be taken for problems and organaizatinal failures based on your proffesional know how!]
#15ኛ . #Reference
#16ኛ . #Appendex
#ምንጭ ፦
√… Research Methodology, Addis Ababa Univerity
በ {Daniel Shewatatek - ዘጽዮን} የተዘጋጀ
ከወደዳችሁት ፔጁን like ማድረጋችሁን አትርሱ
#DISCUSSION [ከተገኘው ውጤት አንጻር ለእያንዳንዱ ውጤት ሙያዊ ማብራሪያ እና የማሻሻያ ድጋፍ ሀሳብ ማስቀመጥ የሚጠበቅብዎት ክፍል ነው። [discuss weather the result implies good or bad accourding to proffesional point of view based on standards, laws, codes, contract agreement document, principles, softwares ... and put your proffesional solution for failures in the results]
#10ኛ .#Beneficiariers_of_your_project_output {may not mandatory}፦ ጥናቱ ከተጠናቀቀ በኋላ ተጠቃሚ አካላት እነማ ናቸው። [may be scientists, teachers, students, farmers, gevornment, contractors, or all ethiopians or world.... as per your study scope]
#11ኛ . #Desimination_of_output [i.e. how you make available your study paper for users? May be by puting at different libraries, publishing and posting on google, by training.....]
#11ኛ . የማጥኛ ጊዜ ሰሌዳ (Schedule)
#12ኛ . የሚያስፈልገው በጀት (Bedjet/cost)
#13ኛ . #Conclusion
#14ኛ . #Recommendation ፦ [this should be not advice rather it is the measure to be taken for problems and organaizatinal failures based on your proffesional know how!]
#15ኛ . #Reference
#16ኛ . #Appendex
#ምንጭ ፦
√… Research Methodology, Addis Ababa Univerity
በ {Daniel Shewatatek - ዘጽዮን} የተዘጋጀ
ከወደዳችሁት ፔጁን like ማድረጋችሁን አትርሱ
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6 Tips for Giving a Fabulous Academic Presentation
March 8, 2018Tanya Golash-Boza, Associate Professor Of Sociology, University Of California
One of the easiest ways to stand out at an academic conference is to give a fantastic presentation.
In this post, I will discuss a few simple techniques that can make your presentation stand out. Although, it does take time to make a good presentation, it is well worth the investment.
Tip #1: Use PowerPoint Judiciously
Images are powerful. Research shows that images help with memory and learning. Use this to your advantage by finding and using images that help you make your point. One trick I have learned is that you can use images that have blank space in them and you can put words in those images.
PowerPoint is a great tool, so long as you use it effectively. Generally, this means using lots of visuals and relatively few words. Never use less than 24-point font. And, please, never put your presentation on the slides and read from the slides.
Tip #2: There is a formula to academic presentations. Use it.
Once you have become an expert at giving fabulous presentations, you can deviate from the formula. However, if you are new to presenting, you might want to follow it. This will vary slightly by field, however, I will give an example from my field – sociology – to give you an idea as to what the format should look like:
Introduction/Overview/Hook
Theoretical Framework/Research Question
Methodology/Case Selection
Background/Literature Review
Discussion of Data/Results
Analysis
Conclusion
Tip #3: The audience wants to hear about your research. Tell them.
One of the most common mistakes I see in people giving presentations is that they present only information I already know. This usually happens when they spend nearly all of the presentation going over the existing literature and giving background information on their particular case. You need only to discuss the literature with which you are directly engaging and contributing. Your background information should only include what is absolutely necessary. If you are giving a 15-minute presentation, by the 6th minute, you need to be discussing your data or case study. At conferences, people are there to learn about your new and exciting research, not to hear a summary of old work.
Tip #4: Practice. Practice. Practice.
You should always practice your presentation in full before you deliver it. You might feel silly delivering your presentation to your cat or your toddler, but you need to do it and do it again. You need to practice to ensure that your presentation fits within the time parameters. Practicing also makes it flow better. You can’t practice too many times.
Tip #5: Keep To Your Time Limit
If you have ten minutes to present, prepare ten minutes of material. No more. Even if you only have seven minutes, you need to finish within the allotted time. If you write your presentation out, a general rule of thumb is two minutes per typed, double-spaced page. For a fifteen-minute talk, you should have no more than 7 double-spaced pages of material.
Tip #6: Don’t Read Your Presentation
Yes, I know that in some fields reading is the norm. But, can you honestly say that you find yourself engaged when listening to someone read their conference presentation? If you absolutely must read, I suggest you read in such a way that no one in the audience can tell you are reading. I have seen people do this successfully, and you can do it too if you write in a conversational tone, practice several times, and read your paper with emotion, conviction, and variation in tone.
What tips do you have for presenters? What is one of the best presentations you have seen? What made it so fantastic? Let us know in the comments below.
Want to learn more about the publishing process? The Wiley Researcher Academy is an online author training program designed to help researchers develop the skills and knowledge needed to be able to publish successfully. Find out more at www.wileyresearcheracademy.com
Image credit: Tanya Golash-Boza
March 8, 2018Tanya Golash-Boza, Associate Professor Of Sociology, University Of California
One of the easiest ways to stand out at an academic conference is to give a fantastic presentation.
In this post, I will discuss a few simple techniques that can make your presentation stand out. Although, it does take time to make a good presentation, it is well worth the investment.
Tip #1: Use PowerPoint Judiciously
Images are powerful. Research shows that images help with memory and learning. Use this to your advantage by finding and using images that help you make your point. One trick I have learned is that you can use images that have blank space in them and you can put words in those images.
PowerPoint is a great tool, so long as you use it effectively. Generally, this means using lots of visuals and relatively few words. Never use less than 24-point font. And, please, never put your presentation on the slides and read from the slides.
Tip #2: There is a formula to academic presentations. Use it.
Once you have become an expert at giving fabulous presentations, you can deviate from the formula. However, if you are new to presenting, you might want to follow it. This will vary slightly by field, however, I will give an example from my field – sociology – to give you an idea as to what the format should look like:
Introduction/Overview/Hook
Theoretical Framework/Research Question
Methodology/Case Selection
Background/Literature Review
Discussion of Data/Results
Analysis
Conclusion
Tip #3: The audience wants to hear about your research. Tell them.
One of the most common mistakes I see in people giving presentations is that they present only information I already know. This usually happens when they spend nearly all of the presentation going over the existing literature and giving background information on their particular case. You need only to discuss the literature with which you are directly engaging and contributing. Your background information should only include what is absolutely necessary. If you are giving a 15-minute presentation, by the 6th minute, you need to be discussing your data or case study. At conferences, people are there to learn about your new and exciting research, not to hear a summary of old work.
Tip #4: Practice. Practice. Practice.
You should always practice your presentation in full before you deliver it. You might feel silly delivering your presentation to your cat or your toddler, but you need to do it and do it again. You need to practice to ensure that your presentation fits within the time parameters. Practicing also makes it flow better. You can’t practice too many times.
Tip #5: Keep To Your Time Limit
If you have ten minutes to present, prepare ten minutes of material. No more. Even if you only have seven minutes, you need to finish within the allotted time. If you write your presentation out, a general rule of thumb is two minutes per typed, double-spaced page. For a fifteen-minute talk, you should have no more than 7 double-spaced pages of material.
Tip #6: Don’t Read Your Presentation
Yes, I know that in some fields reading is the norm. But, can you honestly say that you find yourself engaged when listening to someone read their conference presentation? If you absolutely must read, I suggest you read in such a way that no one in the audience can tell you are reading. I have seen people do this successfully, and you can do it too if you write in a conversational tone, practice several times, and read your paper with emotion, conviction, and variation in tone.
What tips do you have for presenters? What is one of the best presentations you have seen? What made it so fantastic? Let us know in the comments below.
