🔆What is Montreal Protocol:
✅The Montreal Protocol is a most effective international environmental treaty to phase out the Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) from the atmosphere.
✅ It came into force in 1989.
✅It has 197 member parties to the protocol and become a first international treaty with complete ratification.
✅ It has undergone several amendments and Kigali amendment is the eighth amendment to this protocol.
✅ It has successfully curbed the 98% production of chlorofluorocarbons and other ODSs and significantly contributed to the repair of the ozone hole.
✅Kigali Agreement: Important Points
✅Amendment to Montreal Protocol and thus add HFC into Montreal from Kyoto.
▪️What are Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)?
✅Hydrofluorocarbons are organic compounds containing hydrogen, Carbon, and fluorine.
✅They are commonly used as substitutes for Ozone depleting substances like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and are used in refrigerators and air-conditioners.
✅ HFCs: Will not cause ozone layer depletion, but will cause global warming.
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✅The Montreal Protocol is a most effective international environmental treaty to phase out the Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) from the atmosphere.
✅ It came into force in 1989.
✅It has 197 member parties to the protocol and become a first international treaty with complete ratification.
✅ It has undergone several amendments and Kigali amendment is the eighth amendment to this protocol.
✅ It has successfully curbed the 98% production of chlorofluorocarbons and other ODSs and significantly contributed to the repair of the ozone hole.
✅Kigali Agreement: Important Points
✅Amendment to Montreal Protocol and thus add HFC into Montreal from Kyoto.
▪️What are Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)?
✅Hydrofluorocarbons are organic compounds containing hydrogen, Carbon, and fluorine.
✅They are commonly used as substitutes for Ozone depleting substances like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and are used in refrigerators and air-conditioners.
✅ HFCs: Will not cause ozone layer depletion, but will cause global warming.
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🔆 Bioasphalt
✅Bioasphalt is made from non-petroleum-based renewable resources.
✅These resources are:
🔸lignin,
🔸Palm oil,
🔸Sugar,
🔸Molasses,
🔸Rice,
🔸Vegetable oils.
✅ Bioasphalt for roads in Zeeland, a Dutch province, is being developed by Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research, the Asfalt Kennis Centrum (Asphalt Knowledge Centre, AKC) and the company H4A from Sluiskil (NL).
✅ Fossil bitumen – the main ‘glue’ in asphalt roads – is replaced by the biobased adhesive lignin in this innovative Bioasphalt.
✅ Lignin is a natural adhesive material that gives structure to all kinds of plants and trees and is, for example, an important component of straw.
✅ Bioasphalt can be made from organic waste materials.
✅ The first specimens of asphalt concrete based on lignin were recently created and the involved partners are busy testing and optimizing its properties.
▪️Advantages:
✅ Lignin can replace fossil bitumen (currently made from petroleum in a process that releases a great amount of CO2), substantially reducing the environmental footprint of asphalt.
✅ It is also expected to improve functional properties of the asphalt, such as rolling resistance, and to make roads quieter. Various governments and companies have already shown a lot of interest in this promising development.
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✅Bioasphalt is made from non-petroleum-based renewable resources.
✅These resources are:
🔸lignin,
🔸Palm oil,
🔸Sugar,
🔸Molasses,
🔸Rice,
🔸Vegetable oils.
✅ Bioasphalt for roads in Zeeland, a Dutch province, is being developed by Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research, the Asfalt Kennis Centrum (Asphalt Knowledge Centre, AKC) and the company H4A from Sluiskil (NL).
✅ Fossil bitumen – the main ‘glue’ in asphalt roads – is replaced by the biobased adhesive lignin in this innovative Bioasphalt.
✅ Lignin is a natural adhesive material that gives structure to all kinds of plants and trees and is, for example, an important component of straw.
✅ Bioasphalt can be made from organic waste materials.
✅ The first specimens of asphalt concrete based on lignin were recently created and the involved partners are busy testing and optimizing its properties.
▪️Advantages:
✅ Lignin can replace fossil bitumen (currently made from petroleum in a process that releases a great amount of CO2), substantially reducing the environmental footprint of asphalt.
✅ It is also expected to improve functional properties of the asphalt, such as rolling resistance, and to make roads quieter. Various governments and companies have already shown a lot of interest in this promising development.
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🔆 Article 3
✅Article 3 of the Indian Constitution deals with the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. In this regard, the Parliament may by law:-
1. form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States, or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;
2. increase the area of any State;
3. diminish the area of any State;
4. alter the boundaries of any State;
5. alter the name of any State;
Trick: FIDAA
✅F: Formation
✅I: Increase
✅D: Diminish
✅A: Alter boundaries
✅A: Alter name
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✅Article 3 of the Indian Constitution deals with the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. In this regard, the Parliament may by law:-
1. form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States, or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;
2. increase the area of any State;
3. diminish the area of any State;
4. alter the boundaries of any State;
5. alter the name of any State;
Trick: FIDAA
✅F: Formation
✅I: Increase
✅D: Diminish
✅A: Alter boundaries
✅A: Alter name
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🔆Coin System of Indo-Greek and Kushan rulers
✅ The next prominent range of coins that were issued belongs to 2nd/1st century BCE by the Indo-Greeks.
