Learn Python Coding
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Learn Python through simple, practical examples and real coding ideas. Clear explanations, useful snippets, and hands-on learning for anyone starting or improving their programming skills.

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Interview question

What tools are used for error monitoring in Python services?

Answer: Most often, Sentry, centralized logging, and metrics are used. Sentry collects stack traces, context, and shows the frequency of errors.

It's also important to set up alerts - a sharp increase in exceptions usually signals problems after a release or a service degradation.

tags: #interview

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20 ADVANCED Python MCQ.pdf
4.4 MB
𝗣𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗻 𝗨𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗚𝘂𝗶𝗱𝗲! 🚀🐍

𝗜𝗻𝗽𝘂𝘁/𝗢𝘂𝘁𝗽𝘂𝘁 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 📥📤
- print()
- input()
- format()

𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗧𝘆𝗽𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 🔄
- int()
- float()
- str()
- bool()
- complex()
- list()
- tuple()
- set()
- dict()
- frozenset()
- bytes()
- bytearray()
- memoryview()

𝗠𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 🧮📐
- abs()
- pow()
- round()
- divmod()
- sum()
- min()
- max()

𝗦𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 & 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 📊📑
- len()
- sorted()
- range()
- zip()
- enumerate()
- reversed()
- all()
- any()

𝗧𝘆𝗽𝗲 & 𝗜𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 🔍🆔
- type()
- id()
- isinstance()
- issubclass()

𝗙𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 📂📝
- open()
- close()
- read()
- write()
- seek()
- tell()

𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 🔤🔠
- ord()
- chr()
- ascii()
- repr()

𝗨𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 🛠⚙️
- help()
- dir()
- eval()
- exec()
- hash()

𝗟𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 & 𝗕𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 🧠🔢
- bin()
- oct()
- hex()
- bool()

𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘆 & 𝗢𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 💾📦
- memoryview()
- object()
- callable()


#PythonGuide #PythonFunctions #CodingLife #LearnPython #DevCommunity #PyTips

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If you work with Python, remember a simple rule: do not modify a list while iterating over it. 🐍🛑 This can lead to unexpected results because the iterator does not track structural changes.

Here is an example that looks logical but works incorrectly: 🤔

items = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4]
for item in items:
    if item == 2:
        items.remove(item)
print(items)
# Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]


It seems that all 2s should disappear, but one remains. Why?

After removing an element, the list shifts, but the loop moves on — as a result, some values are simply skipped. 🔄🚫

How to do it correctly — iterate over a copy:

for item in items[:]:
    if item == 2:
          items.remove(item)
print(items)
# Output: [1, 3, 4]


Even better — use list comprehension: 🚀

items = [x for x in items if x != 2]

Conclusion: 🏁 do not modify a collection during iteration. This can lead to skipped elements, duplication, or even errors during execution. 🛠️🚧

#Python #Coding #Programming #Debugging #TechTips #PythonTips
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Many applications require mapping strings to integers. In Python, this usually looks like:

d = {"apple": 100, "banana": 200, "cherry": 300}


If there are 1 million keys, this can consume a lot of memory — more than 100 bytes per key.
Our elephant has published a new library that uses about 9 bytes per key. Yes, only 9 bytes. Usage looks like this:

from fastconstmap import ConstMap

d = {"apple": 100, "banana": 200, "cherry": 300}
m = ConstMap(d)

m["apple"]                  # -> 100
m.get_many(["banana", "cherry"])  # -> [200, 300]


It can be significantly faster (for example, up to 2 times in some cases) than the standard dictionary. It can also be serialized and deserialized to disk or network for convenient reuse.

https://pypi.org/project/fastconstmap/

github: https://github.com/lemire/fastconstmap

👉 @PythonRe
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The Python library itertools contains many useful functions. 🐍

One of them is compress(), which returns an iterator over the elements from data, for which the corresponding element in selectors is equal to True. 🔍💻