Want to learn more about the publishing process? The Wiley Researcher Academy is an online author training program designed to help researchers develop the skills and knowledge needed to be able to publish successfully. Find out more at www.wileyresearcheracademy.com
Image credit: Tanya Golash-Boza
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Fantastic 9 Links to the free online theses :
1. PQDT Open
https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/search.html
2. Open Thesis and Dissertations
https://oatd.org/
3. Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
http://search.ndltd.org/index.php
4. University of Malaya Students Repository
http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/
5. Australasian Digital Theses
http://adt.caul.edu.au/
6. Theses Canada Portal
http://www.collectionscanada.ca/thesescanada/
7. Council of Australian University
http://www.caul.edu.au/
8. Virginia Polytech Institute & State University Digital Library & Archives
https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/5534
9. Malaysian Theses Online (MyTo)
http://myto.upm.edu.my/myTO/myto.html
1. PQDT Open
https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/search.html
2. Open Thesis and Dissertations
https://oatd.org/
3. Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
http://search.ndltd.org/index.php
4. University of Malaya Students Repository
http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/
5. Australasian Digital Theses
http://adt.caul.edu.au/
6. Theses Canada Portal
http://www.collectionscanada.ca/thesescanada/
7. Council of Australian University
http://www.caul.edu.au/
8. Virginia Polytech Institute & State University Digital Library & Archives
https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/5534
9. Malaysian Theses Online (MyTo)
http://myto.upm.edu.my/myTO/myto.html
የአክሽን ሪሰርች እና የኬዝ ስተዲ ልዩነቶች
=====================
አክሽን ሪሰርች (Action research) የምንለው አንድን አፋጣኝ እና አንገብጋቢ ችግርን ለመፍታት ወይንም መፍትሄ ለመስጠት የምሰራው የምርምር ስራ አይነት ነው። ለምሳሌ በትምህርት ቤት ውስጥ የተማሪዎች ባህርይ ሲለወጥ ለምን እንደተለወጠ፣ ምክንያቱ፣ ያስከተለው ችግር፣ እንዲሁም መፍትሄውን ለማመላከትና በመፍትሄው መሰረት እርምጃ ለመውሰድ እንጠቀምበታለን። አክሽን ሪሰርች በአብዛኛው ትኩረቱ ለችግሩ አፋጣኝ መፍትሄ መስጠት ላይ ብቻ ነው። በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ ኬዝ ስተዲ (Case study) የምንለው አንድን ችግር በበቂ ሁኔታ ለመረዳት፣ ረጅም ግዜ ወስደን፣ ችግሩን በጥልቀት በመመርመር የምንሰራው የምርምር ስራ አይነት ነው። ብዙ ግዜ ለችግሮች መፍትሄ መስጠት ላይ አያተኩርም። ችግሮቹን ግን በበቂ ሁኔታ እንድንረዳ ያደርገናል።
=====================
አክሽን ሪሰርች (Action research) የምንለው አንድን አፋጣኝ እና አንገብጋቢ ችግርን ለመፍታት ወይንም መፍትሄ ለመስጠት የምሰራው የምርምር ስራ አይነት ነው። ለምሳሌ በትምህርት ቤት ውስጥ የተማሪዎች ባህርይ ሲለወጥ ለምን እንደተለወጠ፣ ምክንያቱ፣ ያስከተለው ችግር፣ እንዲሁም መፍትሄውን ለማመላከትና በመፍትሄው መሰረት እርምጃ ለመውሰድ እንጠቀምበታለን። አክሽን ሪሰርች በአብዛኛው ትኩረቱ ለችግሩ አፋጣኝ መፍትሄ መስጠት ላይ ብቻ ነው። በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ ኬዝ ስተዲ (Case study) የምንለው አንድን ችግር በበቂ ሁኔታ ለመረዳት፣ ረጅም ግዜ ወስደን፣ ችግሩን በጥልቀት በመመርመር የምንሰራው የምርምር ስራ አይነት ነው። ብዙ ግዜ ለችግሮች መፍትሄ መስጠት ላይ አያተኩርም። ችግሮቹን ግን በበቂ ሁኔታ እንድንረዳ ያደርገናል።
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CONTENTS OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE THESIS
note there are some sections i chose to leave out in the struture because they are mostly optional or not neccesary. I will mainly discuss the ones in the structure
🔷TITLE PAGE
This section is the first page of the thesis. It contains:
Approved title of the thesis
▪️Author's name
▪️Department
▪️Degree to be attained and
▪️The School
🔹ABSTRACT
The abstract shall not be more than 200-300 words depending on the type of degree and shall contain the following:
▪️A brief statement of the specific objectives and envisaged contributions of the research work.
▪️ A brief statement of research methodology used (principles only) including methods of data analysis
▪️A brief straight-to-the-point summary of specific findings
▪️A statement of implications of the findings
NOTE: It may be placed at the top but it is written at the end of the work
🔹ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author shall acknowledge in his/her own words the assistance given by others during the research work and the preparation of thesis.
🔹TABLE OFCONTENTS
This shall contain a list of all the major component parts of the thesis and the respective pages on which they begin, starting with report.
🎓MAIN BODY🎓
⚜️CHAPTER 1️⃣ (Introduction)
This chapter shall be devoted primarily to justifying the research work. Accordingly, the chapter shall contain:
▪️A general overview of the background, concept, general objectives and scope of theresearch. This may include statementof the problem, significance/purpose of study.
▪️Specific objectives of the research work orworking hypothesis, as the case may be.
▪️Specific proposals (statements only) on how toachieve the specific research objective test the working hypothesis above
▪️Scope and limitation of the research
⚜️CHAPTER 2️⃣ (Literature Review)
This entails an exhaustive but incisive, coherent and up-to-date review of relevant literature in the research area. The candidate is expected to show a high proficiency in information retrieval and interpretation. The literature review shall be geared towards justifying the defined objectives of the research. Consequently, the style of presentation of retrieved information and their interpretation shall be purposeful, directed solely at establishing the premises for the research work
⚜️CHAPTER 3️⃣ (Methodology)
👉🏿This chapter shall contain a list of rare/highly specialized materials and a detailed description of the methods employed in the research work. In the Materials section shall be listed chemicals, reagents, living organisms and other biological materials, apparatuses/gadgets, and equipment that are not used routinely in the laboratory. General or routine laboratory materials used in the work shall be given within the context of
description of the methods. Candidates shall comply with current international conventions on nomenclature and identification of scientific materials in their sub- disciplines.
Under Method section shall be described all the experimental methods used in the work. Only new methods developed by the candidate shall be described in full. Where an established published method was used unmodified, candidate shall merely cite the relevant reference. However, where an established method
has been modified or adapted by the candidate, candidate shall describe the extent to which the method was modified or adapted. In describing the methods, candidate shall state all the special precautions taken in the course of applying the methods as well as the statistical methods used in analyzing the data.
👉🏿Irrespective of the disciplines where the method used was primarily library search or purely theoretical, there need not be a separate chapter on Method/Methodology. The description of the method can be incorporated into the introduction or literature review chapter as a section.
⚜️CHAPTER 4️⃣ (Data Analysis/Results)
The outcome of research shall be presented and explained in this section. Significant and novel findings shall be identified. The findings shall be stated in prose and references made to tables, figures or
note there are some sections i chose to leave out in the struture because they are mostly optional or not neccesary. I will mainly discuss the ones in the structure
🔷TITLE PAGE
This section is the first page of the thesis. It contains:
Approved title of the thesis
▪️Author's name
▪️Department
▪️Degree to be attained and
▪️The School
🔹ABSTRACT
The abstract shall not be more than 200-300 words depending on the type of degree and shall contain the following:
▪️A brief statement of the specific objectives and envisaged contributions of the research work.
▪️ A brief statement of research methodology used (principles only) including methods of data analysis
▪️A brief straight-to-the-point summary of specific findings
▪️A statement of implications of the findings
NOTE: It may be placed at the top but it is written at the end of the work
🔹ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author shall acknowledge in his/her own words the assistance given by others during the research work and the preparation of thesis.
🔹TABLE OFCONTENTS
This shall contain a list of all the major component parts of the thesis and the respective pages on which they begin, starting with report.
🎓MAIN BODY🎓
⚜️CHAPTER 1️⃣ (Introduction)
This chapter shall be devoted primarily to justifying the research work. Accordingly, the chapter shall contain:
▪️A general overview of the background, concept, general objectives and scope of theresearch. This may include statementof the problem, significance/purpose of study.
▪️Specific objectives of the research work orworking hypothesis, as the case may be.
