⚡️ How Redis counts billions of unique values while barely using memory

There's an algorithm called HyperLogLog. It allows you to roughly estimate how many unique elements have passed through the system, using about 12 KB of memory.

The idea is simple: Redis doesn't store the elements themselves.

It does the following:

- Takes an element
- Calculates a hash from it
- Uses part of the hash as a cell number
- Checks the other part to see how many consecutive zeros it contains
- If the new number is larger than the old one, it updates the cell

Why does this work?

Because a long series of zeros in the hash is rare.

For example:

- 1 consecutive zero - quite common
- 5 consecutive zeros - less common
- 10 consecutive zeros - about a 1 in 1024 chance
- 20 consecutive zeros - a very rare event

If Redis sees a very rare pattern, it means that many different elements have likely passed through it.

Redis uses 16,384 small counters. Each stores the maximum "rarity" it has seen for its group of elements.

Then Redis combines these values mathematically to get an estimate of unique elements.

Not an exact number, but a very close approximation.

The main trick of HyperLogLog:

it can handle millions or even billions of values, but memory hardly increases at all.

That's why Redis can count unique users, IPs, requests, or events without huge tables and lists.

#Redis #HyperLogLog #DataScience #Tech #BigData #MemoryEfficiency

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A 14-day tutorial where you build a Python code-agent CLI in the style of Claude Code from scratch and simultaneously understand how the Agent Harness actually works. 🛠️🤖

In the end, you don't just call a ready-made agent via the API, but you understand the components that make up a Claude Code-like tool. 🧠⚙️

https://github.com/bozhouDev/14days-build-claude-code-cli/blob/main/README.en.md

#Python #AI #ClaudeCode #CLI #CodingTutorial #Tech

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Python can substitute an empty context manager without conditions inside!

It often happens that a resource needs to be opened via with, and sometimes the object is already ready and there's no need to open anything.

This usually leads to code duplication or conditions around with:

if need_open:
    f = open(...)
else:
    f = existing_file

`nullcontext(obj) behaves like an empty context manager and allows you to maintain a single execution flow.

This is especially useful for APIs, tests, optional resources, dependency injection, and functions that can accept both a path and a ready-made object.


with ctx as resource:
    process(resource)

But note that nullcontext() does not close the passed object — it simply passes it on further.

🔥 nullcontext() helps to unify scenarios with optional context managers and significantly simplifies the architecture of IO code.

#Python #ContextManager #CodingTips #DevLife #Programming #Tech

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Do you know that Python can shift sequences without slicing and creating new lists?

When you need to cyclically shift data, many use slicing:

data = data[-1:] + data[:-1]

But deque.rotate() does this at the level of the data structure and usually works more efficiently for cyclical operations.

q.rotate(1)

A negative value rotates the queue in the other direction.

q.rotate(-2)

This is useful for ring buffers, task schedulers, cyclical queues, and round-robin algorithms.

workers.rotate(-1)

🔥 deque.rotate() allows you to implement cyclical data structures without manual index logic and without creating new lists.

#Python #DataStructures #CodingTips #Programming #Deque #Tech

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