✅ The Indo-Greeks system of coinage becomes significant because the minting was executed in a more refined manner.
✅ For the first time moulded/die struck coins were issued.
✅ Image of ruler was also carved on these coins.
✅ Images of Greek and Indian deities were also depicted.
✅ They carried details of issuing monarch which was in contrast to Mauryan Coins which does not tell anything about the issuing monarch.
✅ Greek and Kharosti scripts were used.
✅ The Kushanas (1st-4th Centuries CE) were the first dynasty in the subcontinent that issued a large number of gold coins.
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✅ The next prominent range of coins that were issued belongs to 2nd/1st century BCE by the Indo-Greeks.
✅ The Indo-Greeks system of coinage becomes significant because the minting was executed in a more refined manner.
✅ For the first time moulded/die struck coins were issued.
✅ Image of ruler was also carved on these coins.
✅ Images of Greek and Indian deities were also depicted.
✅ They carried details of issuing monarch which was in contrast to Mauryan Coins which does not tell anything about the issuing monarch.
✅ Greek and Kharosti scripts were used.
✅ The Kushanas (1st-4th Centuries CE) were the first dynasty in the subcontinent that issued a large number of gold coins.
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🔆Coin System during Mahajanpada Period
✅ Punched marked coins were used.
✅ The symbols on these were hammered using punches and dies. That is why we know them as punch-marked coins.
✅ Coins were called Panas, Puranas, Krashpanas.
✅ They also inscribed jataka tales.
✅ During Mauryan period punched marked coins were used which were called Ruparupya for silver, suvarnrupa for gold, Tamarupa for copper and sisarupa for lead coins.
✅ Mauryan coins were of standard weight but no standard shape.
✅ These coins had no inscriptions or images but only some symbols.
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✅ Punched marked coins were used.
✅ The symbols on these were hammered using punches and dies. That is why we know them as punch-marked coins.
✅ Coins were called Panas, Puranas, Krashpanas.
✅ They also inscribed jataka tales.
✅ During Mauryan period punched marked coins were used which were called Ruparupya for silver, suvarnrupa for gold, Tamarupa for copper and sisarupa for lead coins.
✅ Mauryan coins were of standard weight but no standard shape.
✅ These coins had no inscriptions or images but only some symbols.
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🔆Official languages of UNO
Trick- FACERS
✅F- French
✅A- Arabic
✅C- Chinese
✅E- English
✅R- Russian
✅S- Spanish
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Trick- FACERS
✅F- French
✅A- Arabic
✅C- Chinese
✅E- English
✅R- Russian
✅S- Spanish
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🔆 Meteor Shower
✅ Earth in its yearly motion around the Sun passes through a debris trail left behind by a comet.
✅ The meteor shower is caused when debris heat up as they enter the atmosphere and burn up in a bright burst of light.
✅ When the debris is in space, they are called “meteoroids,” but when they reach Earth’s atmosphere, they’re designated as “meteors.”
▪️Perseid Meteor Shower :
✅ Perseid meteor Shower is the dust of Comet Swift Tuttle which passes through Earth every year.
✅ The meteor shower is caused when debris heat up as they enter the atmosphere
and burn up in a bright burst of light.
✅ When the debris is in space, they are called “meteoroids,” but when they reach Earth’s atmosphere, they’re designated as “meteors.”
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✅ Earth in its yearly motion around the Sun passes through a debris trail left behind by a comet.
✅ The meteor shower is caused when debris heat up as they enter the atmosphere and burn up in a bright burst of light.
✅ When the debris is in space, they are called “meteoroids,” but when they reach Earth’s atmosphere, they’re designated as “meteors.”
▪️Perseid Meteor Shower :
✅ Perseid meteor Shower is the dust of Comet Swift Tuttle which passes through Earth every year.
✅ The meteor shower is caused when debris heat up as they enter the atmosphere
and burn up in a bright burst of light.
✅ When the debris is in space, they are called “meteoroids,” but when they reach Earth’s atmosphere, they’re designated as “meteors.”
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🔆 Asteroids, Meteoroid, Meteors and Meteorites
✅ Asteroids: Asteroids are small bodies of rocks which revolve around the sun. The Asteroid belt in our Solar System is found between the Mars and Jupiter.
✅ Meteoroids: When asteroids smash into each other, small fragments break off. These fragments are called Meteoroids.