▪️Specific proposals (statements only) on how toachieve the specific research objective test the working hypothesis above
▪️Scope and limitation of the research
⚜️CHAPTER 2️⃣ (Literature Review)
This entails an exhaustive but incisive, coherent and up-to-date review of relevant literature in the research area. The candidate is expected to show a high proficiency in information retrieval and interpretation. The literature review shall be geared towards justifying the defined objectives of the research. Consequently, the style of presentation of retrieved information and their interpretation shall be purposeful, directed solely at establishing the premises for the research work
⚜️CHAPTER 3️⃣ (Methodology)
👉🏿This chapter shall contain a list of rare/highly specialized materials and a detailed description of the methods employed in the research work. In the Materials section shall be listed chemicals, reagents, living organisms and other biological materials, apparatuses/gadgets, and equipment that are not used routinely in the laboratory. General or routine laboratory materials used in the work shall be given within the context of
description of the methods. Candidates shall comply with current international conventions on nomenclature and identification of scientific materials in their sub- disciplines.
Under Method section shall be described all the experimental methods used in the work. Only new methods developed by the candidate shall be described in full. Where an established published method was used unmodified, candidate shall merely cite the relevant reference. However, where an established method
has been modified or adapted by the candidate, candidate shall describe the extent to which the method was modified or adapted. In describing the methods, candidate shall state all the special precautions taken in the course of applying the methods as well as the statistical methods used in analyzing the data.
👉🏿Irrespective of the disciplines where the method used was primarily library search or purely theoretical, there need not be a separate chapter on Method/Methodology. The description of the method can be incorporated into the introduction or literature review chapter as a section.
⚜️CHAPTER 4️⃣ (Data Analysis/Results)
The outcome of research shall be presented and explained in this section. Significant and novel findings shall be identified. The findings shall be stated in prose and references made to tables, figures or
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tes in texts. Details of numerical results shall be given either in the text, in a tabular form or as graphs or any combination of these. However, if the subject of the thesis and the findings are primarily of a qualitative nature, the above guidelines need not be followed. The findings may be presented in the descriptive and analytical models appropriate to the discipline.
⚜️CHAPTER 5️⃣ (Discussion)
This section shall be devoted to giving a comprehensive account of the findings of the research and relating them to published works. Special attention should be given to significant or novel findings.
⚜️CHAPTER 6️⃣ (Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations)
This chapter shall high-light the major findings of the research work and the inferences made from them. It shall incorporate a section on recommendations, including suggestions on areas of further work.
🔷REFERENCES
All references cited in the text shall be collated at the end of the thesis ... learn to reference
i advise use of microsoft inbuilt reference tool
🔷APPENDIX
The appendix is optional and if provided may contain the following.
▪️Matters relatedto data collection e.g. sample of questionnaires and other test instruments.
▪️Raw data for thesis based on questionnaires.
▪️Copies of author’s publication(s) from the research work.
▪️ Computer program, especially if it was written or modified by the candidate, and the output.
🔷GLOSSARY
The glossary if any, shall contain a list and explanations of foreign, indigenous, obsolete or technical words used in the text. Internationally accepted standard abbreviations of scientific names not spelt out in the text may be explained here. All other abbreviations of scientific names must be spelt out in the text at the point of first mention.
⚜️CHAPTER 5️⃣ (Discussion)
This section shall be devoted to giving a comprehensive account of the findings of the research and relating them to published works. Special attention should be given to significant or novel findings.
⚜️CHAPTER 6️⃣ (Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations)
This chapter shall high-light the major findings of the research work and the inferences made from them. It shall incorporate a section on recommendations, including suggestions on areas of further work.
🔷REFERENCES
All references cited in the text shall be collated at the end of the thesis ... learn to reference
i advise use of microsoft inbuilt reference tool
🔷APPENDIX
The appendix is optional and if provided may contain the following.
▪️Matters relatedto data collection e.g. sample of questionnaires and other test instruments.
▪️Raw data for thesis based on questionnaires.
▪️Copies of author’s publication(s) from the research work.
▪️ Computer program, especially if it was written or modified by the candidate, and the output.
🔷GLOSSARY
The glossary if any, shall contain a list and explanations of foreign, indigenous, obsolete or technical words used in the text. Internationally accepted standard abbreviations of scientific names not spelt out in the text may be explained here. All other abbreviations of scientific names must be spelt out in the text at the point of first mention.
METHODS and MATERIALS
Research proposal ስናዘገጅ ትልቅ ትኩረት ልንሰጥ የሚገበው ነገር ብኖር Method and material የምንለው ክፍል ነው። ይህንንም በዝርዝር እንመልከት ፣
1. Study area and period: focus on the description that is most related to the study include map if possible and study period which is period for data collection(Survey) and follow up period (Cohort and RCT)
2. Study design: Describe the specific study design to be utilized to address the objectives of the study (cross sectional, Case control, Cohort, RCT)
3. Population: describe the sources population and the actual study population. Indicate the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
4. Sample size: calculate sample size for each specific objective with different assumptions; using softwares. Consider Non response/loss to follow up rate and Design effect(Cluster or multistage sampling)
5. Sampling procedures: describe your sampling procedure in detail; if multi stage sampling is used describe the sampling at each level (SUPPORT WITH FIGURES).
6. Data collection method : describe the data source(record, interview, observation), who will collect data (gender, age, qualification and experience), where data will be collected (at home, at work, at health facility).
7. Data collection tool and measurements: data collection tool (content, language and source), measurements (tools for measuring, standards)
8. Operational definitions: provide operational definition for key concepts and measurements in the study (don’t give unnecessary long list)
9. Data Quality Management: describe the data handling, entry, and cleaning procedures. data quality control(training, pre-testing, supervision)
10. Data processing and Analysis: describe the actual analysis you will perform to answer the specific objective of the study. Describe how data will be presented.
11. Ethical consideration: discuss the ethical concerns specific to your study and describe the procedures you will follow to minimize risk to study participants.
12. Dissemination of results: describe how the results will be disseminated to reach the target audience.
Research proposal ስናዘገጅ ትልቅ ትኩረት ልንሰጥ የሚገበው ነገር ብኖር Method and material የምንለው ክፍል ነው። ይህንንም በዝርዝር እንመልከት ፣
1. Study area and period: focus on the description that is most related to the study include map if possible and study period which is period for data collection(Survey) and follow up period (Cohort and RCT)
2. Study design: Describe the specific study design to be utilized to address the objectives of the study (cross sectional, Case control, Cohort, RCT)
3. Population: describe the sources population and the actual study population. Indicate the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
4. Sample size: calculate sample size for each specific objective with different assumptions; using softwares. Consider Non response/loss to follow up rate and Design effect(Cluster or multistage sampling)
5. Sampling procedures: describe your sampling procedure in detail; if multi stage sampling is used describe the sampling at each level (SUPPORT WITH FIGURES).
6. Data collection method : describe the data source(record, interview, observation), who will collect data (gender, age, qualification and experience), where data will be collected (at home, at work, at health facility).
7. Data collection tool and measurements: data collection tool (content, language and source), measurements (tools for measuring, standards)
8. Operational definitions: provide operational definition for key concepts and measurements in the study (don’t give unnecessary long list)
9. Data Quality Management: describe the data handling, entry, and cleaning procedures. data quality control(training, pre-testing, supervision)
10. Data processing and Analysis: describe the actual analysis you will perform to answer the specific objective of the study. Describe how data will be presented.
11. Ethical consideration: discuss the ethical concerns specific to your study and describe the procedures you will follow to minimize risk to study participants.
