cognitive dissonance:
▶ where individuals experience psychological discomfort when their thoughts, beliefs, or behaviors are inconsistent with each other. Mismatch between thought and action (ይጋጫሉ).

▶ In this picture a person is smoking a cigarette while wearing a t-shirt that says "Smoking Kills,"

▶ Exam anxiety/ የፈተና ጭንቀት ምንድነው?

▶ Exam anxiety/ የፈተና ጭንቀትን እንዴት መቆጣጠር ወይም ማስወገድ እንችላለን? ~ coping mechanisms

▶ የፈተና ጭንቀት ለማስወገድ የተቀመጡት ሃሳቦች የፈተና ጭንቀት የሚከሰቱበትን causes ታሳቢ ያደረገ ነው።

@tigi7shi

Physiological Psychology

@tigi7shi

Question

1. Which of the following is a common symptom of depressive personality disorder?

A. Persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness
B. Frequent mood swings and emotional instability
C. Excessive worry and anxiety about everyday situations
D. Impulsive and reckless behavior

Answer

A. Persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness

Depressive Personality Disorder (DPD) በአንጻራዊ ቋሚ ለረጅም ጊዜ የሚዘልቅ ሊባል የሚችል በባህሪ ስሜትና ሃሳብ ላይ የሚታይ ደስታን የማጣት ሁሌም ጨለምተኛ ወደሆነው side ማዘንበል ወይም መዋጥ ነው።

▶ DPD is characterized by pervasive depressive symptoms and negative thinking.

▶ DPD involves chronic feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and low self-esteem.

▶ DPD differs from major depressive disorder (MDD) as it is a long-standing pattern of symptoms.

▶ The cause of DPD is believed to be influenced by genetics, environment, and psychological factors.

▶ Symptoms of DPD include persistent sadness, self-criticism, social withdrawal, and difficulty experiencing pleasure.

▶ DPD can impact relationships and functioning in work or school settings.

▶ DPD is associated with an increased risk of other mental health disorders.

▶ Treatment for DPD involves psychotherapy and medication.

▶ Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can help challenge negative thinking patterns.

▶ With treatment and support, individuals with DPD can improve their symptoms and quality of life.

Simpson's paradox
በstatistical analysis ጊዜ የሚፈጠር ክስተት ነው። 

▶ የተለያዩ dataset ወይም groups ለየብቻ analysis ስንሰራ የነበራቸው ውጤት አለ። ከዛ ግሩፖቹን ቀላቅለን analysis ስንሰራ ያ ውጤት ሲጠፋ ወይም የተገለበጠ ውጤት ሲመጣ Simpson's paradox ይባላል።

ለምሳሌ: የ ሁለት dep. Admission rate እንይ:

Biology Department:
* የወንዶች admission rate: 60%
* የሴቶች admission rate: 40%

Psychology Department:
* የወንዶች admission rate: 70%
* የሴቶች admission rate: 50%

▶ ዳታውን ለየብቻ ስናየው በወንድም በሴትም psychology department higher admission rate አለው ከ biology ጋር ሲወዳደር።

▶ የሁለቱን ዲፓረርትመንት ስናቀላቅለው ደሞ: የሴቶች admission ከወንዶች ያነሰ ይሆናል።

▶ በወንድም በሴትም psychology department higher admission ቢኖረውም, ስናቀላቅለው የሴቶች admission ከወንዶች ያነሰ ይሆናል።

▶ Simpson's paradox የሚነግረን
የተደበቁ confounding variables መጠንቀቅ እንዳለብን ነው።

Question
1. The major focus of cognitive psychology is ___

A. Studying the unconscious mind
B. Examining observable behavior
C. Investigating mental processes and thinking
D. Analyzing the influence of genetics on behavior

Answer
1. C

▶ Cognitive psychology is a specialization within psychology that examines mental processes like perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making.

