from collections import namedtuple  
rec = namedtuple('rec', ['x', 'y', 'z']) 
comp = rec(1, 2, [4, 5])

S = 'hello'
C = bytearray(S, encoding="ascii")

def a(z):
    x = 0
    try:
        x += 1
        100/z
        x += 1
    except ZeroDivisionError:
        try:
            x += 1
        finally:
            x += 1
            return x
    finally:
        x += 1
    return -1
a(0)

try:
    raise IOError()
except OSError as err:
    print(isinstance(err, OSError), isinstance(err, IOError))

class MyBool(bool): pass
b = MyBool(True)
print(b == True, b is True)

type(None) == NoneType

from functools import reduce
vals = (chr(x) for x in range(ord('a'), ord('d')))
print(reduce(lambda acc, x: x + acc[::-1] + x, vals, ''))

s = set(dir('a')) - set(dir(b'a'))
x = 'encode' in s
y = 'decode' in s
print(x, y)

class Number(int, float): pass
x1 = Number(1)
x2 = Number(1.0)
print(x1 == x2)