12. Dissemination of results: describe how the results will be disseminated to reach the target audience.
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Content of proposal
🔰ምንም እንኳን ዩንቨርስቲዎች የራሳቸው Reporting ፕሮቶኮል ቢኖራቸውም በአብዛኛው ከዚህ በታች የተቀመጠውን content ያካትታል ።
Cover page
Title page
Acknowledgment
Table of content
List of abbreviation
List of table
List of figure (if available)
Executive summary
1.Introduction
1.1.Background
1.2.Statement of the problems
1.3.Significance/ rationale of the study
1.4.Objective
1.4.1 general objective
1.4.2. Specific objectives
1.5.Scope of the study
1.6.Organization of the study
2.Literature reviews
2.1. Theoretical review
2.2. Emperical review
3. Methods and material
3.1. Study aree and period
3.2. Study design
3.3. Population
3.4. Eligibility criteria
3.5. Sample size calculation
3.6. Sampling procedure
3.7. Data collection tool and procedure
3.8. Data quality management
3.9. Stduy variables
3.10. Data processors and analysis
3.11. Ethical clearance
3.12. Dissemination plan
4 Work plan and budget breakdown
4.1. Work plan
4.2. Budget breakdown
5. Referance
🔰ምንም እንኳን ዩንቨርስቲዎች የራሳቸው Reporting ፕሮቶኮል ቢኖራቸውም በአብዛኛው ከዚህ በታች የተቀመጠውን content ያካትታል ።
Cover page
Title page
Acknowledgment
Table of content
List of abbreviation
List of table
List of figure (if available)
Executive summary
1.Introduction
1.1.Background
1.2.Statement of the problems
1.3.Significance/ rationale of the study
1.4.Objective
1.4.1 general objective
1.4.2. Specific objectives
1.5.Scope of the study
1.6.Organization of the study
2.Literature reviews
2.1. Theoretical review
2.2. Emperical review
3. Methods and material
3.1. Study aree and period
3.2. Study design
3.3. Population
3.4. Eligibility criteria
3.5. Sample size calculation
3.6. Sampling procedure
3.7. Data collection tool and procedure
3.8. Data quality management
3.9. Stduy variables
3.10. Data processors and analysis
3.11. Ethical clearance
3.12. Dissemination plan
4 Work plan and budget breakdown
4.1. Work plan
4.2. Budget breakdown
5. Referance
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የጥናትና ምርምር ሥራ ከመጀመሩ በፊት ልብ ሊባሉ የሚገቡ 2 ነጥቦች
ጥናትና ምርምር በትምህርት ተቋማት፣ በበጎ አድራት ድርጅቶች፣ በንግድ ተቋማት እንዲሁም በግለሰቦች እንደሚሰራ ይታወቃል፡፡ የጥናትና ምርምሩ እንደተመራማሪው ፍላጎት የተለያየ ቢሆንም በዋንኛነት ግን ጥናት አድራጊው ወጭ ቆጣቢና ዉጤታማ አሰራር እንዲኖር ፤ ዘመናዊ አሰራርን ለማስፈን የሚያስችሉ አሰራሮችን ለመፍጠርና ለመተግበር ጥናቶችን ምርምሮች ይሰራሉ፡፡
ታዲያ አንድ የጥናትና ምርምር ፕሮጀክት ሲዘጋጅ ልብ ሊባሉ የሚገቡ ጉዳዮች አሉ፡፡በዚሁ መሰረት ጥናትና ምርምሩ ከመጀመሩ በፊት ጥናት አድራጊው አካል ትኩረት ሊያደርግባቸው ከሚገቡ ጉዳዮች መካከል ዋንኞቹን መጥቀስ ይቻላል፡፡
በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ጥናቱ ወይንም ፕሮጀክቱ በምን አይነት ሁኔታ/መልክ ሊሠራ እንደሚገባ በመቀጠልም የጥናቱ ፕሮጀክት ዶክመንት የሚያካትታቸውን ርዕሶችና ንዑስ ርዕሶች እንዲሁም በውስጣው ሊካተቱ የሚችሉ ፍሬ ሀሳቦችን በቅድሚያ መወሰን ይገባል፡፡ የጥናትና ምርምርም ሥራን ማቀድና መተግበር በአንድ ሌሊት የሚጠናቀቅ ነገር ባይሆንም ከላይ የተጠቀሱ ጉዳዮችን ግን ቀደም ብሎ ማሰብ ሥራችንን ፍሬያማ ሊያደርገው ይችላል የሚል እምነት አለን:
ጥናትና ምርምር በትምህርት ተቋማት፣ በበጎ አድራት ድርጅቶች፣ በንግድ ተቋማት እንዲሁም በግለሰቦች እንደሚሰራ ይታወቃል፡፡ የጥናትና ምርምሩ እንደተመራማሪው ፍላጎት የተለያየ ቢሆንም በዋንኛነት ግን ጥናት አድራጊው ወጭ ቆጣቢና ዉጤታማ አሰራር እንዲኖር ፤ ዘመናዊ አሰራርን ለማስፈን የሚያስችሉ አሰራሮችን ለመፍጠርና ለመተግበር ጥናቶችን ምርምሮች ይሰራሉ፡፡
ታዲያ አንድ የጥናትና ምርምር ፕሮጀክት ሲዘጋጅ ልብ ሊባሉ የሚገቡ ጉዳዮች አሉ፡፡በዚሁ መሰረት ጥናትና ምርምሩ ከመጀመሩ በፊት ጥናት አድራጊው አካል ትኩረት ሊያደርግባቸው ከሚገቡ ጉዳዮች መካከል ዋንኞቹን መጥቀስ ይቻላል፡፡
በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ጥናቱ ወይንም ፕሮጀክቱ በምን አይነት ሁኔታ/መልክ ሊሠራ እንደሚገባ በመቀጠልም የጥናቱ ፕሮጀክት ዶክመንት የሚያካትታቸውን ርዕሶችና ንዑስ ርዕሶች እንዲሁም በውስጣው ሊካተቱ የሚችሉ ፍሬ ሀሳቦችን በቅድሚያ መወሰን ይገባል፡፡ የጥናትና ምርምርም ሥራን ማቀድና መተግበር በአንድ ሌሊት የሚጠናቀቅ ነገር ባይሆንም ከላይ የተጠቀሱ ጉዳዮችን ግን ቀደም ብሎ ማሰብ ሥራችንን ፍሬያማ ሊያደርገው ይችላል የሚል እምነት አለን:
ለምርምር ወይም ለጥናት ስራ (Research )የመነሻ ሀሳብ ከየት እናገኛለን?
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የምርምር ስራ በዋናነት በአንድ ዘርፍ ላይ እውቀትን ለማዳበር እና ሁኔታወችን ከመሰረታቸው ለመረዳት ወይም ያጋጠሙ ችግሮችን ለመፍታት ሊሰራ ይችላል፡፡
በከፍተኛ ትምህርት ላይ ያሉ ተማሪዎች እንዲሁም በስራ ላይ ያሉ ባለሞያዎች በምርምር ስራ ላይ ሊሳተፉ ይችላሉ፡፡
በተለይ የከፍተኛ ትምህርት ተማሪዎች ላይ የምርምር ሀሳብ እንዴት እናግኝ ወይም እንወስን የሚለው ጥያቄ ብዙ ጊዜ ይነሳል፡፡ የምርምር ሀሳብ ለማግኘት ወይም ለመምረጥ የሚከተሉት ነጥቦች ሊያግዙ ይችላሉ፡፡