Here's an example: 📝👇

#Python #Programming #Itertools #Coding #Tech #DataScience
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Cheat sheet on the basics of Python: 🐍📚

basic syntax and language rules 📝
scalar types — basic data types (int, float, bool, str, NoneType) 🔢

datetime — working with date and time 📅

data structures — Python data structures (list, tuple, dict, set) 🗄

list — mutable lists for storing data collections 📋
tuple — immutable sequences of values 🔒
dict (hash map) — storing data in a key-value format 🗝
set — unique elements without order 🔘

slicing — obtaining parts of sequences through indices and step ✂️

module/library — connecting modules and libraries 🔌

help functions — using help() and dir() to explore the Python API 🛠

#Python #Coding #DataScience #Programming #Tech #DevCommunity
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Do you know that Python can shift sequences without slicing and creating new lists? 🤔

When you need to cyclically shift data, many use slicing:

data = data[-1:] + data[:-1]

But deque.rotate() does this at the level of the data structure and usually works more efficiently for cyclical operations. 🚀

q.rotate(1)

A negative value rotates the queue in the other direction. ⬅️

q.rotate(-2)

This is useful for ring buffers, task schedulers, cyclical queues, and round-robin algorithms. 🔄

workers.rotate(-1)

🔥 deque.rotate() allows you to implement cyclical data structures without manual index logic and without creating new lists. 💡

#Python #Programming #Deque #CodingTips #Tech #DevCommunity
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"Open Data Structures" is another very useful free resource for anyone studying data structures and algorithms. 📚

The book discusses the implementation and analysis of basic structures: array-based lists, linked lists, hash tables, binary trees, red-black trees, heaps, sorting algorithms, graphs, and data structures for working with integers. 🔍🧮

This is a full-fledged open textbook for studying one of the fundamental topics of computer science and a good reference that's worth keeping on hand. 💻🌟

https://opendatastructures.org/ods-python.pdf 📄

👉 @PythonRe

#DataStructures #Algorithms #Python #ComputerScience #OpenSource #Learning
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How to check for the presence of subclasses in Python? 🐍🧐

Here's how you can do it:

import inspect

def has_subclasses(cls):
return any(issubclass(sub, cls) for sub in inspect.getmembers(sys.modules[cls.__module__], inspect.isclass))

This function uses the inspect module to find all subclasses of the given class. 🛠️

#Python #Programming #Subclasses #Coding #Dev #Tech
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📂 Reminder about Python map()!

map() — a built-in function that applies the specified function to each element of an iterable object (list, tuple, set, etc.).

The picture shows the basic syntax, an example of use with lambda, and a typical case — data transformation without a manual for loop.

Save it to quickly remember the syntax!

🐍💻🗺️ #Python #Coding #Programming #LearnToCode #DevTips #Tech
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If you're working with data pipelines, these repositories are very useful: 🚀📊

ibis: A Python API that allows you to write queries once and run them on different data backends, such as DuckDB, BigQuery, and Snowflake. 🐍🔗
https://github.com/ibis-project/ibis

pygwalker: Instantly turns a DataFrame into an interactive UI for visual data exploration. 📈🖥️
https://github.com/Kanaries/pygwalker

katana: A fast and scalable web crawler, often used for security testing and large-scale data collection/search. 🕷️🔒
https://github.com/projectdiscovery/katana

#dataengineering #python #opensource #devtools #dataviz #security
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"Introduction to Algorithms" 📘 - an outstanding university resource for everyone studying algorithms and computer science. 🎓💻

The book covers computational complexity, data structures, algorithms on graphs, dynamic programming, divide-and-conquer methods, greedy algorithms, randomized algorithms, and many mathematical foundations of modern computer science. 🧮📊🔍

What's particularly valuable here is the combination of mathematical rigor and practical algorithmic thinking. 🧠 This is one of those books that greatly change the approach to problem analysis, efficiency, and computing itself. 🚀🛠

An essential tool in the library of any developer and engineer working in the field of computer science. 🏗💾

https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~akroit/math/compsci/Cormen%20Introduction%20to%20Algorithms.pdf 🔗

