example = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
list(map_if(example, lambda x: x % 2 == 0, lambda x: x * x)) # [1, 4, 3, 16, 5, 36, 7, 64]

last([1, 2, 3]) # Очевидно получим 3 
last([], 0) # Список пустой, но получим 0
[][-1] # Получим IndexError

example = [1, "1", "2", "test", "three", object, 4.0]
list(map_except(int, example, ValueError, TypeError)) # [1, 1, 2, 4]

example = range(10)
take(3, example) # [0, 1, 2]
take(20, example) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] - если больше, возьмет доступные

>>> a = 256
>>> b = 256
>>> a is b
True # ???

>>> a = 257
>>> b = 257
>>> a is b
False # ???

>>> a = 256
>>> b = 256
>>> id(a), id(b)
(2214170730704, 2214170730704)

a = 257
b = 257
print(a is b) # True

def test():
  try:
    return 1
  finally:
    return 2

def test():
  try:
    raise ValueError()
  finally:
    return 3 

test() # 3

from dirty_equals import *

>>> assert 1 == IsPositive # Всё ок, число положительное
>>> assert -2 == IsPositive  # AssertionError
>>> # Проверки можно комбинировать при помощи булевой логики
>>> assert ['a', 'b', 'c'] == HasLen(3) & Contains('a') # Ок, список на 3 элемента, содержит 'a'
>>> # Есть проверка словарей
>>> assert {'a': 1, 'b': 2} == IsDict(a=1, b=2)
>>> # Словари можно проверять частично
>>> assert {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} == IsDict(a=1, b=2).settings(partial=True)
>>> # Или вот так
>>> assert {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} == IsPartialDict(a=1, b=2)
>>> Можно проверять соответствие регуляркам
>>> assert 'test@kiriha.ru' == IsStr(regex=r'^[^@]+@[^@]+\.[^@]+$')
>>> # И так далее...

from tempfile import TemporaryFile
with TemporaryFile("w+t") as t:
  t.write("Hello, boxwithpython!")
  t.seek(0)
  data = t.read()

from tempfile import 

with NamedTemporaryFile("w+t") as t:
  t.write("Hello, boxwithpython!")
  print(t.name) # /tmp/tmpljhsktjt

class SlotsClass:
    slots = ('foo', 'bar')

>>> obj = SlotsClass()
>>> obj.foo = 5
>>> obj.foo
# 5
>>> obj.another_attribute = 'test'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "python", line 5, in <module>
AttributeError: 'SlotsClass' object has no attribute 'another_attribute'

class SlotsClass:
    __slots__ = ('foo', 'bar')

class ChildSlotsClass(SlotsClass):
    pass

>>> obj = ChildSlotsClass()
>>> obj.__slots__
# ('foo', 'bar')
>>> obj.foo = 5
>>> obj.test = 3
>>> obj.__dict__
# {'test': 3}

class SlotsClass:
    __slots__ = ('foo', 'bar')

class ChildSlotsClass(SlotsClass):
    __slots__ = ('baz',)

>>> obj = ChildSlotsClass()
>>> obj.foo = 5
>>> obj.baz = 6
>>> obj.something_new = 3

AttributeError: 'ChildSlotsClass' object has no attribute 'something_new'

class ClassA:
    __slots__ = ('foo', 'bar',)

class ClassB:
    __slots__ = ('baz',)

class C(ClassA, ClassB):
  pass

TypeError: multiple bases have instance lay-out conflict