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1. Observation (አካባቢን ማየት) :- በአካባቢያችን፣ በስራ ቦታ እንዲሁም በመኖሪያ አካባቢ፣ የምናያቸው ችግሮች ወይም ሂደቶችን ለምርምር ስራ ሀሳብ ልናገኝባቸው ይችላሉ፡፡
በቀላሉ ለምሳሌ አንድ መምህር የተማሪዎቹ ውጤት ቢቀንስበት ለምን ቀነሰ ብሎ ችግሩንና የችግሩን መንስኤ ሊያጠና ይችላል፡፡ በተመሳሳይ የተማሪዎቹን ውጤት እንዴት መጨመር ወይም ማስተካከል ይቻላል የሚለውንም ሊያጠና ይችላል፡፡
2. Literature review (ማንበብ):- አንድ ተመራማሪ ወይም ተማሪ ሁልጊዜም እንደልምድ መያዝ ያለበት ነገር ሳይንሳዊ እና ትምህርታዊ ጆርናሎችን መከታተልና ማንበብ ነው፡፡ በየአመቱ በየዘርፉ በሺ የሚቆጠሩ የምርምር ስራ ውጤቶች በጆርናሎች ይታተማሉ፡፡ የምርምር ስራዎችን ማየትና ማንበብ በቀጣይ ለሚሰራ ምርምር መነሻ ሀሳብ ይገኝበታል፡፡
ለምሳሌ የተማሪዎችን ውጤት እንዴት መጨመር እንደሚቻል የተሰራን ጥናት ፅሁፍ ያነበበ መምህር እሱ ከሚያስተምራቸው ተማሪዎች አንፃር ወይም በተለየ እይታ ሊሰራው ይችላል፡፡
3. የምርምር እና ትምህርታዊ ኮንፈረንሶችን፣
ሴሚናሮችን እና ፕረዘንቴሽኖችን መከታተል:- በተለይ በከፍተኛ ትምህርት ተቋማት የሚደረጉ የምርምር ስራ የሚቀርቡባቸው ፕሮግራሞች ለምርምር ስራ ሀሳብ ከማግኘት ባለፈ በአጠቃላይ ስለምርምር ስራ ሂደት መማር ይቻላል፡፡
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የምርምር ስራ በዋናነት በአንድ ዘርፍ ላይ እውቀትን ለማዳበር እና ሁኔታወችን ከመሰረታቸው ለመረዳት ወይም ያጋጠሙ ችግሮችን ለመፍታት ሊሰራ ይችላል፡፡
በከፍተኛ ትምህርት ላይ ያሉ ተማሪዎች እንዲሁም በስራ ላይ ያሉ ባለሞያዎች በምርምር ስራ ላይ ሊሳተፉ ይችላሉ፡፡
በተለይ የከፍተኛ ትምህርት ተማሪዎች ላይ የምርምር ሀሳብ እንዴት እናግኝ ወይም እንወስን የሚለው ጥያቄ ብዙ ጊዜ ይነሳል፡፡ የምርምር ሀሳብ ለማግኘት ወይም ለመምረጥ የሚከተሉት ነጥቦች ሊያግዙ ይችላሉ፡፡
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1. Observation (አካባቢን ማየት) :- በአካባቢያችን፣ በስራ ቦታ እንዲሁም በመኖሪያ አካባቢ፣ የምናያቸው ችግሮች ወይም ሂደቶችን ለምርምር ስራ ሀሳብ ልናገኝባቸው ይችላሉ፡፡
በቀላሉ ለምሳሌ አንድ መምህር የተማሪዎቹ ውጤት ቢቀንስበት ለምን ቀነሰ ብሎ ችግሩንና የችግሩን መንስኤ ሊያጠና ይችላል፡፡ በተመሳሳይ የተማሪዎቹን ውጤት እንዴት መጨመር ወይም ማስተካከል ይቻላል የሚለውንም ሊያጠና ይችላል፡፡
2. Literature review (ማንበብ):- አንድ ተመራማሪ ወይም ተማሪ ሁልጊዜም እንደልምድ መያዝ ያለበት ነገር ሳይንሳዊ እና ትምህርታዊ ጆርናሎችን መከታተልና ማንበብ ነው፡፡ በየአመቱ በየዘርፉ በሺ የሚቆጠሩ የምርምር ስራ ውጤቶች በጆርናሎች ይታተማሉ፡፡ የምርምር ስራዎችን ማየትና ማንበብ በቀጣይ ለሚሰራ ምርምር መነሻ ሀሳብ ይገኝበታል፡፡
ለምሳሌ የተማሪዎችን ውጤት እንዴት መጨመር እንደሚቻል የተሰራን ጥናት ፅሁፍ ያነበበ መምህር እሱ ከሚያስተምራቸው ተማሪዎች አንፃር ወይም በተለየ እይታ ሊሰራው ይችላል፡፡
3. የምርምር እና ትምህርታዊ ኮንፈረንሶችን፣
ሴሚናሮችን እና ፕረዘንቴሽኖችን መከታተል:- በተለይ በከፍተኛ ትምህርት ተቋማት የሚደረጉ የምርምር ስራ የሚቀርቡባቸው ፕሮግራሞች ለምርምር ስራ ሀሳብ ከማግኘት ባለፈ በአጠቃላይ ስለምርምር ስራ ሂደት መማር ይቻላል፡፡
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❖አንድ ፕሮጀክት ቀረፃ (proposal) ሊያካትታቸው የሚገባቸው ዋና ዋና ነጥቦች፡-
✠A) ማውጫ (Table of contents)
ገፁ ከሦስት ከበለጠ ማውጫ ሊዘጋጅለት ይገበዋል፡፡ ማውጫ ሁሉንም ምዕራፎችና ንዑስ ምዕራፎች ያሉበትን ገፅ ባመላከተ መልኩ መዘጋጀት ይኖርበታል፡፡
✠B) አጭር መግለጫ (Executive Summary)
ከግማሽ ገፅ ያልበለጠ ሆኖ ለያካትታቸው ሃሳቦች
☞ ፕሮጀክቱ እንዲሰራ ያስገደደው ዋና ችግር
☞ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያመጣው ተፅዕኖ
☞ለችግሩ የተቀመጠ መፍተሄ
☞የፕሮጀክት አዋጭነት የሚያመላክት ግምገማ
☞ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስገኘው ጥቅም
☞ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስፈልገው የገንዘብ መጠንና የሚወስደው ጊዜ መካተት አለባቸው፡፡
✠C) መግቢያ (Back Ground)
ከአንድ ገፅ ባልበለጠ መገለፅ ሲገባው የሚያካትታቸው ነጥቦች፡-
☞ ፕሮጀክቱ የሚፈታው ችግር ምን እንደሆነ
☞ ችግሩን ለምን መፍታት እንዳስፈለገው
☞ ስለፕሮጀክቱ አጠር ያለ ማብራሪያ የሚሉትን ይይዛል፡፡
✠D) ፕሮጀክቱ የሚመልሳቸው ችግሮች (Rationale)
ፕሮጀክቱ እንዲሰራ ምክንያት የሆኑ ነገሮች ተሰርተው መገለፅ አለባቸው በተጨማሪም የፕሮጀክቱ አጠቃላይ ግብ
ለአንባቢው ግልፅ በሆነ መንገድ መስፈር አለበት፡፡
✠E) የፕሮጀክቱ ዓላማ (project objective)
ፕሮጀክቱ ሊሰራበት የሚችሉ ዋናውንና ዝርዝር ዓላማዎች ለይቶ ማቅረብ አለበት፡፡ ይህም ፕሮጀክቱ ሲጠናቀቅ
ሊያስገኘው ይችላል ተብሎ የታሰበውን ወጤት መግለፅ ያስፈልጋል፡፡
✠F) የፕሮጀክቱመግለጫ (project Description):-
☞ የፕሮጀክቱ ስያሜና ዓላማ
☞ ጉዳዮን የሚያስረዳ ገለፃ
☞ የፕሮጀክቱ ቀጣይነት
☞ የፕሮጀክተ የሚተገበርበት ስልት
☞ ለፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስፈልጉ ግብዓቶችና የፕሮጀክቱን የግዜ ሰሌዳ ከአስር ገፅ ባልበለጠ መገለፅ አለበት፡፡
✠G) የፕሮጀክቱ አመራርና አደረጃጀት (project management and organization):-
☞ ፕሮጀክቱን የሚመሩቱና የሚሳተፉ
☞ የባለሙያዎችን ኃላፊነትና ተግባር
☞ የፕሮጀክቱን ውስጣዊ አሰራር አደረጃጀት አስፈላጊ ሆኖ ከተገኘም መግለፅ አለበት፡፡
✠H) የፕሮጀክቱ ያገባኛል ባዮችና ተጠቃሚዎች (stakeholders and Beneficiaries):-
☞ ተጠቃሚዎች (Beneficiaries) ማለት በፕሮጀክቱ በቀጥታም ሆነ በተዘዋዋሪ ተጠቃሚ የሚሆኑትን ይገልፃል፡፡
☞ ያገባኛል ባዮች (stakeholders):-
የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ያገባኛል ባዮች (Primary stake holders)፡-በፕሮጀክቱ በቀጥታም ሆነ በተዘዋዋሪ በአሉታዊም ሆነ በአወንታዊ ተፅዕኖ የሚደርስባቸው ወይም በፕሮጀክቱ ላይ የሚያደርሱትን ያካትታል፡፡
የሁለተኛ ደረጃ ያገባኛል ባዮች (secondary stake holders)፡- ለፕሮጀክቱ መሰራት የራሳቸው ድርሻና ተፅዕኖ ያላቸው ግለሰቦች፤ ቡድኖችና ተቋማት ተለይተው መዘርዘር አለባቸው፡፡
✠I) የፕሮጀክቱ ትግበራ (project implementation):-
የፕሮጀክት ዕቅድ ማለት የሚሰሩት ስራዎች፤ ስራውን ለመስራት የሚያስፈልጉ የሀብት ድልድል፤ ስራው በማን፤ እንዴት፤ መቼና የት እንደሚፈፀም መገለፅ አለበት፡፡
✠J) ሊያጋጥሙ የሚችሉ ስጋትና በጎ ጎኖች (Risk and Assumption):-