#Algorithms #ComputerScience #Programming #CSStudent #TechEducation #DevTools
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Why is enumerate() used in Python? 🤔🐍

It allows you to simultaneously obtain the value of an element and its index when iterating through a list. 📊

This is more convenient and more readable than manually working with a counter. 🚀

for i, item in enumerate(items):
print(i, item)


#Python #Coding #Programming #Dev #Tech #Code

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Data validation with Pydantic! 🐍

In the early stages of development, data validation usually doesn't cause problems. In many Python projects, validation initially looks simple:

if not isinstance(age, int):
raise ValueError("age must be an int")

But then come email, JSON from APIs, query parameters, nested objects, configs, nullable fields, and type conversion. At some point, the code turns into a set of if/else and manual checks.

For such tasks, Pydantic is often used. Installation:

pip install pydantic
pip install "pydantic[email]"

Create a model:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class User(BaseModel):
name: str
age: int

Now the data is validated automatically:

user = User(
name="Alex",
age="30"
)

print(user.age)
print(type(user.age))

The result:
30
<class 'int'>

Pydantic will automatically convert the string "30" to an int. If you pass an incorrect value, you'll get a ValidationError:

User(
name="Alex",
age="test"
)

This is especially convenient when working with APIs, JSON, query parameters, and incoming data from outside.

A common production case is checking email:

from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr

class User(BaseModel):
email: EmailStr

User(email="alex@test.com")

If the email is invalid, Pydantic will throw a ValidationError. You can set default values:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class Config(BaseModel):
host: str = "localhost"
port: int = 5432

And allow None:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class User(BaseModel):
nickname: str | None = None

This field becomes optional. A practical example is processing an API response:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class Product(BaseModel):
id: int
title: str
price: float

data = {
"id": "1",
"title": "Keyboard",
"price": "99.5"
}

product = Product(**data)

print(product)

The types will be automatically converted. For nested model structures, you can combine:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class Address(BaseModel):
city: str
zip_code: str

class User(BaseModel):
name: str
address: Address

user = User(
name="Alex",
address={
"city": "Berlin",
"zip_code": "10115"
}
)

print(user)

The nested object will also be validated. Serialization in Pydantic v2:

print(user.model_dump())
print(user.model_dump_json())

Pydantic is actively used in FastAPI, ETL, microservices, data pipelines, and API clients.

For working with environment variables in Pydantic v2, a separate package is usually used:

pip install pydantic-settings

It's important to understand: Pydantic is not an ORM and does not replace business logic. Its task is to validate data, convert types, and describe schemas.

🔥 Pydantic significantly reduces the amount of manual data validation and makes processing incoming structures more predictable.

#Python #Pydantic #DataValidation #FastAPI #Coding #DevOps

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# Cheat sheet on high-order functions in Python:

🐍 map() - applies a function to every element of an iterable and returns an iterator with the results
🔍 filter() - filters elements based on a condition and leaves only those for which the function returns True
🔄 reduce() - successively combines all elements of an iterable into a single value
lambda functions - anonymous functions for short expressions and working with map/filter/reduce
📦 iterable objects - lists, tuples, and other collections for processing
📚 functools - a Python module that contains reduce()
🧠 functional programming - an approach to programming through functions and data processing without changing the state

```python
# Example usage
from functools import reduce

# map
squared = map(lambda x: x**2, [1, 2, 3, 4])
print(list(squared))

# filter
evens = filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(list(evens))

# reduce
total = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, [1, 2, 3, 4])
pr
int(total)```

#Python #Programming #HighOrderFunctions #FunctionalProgramming #Coding #MapFilterReduce

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❤️ Architecture Patterns — an informative repository on backend architecture in Python!

Here, they excellently demonstrate how to properly separate application logic, work with complex architecture, build a scalable backend, and maintain a codebase in an adequate state as the project grows. Instead of dry theory, the authors gradually build a full-fledged application and show how the architecture evolves as the project grows.

I'll leave a link: https://github.com/cosmicpython/book

#Python #Backend #Architecture #Coding #DevCommunity #OpenSource

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