✅ Meteors: When these meteoroids come closer to Earth and enter its atmosphere they vaporize with a streak of light in the sky. They are then called Meteors or shooting stars.
✅ Meteorites : When the meteors do not vaporize completely after entering the Earth’s atmosphere, they are called Meteorites.
✅ Comet : A chunk of ice and rock originating from the outer solar system, often accompanied by a coma and tail.
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✅ Asteroids: Asteroids are small bodies of rocks which revolve around the sun. The Asteroid belt in our Solar System is found between the Mars and Jupiter.
✅ Meteoroids: When asteroids smash into each other, small fragments break off. These fragments are called Meteoroids.
✅ Meteors: When these meteoroids come closer to Earth and enter its atmosphere they vaporize with a streak of light in the sky. They are then called Meteors or shooting stars.
✅ Meteorites : When the meteors do not vaporize completely after entering the Earth’s atmosphere, they are called Meteorites.
✅ Comet : A chunk of ice and rock originating from the outer solar system, often accompanied by a coma and tail.
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🔆Big Data
✅Big data is a term that describes the large volume of data both structured and unstructured beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, curate, manage, and process data within a tolerable elapsed time.
✅Big data is characterized by 3Vs
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✅Big data is a term that describes the large volume of data both structured and unstructured beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, curate, manage, and process data within a tolerable elapsed time.
✅Big data is characterized by 3Vs
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🔆 CLOUD SEEDING
✅ Cloud seeding, a form of weather modification, is an attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei.
✅ Chemicals used: Silver iodide, potassium iodide and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquid propane
✅ Aerial Seeding : Aerial seeding is a technique of sowing seeds using helicopters and aeroplanes to scatter them.
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✅ Cloud seeding, a form of weather modification, is an attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei.
✅ Chemicals used: Silver iodide, potassium iodide and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) Liquid propane
✅ Aerial Seeding : Aerial seeding is a technique of sowing seeds using helicopters and aeroplanes to scatter them.
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🔆 Our constitution has features taken from the UK constitution . Those features are:
Trick: SLR ko PCB me Pdane ka koi Point nhi h
✅Single Citizenship
✅Legislative procedure
✅Rule of Law
✅Parliamentary government
✅Cabinet system
✅Bicameralism
✅Parliamentary privileges
✅Prerogative writs
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Trick: SLR ko PCB me Pdane ka koi Point nhi h
✅Single Citizenship
✅Legislative procedure
✅Rule of Law
✅Parliamentary government
✅Cabinet system
✅Bicameralism
✅Parliamentary privileges
✅Prerogative writs
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🔆 Our constitution has features taken from the Government of India Act, 1935. Those features are:
Trick: POJA Emergency me Federal bank gyi
✅ Public Service Commissions
✅ Office of governor
✅ Judiciary
✅ Administrative details
✅ Emergency provisions
✅ Federal Scheme
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Trick: POJA Emergency me Federal bank gyi
✅ Public Service Commissions
✅ Office of governor
✅ Judiciary
✅ Administrative details
✅ Emergency provisions
✅ Federal Scheme
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Dardanelles Strait, Turkey
Join: Aegean Sea & Marmara Sea
Location: Turkey
Trick- DAM of Turkey
✅D- Dardanelles Strait
✅A- Aegean Sea
✅M- Marmara Sea
#mapping
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Join: Aegean Sea & Marmara Sea
Location: Turkey
Trick- DAM of Turkey
✅D- Dardanelles Strait
✅A- Aegean Sea
✅M- Marmara Sea
#mapping
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🔆Countries located around the Adriatic Sea
(In a clockwise direction)
✅Trick- Incredibly Slimy
Cockroach Bite My Aunt
✅I- Italy
✅S- Slovenia
✅C- Croatia
✅B- Bosnia & Herzegovina
✅M- Montenegro
✅A- Albania
Q.Consider the following pairs: Sea Bordering country [ CSE 2019 ]
1. Adriatic Sea Albania
2. Black Sea Croatia
3. Caspian Sea Kazakhstan
4. Mediterranean Sea Morocco
5. Red Sea Syria
Which of the pair given above are correctly matched?
A.1, 2 and 4 only
B.1, 3 and 4 only
C.2 and 5 only
D.1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Q.Consider the following countries: [ CSE 2002]
1. Albaina
2. Bosnia Herzegovina
3. Croatia
4. Macedonia
Which of these countries has/have Adriatic Sea as a boundary?
A.1 and 2
B.1, 2 and 3
C.4 only
D.3 and 4
#mapping
#PYQanalysis
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(In a clockwise direction)
✅Trick- Incredibly Slimy
Cockroach Bite My Aunt
✅I- Italy
✅S- Slovenia
✅C- Croatia
✅B- Bosnia & Herzegovina
✅M- Montenegro
✅A- Albania
Q.Consider the following pairs: Sea Bordering country [ CSE 2019 ]
1. Adriatic Sea Albania
2. Black Sea Croatia
3. Caspian Sea Kazakhstan
4. Mediterranean Sea Morocco
5. Red Sea Syria
Which of the pair given above are correctly matched?