☞ ፕሮጀክቱ ተግባራዊ ሲሆን ሊያጋጥሙ ይችላሉ ተብሎ የሚታሰቡ ስጋቶች ይገለፁበታል፡፡
☞ ለፕሮጀክቱን ተፈፃሚነት የሚያፋጥኑ፤ የሚረዱ በጎ ጎን ያላቸው ነገሮች አብራርቶ በሰንጠረዥ መገለፅ አለበት፡፡
✠K) ክትትና ግምገማ (Monitoring and Evaluation):
ይህ ርዕስ የሚይዛቸው፡-
☞ የስብሰባ ቃለ ጉባኤ፤ የስራ ጉብኝት፤ የማማከር ስራ መቸ እንደሚደረግና በስንት ጊዜ ልዮነት እንደሚቀርብ
☞ የክትትል ስራ የሚሰራበት ስልት
☞ የግምገማ ዕቅድን
☞ ፕሮጀክት እንዴት ለሚመለከታቸው ሪፖርት እንደሚደረግ
✠L) የፕሮጀክቱ ቀጣይነት (sustainability):
ፕሮጀክቱ የሚሰጠውን ጥቅም ዘላቂነት መገለፅ አለበት፡፡
✠A) ማውጫ (Table of contents)
ገፁ ከሦስት ከበለጠ ማውጫ ሊዘጋጅለት ይገበዋል፡፡ ማውጫ ሁሉንም ምዕራፎችና ንዑስ ምዕራፎች ያሉበትን ገፅ ባመላከተ መልኩ መዘጋጀት ይኖርበታል፡፡
✠B) አጭር መግለጫ (Executive Summary)
ከግማሽ ገፅ ያልበለጠ ሆኖ ለያካትታቸው ሃሳቦች
☞ ፕሮጀክቱ እንዲሰራ ያስገደደው ዋና ችግር
☞ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያመጣው ተፅዕኖ
☞ለችግሩ የተቀመጠ መፍተሄ
☞የፕሮጀክት አዋጭነት የሚያመላክት ግምገማ
☞ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስገኘው ጥቅም
☞ፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስፈልገው የገንዘብ መጠንና የሚወስደው ጊዜ መካተት አለባቸው፡፡
✠C) መግቢያ (Back Ground)
ከአንድ ገፅ ባልበለጠ መገለፅ ሲገባው የሚያካትታቸው ነጥቦች፡-
☞ ፕሮጀክቱ የሚፈታው ችግር ምን እንደሆነ
☞ ችግሩን ለምን መፍታት እንዳስፈለገው
☞ ስለፕሮጀክቱ አጠር ያለ ማብራሪያ የሚሉትን ይይዛል፡፡
✠D) ፕሮጀክቱ የሚመልሳቸው ችግሮች (Rationale)
ፕሮጀክቱ እንዲሰራ ምክንያት የሆኑ ነገሮች ተሰርተው መገለፅ አለባቸው በተጨማሪም የፕሮጀክቱ አጠቃላይ ግብ
ለአንባቢው ግልፅ በሆነ መንገድ መስፈር አለበት፡፡
✠E) የፕሮጀክቱ ዓላማ (project objective)
ፕሮጀክቱ ሊሰራበት የሚችሉ ዋናውንና ዝርዝር ዓላማዎች ለይቶ ማቅረብ አለበት፡፡ ይህም ፕሮጀክቱ ሲጠናቀቅ
ሊያስገኘው ይችላል ተብሎ የታሰበውን ወጤት መግለፅ ያስፈልጋል፡፡
✠F) የፕሮጀክቱመግለጫ (project Description):-
☞ የፕሮጀክቱ ስያሜና ዓላማ
☞ ጉዳዮን የሚያስረዳ ገለፃ
☞ የፕሮጀክቱ ቀጣይነት
☞ የፕሮጀክተ የሚተገበርበት ስልት
☞ ለፕሮጀክቱ የሚያስፈልጉ ግብዓቶችና የፕሮጀክቱን የግዜ ሰሌዳ ከአስር ገፅ ባልበለጠ መገለፅ አለበት፡፡
✠G) የፕሮጀክቱ አመራርና አደረጃጀት (project management and organization):-
☞ ፕሮጀክቱን የሚመሩቱና የሚሳተፉ
☞ የባለሙያዎችን ኃላፊነትና ተግባር
☞ የፕሮጀክቱን ውስጣዊ አሰራር አደረጃጀት አስፈላጊ ሆኖ ከተገኘም መግለፅ አለበት፡፡
✠H) የፕሮጀክቱ ያገባኛል ባዮችና ተጠቃሚዎች (stakeholders and Beneficiaries):-
☞ ተጠቃሚዎች (Beneficiaries) ማለት በፕሮጀክቱ በቀጥታም ሆነ በተዘዋዋሪ ተጠቃሚ የሚሆኑትን ይገልፃል፡፡
☞ ያገባኛል ባዮች (stakeholders):-
የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ያገባኛል ባዮች (Primary stake holders)፡-በፕሮጀክቱ በቀጥታም ሆነ በተዘዋዋሪ በአሉታዊም ሆነ በአወንታዊ ተፅዕኖ የሚደርስባቸው ወይም በፕሮጀክቱ ላይ የሚያደርሱትን ያካትታል፡፡
የሁለተኛ ደረጃ ያገባኛል ባዮች (secondary stake holders)፡- ለፕሮጀክቱ መሰራት የራሳቸው ድርሻና ተፅዕኖ ያላቸው ግለሰቦች፤ ቡድኖችና ተቋማት ተለይተው መዘርዘር አለባቸው፡፡
✠I) የፕሮጀክቱ ትግበራ (project implementation):-
የፕሮጀክት ዕቅድ ማለት የሚሰሩት ስራዎች፤ ስራውን ለመስራት የሚያስፈልጉ የሀብት ድልድል፤ ስራው በማን፤ እንዴት፤ መቼና የት እንደሚፈፀም መገለፅ አለበት፡፡
✠J) ሊያጋጥሙ የሚችሉ ስጋትና በጎ ጎኖች (Risk and Assumption):-
☞ ፕሮጀክቱ ተግባራዊ ሲሆን ሊያጋጥሙ ይችላሉ ተብሎ የሚታሰቡ ስጋቶች ይገለፁበታል፡፡
☞ ለፕሮጀክቱን ተፈፃሚነት የሚያፋጥኑ፤ የሚረዱ በጎ ጎን ያላቸው ነገሮች አብራርቶ በሰንጠረዥ መገለፅ አለበት፡፡
✠K) ክትትና ግምገማ (Monitoring and Evaluation):
ይህ ርዕስ የሚይዛቸው፡-
☞ የስብሰባ ቃለ ጉባኤ፤ የስራ ጉብኝት፤ የማማከር ስራ መቸ እንደሚደረግና በስንት ጊዜ ልዮነት እንደሚቀርብ
☞ የክትትል ስራ የሚሰራበት ስልት
☞ የግምገማ ዕቅድን
☞ ፕሮጀክት እንዴት ለሚመለከታቸው ሪፖርት እንደሚደረግ
✠L) የፕሮጀክቱ ቀጣይነት (sustainability):
ፕሮጀክቱ የሚሰጠውን ጥቅም ዘላቂነት መገለፅ አለበት፡፡
👍12
Research Introduction and Literature review writing
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
A brief introduction of the topic.
Motivation and Background of Study
Should create reader interest in the topic,
Should lay the broad foundation for the problem that leads to the study,
Should reach out to a specific audience.
Should be between 1-2 pages only
1.2. Problem Statement
Describes the context for the study and it also identifies the general analysis approach.
A problem might be defined as the issue that exists in the literature, theory, or practice that leads to a need for the study.
1.3. Significance of study
You should write about the effect of your study, and how it will change the things.
Talk about the benefits it will bring, how it will be helpful, to whom and why.
2. Literature Review
Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work.
Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment.
Its main goal is to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader.
The literature could include
1. Theoretical Background
2. Empirical Evidences
2.1. Theoretical Background
It should establish the need for the research and indicate that the writer is knowledgeable about the area.
