S = 'abcdef'
print(S.islower() + S.lower().isalpha() + S.isupper())

class A:
    def __getitem__(self, i):
        return i
a = A()
a.__getitem__ = lambda i: i**2

print(a[4])

from functools import reduce
print(reduce(lambda acc, x: x * acc, [1,2,3,4], 1))

class A:
    x = 'hello'
    def __getitem__(self, i):
        return getattr(self.x, '__getitem__')(i) * 2
    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        return getattr(self.x, attr)
a = A()
print(a[0] + a.upper()[1:])

f = type
print(f(f(f(f(f(None))))) is f )

"hello, Макс!".encode('ascii', errors='replace')

"hello, Макс!".encode('ascii', errors='ignore')

class С: pass 
c = С() 
a = type(c) == c.__class__
b = type(type(c)) is c.__class__.__class__
print(a, b)

"hello, Макс!".encode('ascii', errors='strict')

(type(type) is type(object)) - isinstance(type, object)