f = type
print(f(f(f(f(f(None))))) is f )

"hello, Макс!".encode('ascii', errors='replace')

"hello, Макс!".encode('ascii', errors='ignore')

class С: pass 
c = С() 
a = type(c) == c.__class__
b = type(type(c)) is c.__class__.__class__
print(a, b)

"hello, Макс!".encode('ascii', errors='strict')

(type(type) is type(object)) - isinstance(type, object)

isinstance(type, object) + isinstance(object, type) + (type is object)

class A: attr = 1  
class B(A): pass     
class С(A): attr = 2
class D(B, С): pass   
x = D()
print(x.attr)

a = type([1, 2, 3]) == type(list)
b = [1, 2, 3].__class__ == list.__class__
print(a, b)

class A: attr = 1  
class B(A): pass
class C(B): pass
class D(A): attr = 2
class E(C, D): attr = C.attr  
x = E()
print(x.attr)