Try to identify gap in existing literature
A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and a comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic.
2.2. Empirical Evidences
It is the literatures, or previous studies that relate or argue positively with your studies hypothesis and variables
Try to review relevant studies on topic
Try to discuss results of prior studies, data types used and methodologies adopted.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
A brief introduction of the topic.
Motivation and Background of Study
Should create reader interest in the topic,
Should lay the broad foundation for the problem that leads to the study,
Should reach out to a specific audience.
Should be between 1-2 pages only
1.2. Problem Statement
Describes the context for the study and it also identifies the general analysis approach.
A problem might be defined as the issue that exists in the literature, theory, or practice that leads to a need for the study.
1.3. Significance of study
You should write about the effect of your study, and how it will change the things.
Talk about the benefits it will bring, how it will be helpful, to whom and why.
2. Literature Review
Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work.
Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment.
Its main goal is to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader.
The literature could include
1. Theoretical Background
2. Empirical Evidences
2.1. Theoretical Background
It should establish the need for the research and indicate that the writer is knowledgeable about the area.
Try to identify gap in existing literature
A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and a comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic.
2.2. Empirical Evidences
It is the literatures, or previous studies that relate or argue positively with your studies hypothesis and variables
Try to review relevant studies on topic
Try to discuss results of prior studies, data types used and methodologies adopted.
👍5
Correlation coefficient
✅ዉድ የቻናላችን ቤተሰብ ዛሬ ከ Numercal Data analysis አንዱ ስለሆነው ስለ #Pearson_Correlation test ነው ይዤ የቀረብኩላችሁ፣ ሼር በማድረግ ለሌሎችም እንድደርስ ያድርጉ።
🔢 ይህ pearson correlation teet ከNumerical Data Analysis ውስጥ አንዱ ስሆን፣
✅በ 2 variable በመካከል ያለውን Association ለማየት እንጠቀመለን።
ይህን test ለመጠቀም ልሟሉ የሚገቡ (Assumptions) ፣
1⃣ሁለቱም varianle በቁጥር የሚለኩ ( numerical) መሆን አለባቸው ፣
2⃣The variables should be normally distributed ( ይህን ለማወቅ ከዚህ በፍት እንደልኩ Normality test(Shapiro wilk) Check ማድረግ ይኖርብናል፣ ምክንያቱም Pearson correlation is a parametric test.
3⃣Linear r/ship ወይም ቀጥተኛ ግንኙነት መኖር አለበት ይህም በ Scatter plot check ይደረጋል።
✳️Normality fulfill ከደረገ ይህንን test መጠቀም እንችላለን ፣ ነገር ግን የማያሟለ ከሆነ Spearmen correlation test (Non parametric test) ነው መጠቀም የሚቻለው ፣
🚹ለምሳሌ፣ በ height ና weight ወይም monthly income እና Blood pressure ( ሁለቱም በቁጥር የሚገለጹ ስሆን በሁለቱም መካከል ቀጥተኛ ግኑኙነት መኖሩን ማወቅ እንችላለን ።)
✅Pearson correlation coefficient (r) የሚለው የግንኙታን ጥንካሬ(Strength) ና አቅጣጫ(Direction) እንድንረድ ይረደል።
🚫Disadvantage
⚠️ትክክለኛውን cause and effect association አያሳይም።
⚠️Confounding Control አያደርግም፣ ማለት Association የመጠው በሌላ factor ሊሆን ይችላል። እሱን አይቆጣጣርም።
⚠️አንደንዴ የሁለቱ variable ግንኙነት የውሸት ሊሆን ይችላል( Spurious relationship)
🔰Pearson Correlation coefficient (r) Strength ና Direction of association የሚያሳይ ስሆን፣ በ +ve1 እና -ve 1 መካከል ስሆን የተላያዩ ደረጀዎች አለው፣ ከ r&value ጋር ደግሞ የ P value( sig) ከታች ይኖራል።
ከታች (SPSS ouput ይመልከቱ)
Level of Strength
–1- A perfect negative r/ship
– 0.70- A strong negative r/ship
– 0.50- A moderate negative r/ship
– 0.30- A weak negative r/ship
0 - No linear relationship
+0.30- A weak positive r/ship
+0.50- A moderate positive r/ship
+0.70- A strong positive r/ship
+1- A perfect positive r/ship
✅ዉድ የቻናላችን ቤተሰብ ዛሬ ከ Numercal Data analysis አንዱ ስለሆነው ስለ #Pearson_Correlation test ነው ይዤ የቀረብኩላችሁ፣ ሼር በማድረግ ለሌሎችም እንድደርስ ያድርጉ።
🔢 ይህ pearson correlation teet ከNumerical Data Analysis ውስጥ አንዱ ስሆን፣
✅በ 2 variable በመካከል ያለውን Association ለማየት እንጠቀመለን።
ይህን test ለመጠቀም ልሟሉ የሚገቡ (Assumptions) ፣
1⃣ሁለቱም varianle በቁጥር የሚለኩ ( numerical) መሆን አለባቸው ፣
2⃣The variables should be normally distributed ( ይህን ለማወቅ ከዚህ በፍት እንደልኩ Normality test(Shapiro wilk) Check ማድረግ ይኖርብናል፣ ምክንያቱም Pearson correlation is a parametric test.
3⃣Linear r/ship ወይም ቀጥተኛ ግንኙነት መኖር አለበት ይህም በ Scatter plot check ይደረጋል።
✳️Normality fulfill ከደረገ ይህንን test መጠቀም እንችላለን ፣ ነገር ግን የማያሟለ ከሆነ Spearmen correlation test (Non parametric test) ነው መጠቀም የሚቻለው ፣
🚹ለምሳሌ፣ በ height ና weight ወይም monthly income እና Blood pressure ( ሁለቱም በቁጥር የሚገለጹ ስሆን በሁለቱም መካከል ቀጥተኛ ግኑኙነት መኖሩን ማወቅ እንችላለን ።)
✅Pearson correlation coefficient (r) የሚለው የግንኙታን ጥንካሬ(Strength) ና አቅጣጫ(Direction) እንድንረድ ይረደል።
🚫Disadvantage
⚠️ትክክለኛውን cause and effect association አያሳይም።
⚠️Confounding Control አያደርግም፣ ማለት Association የመጠው በሌላ factor ሊሆን ይችላል። እሱን አይቆጣጣርም።
⚠️አንደንዴ የሁለቱ variable ግንኙነት የውሸት ሊሆን ይችላል( Spurious relationship)
🔰Pearson Correlation coefficient (r) Strength ና Direction of association የሚያሳይ ስሆን፣ በ +ve1 እና -ve 1 መካከል ስሆን የተላያዩ ደረጀዎች አለው፣ ከ r&value ጋር ደግሞ የ P value( sig) ከታች ይኖራል።
ከታች (SPSS ouput ይመልከቱ)
Level of Strength
–1- A perfect negative r/ship
– 0.70- A strong negative r/ship
– 0.50- A moderate negative r/ship
– 0.30- A weak negative r/ship
0 - No linear relationship
+0.30- A weak positive r/ship
+0.50- A moderate positive r/ship
+0.70- A strong positive r/ship
+1- A perfect positive r/ship
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HOW TO WRITE A THESIS/DISSERTATION
We will start by addressing the basic differences between a proposal a master’s thesis and a dissertation
1️⃣RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Firstly, the research proposal is a written outline compiled for the purpose of laying out the research program. This document should detail the intentions and strategies of your research path in order to establish what the point and purpose of the entire range of experiments entails Basically your research proposal tells about the research you will conduct during your study
2️⃣MASTERS THESIS
Master’s Thesis is a final project done when pursuing master’s degree - which can be based on your research paper and demonstrates you knowledge of specific topic and level of your analytical and critical thinking.
3️⃣DOCTORATE DISSERTATION
Doctorate dissertation is a final project that leads to a doctoral degree. Here you need to contribute some kind of a new knowledge, which means you can use works of other authors only to guide you through your research process. You will also need to make a dissertation research proposal - the supervisory committee will ensure that you identified your research objective correctly, that it will have a significant impact in your field, and that you fully understand how to complete this research successfully.