▶ It investigates how people acquire, process, and retain information, and how they utilize that information to understand and engage with their surroundings.

psychological safety:

▶ ከቅርብ ጊዜ ወዲህ በ organizational psychology ትኩረት እያገኘ የመጣ concept ሲሆን የሚነግረንም - አንድ ሰው ሃሳቡን ስላቀረበ፣ ስለጠየቀ፣ ስህተቱን ስላመነ፣ ስላልተስማማ ሊፈራ ሊዋረድ አይገባም ነው።

▶ ግልጽ ውይይትን እና ፈጠራን በteam ውስጥ ለማበረታታት እየተተገበረ ይገኛል።

▶ የሃሳቡ ባለቤት Amy Edmondson ይህን concept በአጭሩ  "felt permission for candor" ብላ  The Fearless Organization በሚለው መጽሃፏ ገልጻዋለች።

Classification of mental disorders

Assessment of mental d/o

Mood  እና Affect

🔇 Mood ውስጣዊ አብሮን እየኖረ ያለ deep inside experience የምናደርገው የስሜት ሁኔታችን ነው። ለምሳሌ ደስተኛ, ሀዘንተኛ, ህይወት ላይ የተቆጣ ወይም ጭንቀት ውስጥ ያለ የስሜት ሁኔታ ጋር ልንኖር እንችላለን። ይህም ለቀናት ለሳምንታት ለወራት በጣም ለረዥም ጊዜ ሊሆን ይችላል።

🔉 Affect  ለሚገጥሙን ነገሮች ወዲያው የምንሰጠውም የስሜት ምላሽ ነው። አሁን ጥሩ ነገር ብንሰማ ፈገግ እንላለን እስቃለን። Affect በ ፊታችን (facial expiression), በ አካላዊ ቋንቋ, በድምጻችን የሚገለጽ ነው።  ማለትም Affect ውጫዊ (outward expression) ሌሎች የሚያዩት የስሜት ሁኔታ ነው። እንዲሁም moodን ሊገልጽ ወይም ከmood ችን ተቃራኒ የሆነ የስሜት ገለጻ ሊሆን ይችላል።

☯ ለምሳሌ ፈገግተኛ ሰው እራሱን የሚጎዳ ነገር እያደረገ ብናይ ወይ ብንሰማ ደስተኛ አልነበር/ አልነበረች እንዴ እንዴ እንላለን። ወይም አንድ comedian,  therapy ላይ በጣም ሊያለቅስ, ሊተክዝ ይችላል። ወይም በ ድባቴ ተሰቃይቶ suicide እንዳደረገ ልንሰማ እንችላለን። እንዲ አይነት ነገር ግር ሊለን እንዴት ልንል እንችላለን። አንዱ ምክንያት Affect vs. Mood ነው (both are about emotions, but they're different)

💬 የሚያስደስቱን የሚያስቁን ጠንካራ የምንላቸው ሰዎች እንኳን የራሳቸው የውስጥ ትግል ሊኖራቸው እንደሚችል መዘንጋት የለብንም።
የሰው ልጅ emotional state በጣም ውስብስብ ነው።

Question

1. Which of the following statement describes anhedonia?

A. People are becoming more engrossed in their hobbies and activities.

B. It's getting harder for individuals to find enjoyment in activities they used to love.

C. There is a greater rush of excitement and happiness being felt by people.

D. People are finding that their emotional capacity has gotten better.

When someone experiences anhedonia, it means that they have a hard time finding pleasure in things that used to bring them joy.

It's like the excitement they once felt just isn't there anymore. Along with that, they may also feel a lack of motivation or interest in doing things they used to love.

It's a common experience for people with depression and other mental health issues.

This can significantly impact their quality of life and overall well-being.

Anhedonia mood:
😖 ከዚ ቀደም ደስታ ከምናገኝባቸው ነገሮች ደስታን እርካታን ማጣት።

◉በትርፍ ጊዜ ከምናደርጋቸው ነገሮች, ከማህበራዊ ስራችን, እንዲሁም ብዙ ተግባራት ለምሳሌ: ስራ, ማንበብ, መመገብ...ለብዙ ነገሮች ፍላጎት ማጣት ነው😰

◉ ይህም በድባቴ እና በሌሎች ህመሞች(substance
abuse d/o, ...) ላይ የተለመደ ምልክት ነው።

◉ አሁን ላይ አንዳንድ ባለሙያዎች እንደ አንድ የ mood type እየጠቀሱት ይገኛል።

Study guide for clinical psychology