class A:
    x = 'hello'
    def __getitem__(self, i):
        return getattr(self.x, '__getitem__')(i) * 2
    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        return getattr(self.x, attr)
a = A()
print(a[0] + a.upper()[1:])

f = type
print(f(f(f(f(f(None))))) is f )

"hello, Макс!".encode('ascii', errors='replace')

"hello, Макс!".encode('ascii', errors='ignore')

class С: pass 
c = С() 
a = type(c) == c.__class__
b = type(type(c)) is c.__class__.__class__
print(a, b)

"hello, Макс!".encode('ascii', errors='strict')

(type(type) is type(object)) - isinstance(type, object)

isinstance(type, object) + isinstance(object, type) + (type is object)

class A: attr = 1  
class B(A): pass     
class С(A): attr = 2
class D(B, С): pass   
x = D()
print(x.attr)

a = type([1, 2, 3]) == type(list)
b = [1, 2, 3].__class__ == list.__class__
print(a, b)