🤙CONCLUSION
The proposal is simply a skeleton that show how the thesis or dissertation will be conducted and the thesis and dissertation are very similar except mainly for the level of education and the kinds of research done.
We will start by addressing the basic differences between a proposal a master’s thesis and a dissertation
1️⃣RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Firstly, the research proposal is a written outline compiled for the purpose of laying out the research program. This document should detail the intentions and strategies of your research path in order to establish what the point and purpose of the entire range of experiments entails Basically your research proposal tells about the research you will conduct during your study
2️⃣MASTERS THESIS
Master’s Thesis is a final project done when pursuing master’s degree - which can be based on your research paper and demonstrates you knowledge of specific topic and level of your analytical and critical thinking.
3️⃣DOCTORATE DISSERTATION
Doctorate dissertation is a final project that leads to a doctoral degree. Here you need to contribute some kind of a new knowledge, which means you can use works of other authors only to guide you through your research process. You will also need to make a dissertation research proposal - the supervisory committee will ensure that you identified your research objective correctly, that it will have a significant impact in your field, and that you fully understand how to complete this research successfully.
🤙CONCLUSION
The proposal is simply a skeleton that show how the thesis or dissertation will be conducted and the thesis and dissertation are very similar except mainly for the level of education and the kinds of research done.
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9 BASIC WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR STYLE IN ACADEMIC WRITING
1️⃣ Use ACTIVE VOICE
Don't say: "The stepmother's house was cleaned by Cinderella." (Passive.)
Say instead: "Cinderella cleaned the stepmother's house." (Active voice.)
Passive voice construction ("was cleaned") is reserved for those occasions where the "do-er" of the action is unknown.
Example: "Prince Charming saw the glass slipper that was left behind."
2️⃣ Mix it up in terms of PUNCTUATION
Here are a few commonly misused punctuation marks that a lot of people aren't sure about:
🔷 The semi-colon (;) separates two complete sentences that are complementary.
Example: "She was always covered in cinders from cleaning the fireplace; they called her Cinderella."
🔷 The colon (:) is used...
▪️ preceding a list.
Example: "Before her stepmother awoke, Cinderella had three chores to complete: feeding the chickens, cooking breakfast, and doing the wash."
▪️ as a sort of "drum roll," preceding some big revelation.
Example: "One thing fueled the wicked stepmother's hatred for Cinderella: jealousy."
🔷 The dash (--) is made by typing two hyphens (-). No spaces go in between the dash and the text. It is used...
▪️ bracket off some explanatory information.
Example: "Even Cinderella's stepsisters-who were not nearly as lovely or virtuous as Cinderella--were allowed to go to the ball."
▪️ in the "drum roll" sense of the colon.
Example: "Prince Charming would find this mystery lady--even if he had to put the slipper on every other girl in the kingdom."
3️⃣ Vary your SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Don't say: "Cinderella saw her fairy godmother appear. She was dressed in blue. She held a wand. The wand had a star on it. She was covered in sparkles. Cinderella was amazed. She asked who the woman was. The woman said, 'I am your fairy godmother.' She said she would get Cinderella a dress and a coach. She said she would help Cinderella go to the ball."
Instead say: (there are multiple correct ways to rewrite this, but here's one) "Amazed, Cinderella watched as her fairy godmother appeared. The woman dressed in blue was covered in sparkles and carried a star-shaped wand. Cinderella asked the woman who she was, to which the woman replied, 'I am your fairy godmother." The fairy godmother would get Cinderella a dress and a coach; she would help Cinderella get to the ball."
4️⃣ Closely related to this, avoid CHOPPINESS
Don't say: "She scrubbed the floors. They were dirty. She used a mop. She sighed sadly. It was as if she were a servant ."
Instead say : (again, there are multiple ways to do this) "She scrubbed the dirty floors using a mop, as if she were a servant. She sighed sadly."
5️⃣ Avoid REPETITION.
Don't say: "The stepsisters were jealous and envious ."
Instead say : "The stepsisters were jealous ." (...or envious. Pick one.)
6️⃣ Be CONCISE
Don't say: "The mystery lady was one who every eligible man at the ball admired."
Instead say : "Every eligible man at the ball admired the mystery lady."
7️⃣ Use the VOCABULARY that you know
Don't always feel you have to use big words. It is always better to be clear and use simple language rather than showing off flashy words you aren't sure about and potentially misusing them. This is not to say, however, that you should settle for very weak vocabulary choices (like "bad" or "big" or "mad").
8️⃣ But also work on expanding your VOCABULARY
When reading, look up words you don't know. See how they're used. Start a list. Incorporate them into your writing as you feel comfortable and as they are appropriate.
9️⃣ Keep language FORMAL and avoid language of everyday speech
Don't say: "Cinderella was mellow and good. She never let her stepmother get to her ."
Say instead: "Cinderella was mild-mannered and kind. She never let her stepmother affect her high spirits ."
1️⃣ Use ACTIVE VOICE
Don't say: "The stepmother's house was cleaned by Cinderella." (Passive.)
Say instead: "Cinderella cleaned the stepmother's house." (Active voice.)
Passive voice construction ("was cleaned") is reserved for those occasions where the "do-er" of the action is unknown.
Example: "Prince Charming saw the glass slipper that was left behind."
2️⃣ Mix it up in terms of PUNCTUATION
Here are a few commonly misused punctuation marks that a lot of people aren't sure about:
🔷 The semi-colon (;) separates two complete sentences that are complementary.
Example: "She was always covered in cinders from cleaning the fireplace; they called her Cinderella."
🔷 The colon (:) is used...
▪️ preceding a list.
Example: "Before her stepmother awoke, Cinderella had three chores to complete: feeding the chickens, cooking breakfast, and doing the wash."
▪️ as a sort of "drum roll," preceding some big revelation.
Example: "One thing fueled the wicked stepmother's hatred for Cinderella: jealousy."
🔷 The dash (--) is made by typing two hyphens (-). No spaces go in between the dash and the text. It is used...
▪️ bracket off some explanatory information.
Example: "Even Cinderella's stepsisters-who were not nearly as lovely or virtuous as Cinderella--were allowed to go to the ball."
▪️ in the "drum roll" sense of the colon.
Example: "Prince Charming would find this mystery lady--even if he had to put the slipper on every other girl in the kingdom."
3️⃣ Vary your SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Don't say: "Cinderella saw her fairy godmother appear. She was dressed in blue. She held a wand. The wand had a star on it. She was covered in sparkles. Cinderella was amazed. She asked who the woman was. The woman said, 'I am your fairy godmother.' She said she would get Cinderella a dress and a coach. She said she would help Cinderella go to the ball."
Instead say: (there are multiple correct ways to rewrite this, but here's one) "Amazed, Cinderella watched as her fairy godmother appeared. The woman dressed in blue was covered in sparkles and carried a star-shaped wand. Cinderella asked the woman who she was, to which the woman replied, 'I am your fairy godmother." The fairy godmother would get Cinderella a dress and a coach; she would help Cinderella get to the ball."
4️⃣ Closely related to this, avoid CHOPPINESS
Don't say: "She scrubbed the floors. They were dirty. She used a mop. She sighed sadly. It was as if she were a servant ."
Instead say : (again, there are multiple ways to do this) "She scrubbed the dirty floors using a mop, as if she were a servant. She sighed sadly."
5️⃣ Avoid REPETITION.
Don't say: "The stepsisters were jealous and envious ."
Instead say : "The stepsisters were jealous ." (...or envious. Pick one.)
6️⃣ Be CONCISE
Don't say: "The mystery lady was one who every eligible man at the ball admired."
Instead say : "Every eligible man at the ball admired the mystery lady."
7️⃣ Use the VOCABULARY that you know
Don't always feel you have to use big words. It is always better to be clear and use simple language rather than showing off flashy words you aren't sure about and potentially misusing them. This is not to say, however, that you should settle for very weak vocabulary choices (like "bad" or "big" or "mad").
8️⃣ But also work on expanding your VOCABULARY
When reading, look up words you don't know. See how they're used. Start a list. Incorporate them into your writing as you feel comfortable and as they are appropriate.
9️⃣ Keep language FORMAL and avoid language of everyday speech
Don't say: "Cinderella was mellow and good. She never let her stepmother get to her ."
Say instead: "Cinderella was mild-mannered and kind. She never let her stepmother affect her high spirits ."
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