A.1, 2 and 4 only
B.1, 3 and 4 only
C.2 and 5 only
D.1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Q.Consider the following countries: [ CSE 2002]
1. Albaina
2. Bosnia Herzegovina
3. Croatia
4. Macedonia
Which of these countries has/have Adriatic Sea as a boundary?
A.1 and 2
B.1, 2 and 3
C.4 only
D.3 and 4
#mapping
#PYQanalysis
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🔆Thermohaline circulation
✅ These are deep-ocean currents driven by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline).
✅ Thermohaline circulation begins in the Earth's polar regions. When ocean water in these areas gets very cold, sea ice forms.
✅ The surrounding seawater gets saltier, increases in density and sinks.
✅ The sinking water spreads around all the oceans.
✅Surface water is pulled in to replace the sinking water, which in turn eventually becomes cold and salty enough to sink. This initiates the deep-ocean currents driving the global conveyer belt.
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✅ These are deep-ocean currents driven by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline).
✅ Thermohaline circulation begins in the Earth's polar regions. When ocean water in these areas gets very cold, sea ice forms.
✅ The surrounding seawater gets saltier, increases in density and sinks.
✅ The sinking water spreads around all the oceans.
✅Surface water is pulled in to replace the sinking water, which in turn eventually becomes cold and salty enough to sink. This initiates the deep-ocean currents driving the global conveyer belt.
#PYQanalysis
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🔆Coin System of Guptas
✅ Known as Dinaras.
✅ Mostly made of Gold.
✅ Sanskrit inscription was used on these coins.
✅ Images of issuing monarch could also be seen on these coins.
✅ Images of Hindu deities could be seen on these coins.
✅ King was depicted undertaking various activities like hunting, darbar scene etc.
✅ Brahmi script was used.
✅ Gupta kings stamped their given names on front of their coin & assumed names ending
with “aditya,” or sun at the back.
✅ Later Gupta observed decrease in composition of Gold in these coins.
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✅ Known as Dinaras.
✅ Mostly made of Gold.
✅ Sanskrit inscription was used on these coins.
✅ Images of issuing monarch could also be seen on these coins.
✅ Images of Hindu deities could be seen on these coins.
✅ King was depicted undertaking various activities like hunting, darbar scene etc.
✅ Brahmi script was used.
✅ Gupta kings stamped their given names on front of their coin & assumed names ending
with “aditya,” or sun at the back.
✅ Later Gupta observed decrease in composition of Gold in these coins.
#PYQanalysis
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👍38❤15🥰3👏2
🔆Order of committees on
Panchayati raj
Trick- BAG of Lieutenant
General (LTG)
✅B- Balwant Rao committee
✅A- Ashok Mehta committee
✅G- G V K Rao committee
✅L- L.M. Singhvi committee
✅T- Thungon committee
✅G- Gadgil committee
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Panchayati raj
Trick- BAG of Lieutenant
General (LTG)
✅B- Balwant Rao committee
✅A- Ashok Mehta committee
✅G- G V K Rao committee
✅L- L.M. Singhvi committee
✅T- Thungon committee
✅G- Gadgil committee
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🔆Hills from south to north
Trick: CAN She go to JaPaN to Meet God.
✅C: Cardimom
✅A: Anaimalai
✅N: Nilgiri
✅S: Shevroy
✅J: Javadi
✅P: Palakonda
✅N: Nallamalla
✅M: Mahendragiri
✅G: Garjhat
#mapping
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Trick: CAN She go to JaPaN to Meet God.
✅C: Cardimom
✅A: Anaimalai
✅N: Nilgiri
✅S: Shevroy
✅J: Javadi
✅P: Palakonda
✅N: Nallamalla
✅M: Mahendragiri
✅G: Garjhat
#mapping
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🔆How to remember Important fold mountains:
Trick: U ARe A Himalaya
✅U : Ural Mountain.
✅A : Alps Mountain.
✅R : Rocky Mountain.
✅A : Andes Mountain.
✅H : Himalaya.
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Trick: U ARe A Himalaya
✅U : Ural Mountain.
✅A : Alps Mountain.
✅R : Rocky Mountain.
✅A : Andes Mountain.
✅H : Himalaya.
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👍67❤21🥰7🔥5👏3👌3😁1
🔆Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayag Prasasti) (335–375 AD) :
✅Prashasti is a eulogy that means "in praise of someone."
✅The Allahabad Prasasti was first inscribed on the Ashokan Pillar in Kausambhi, near Allahabad.
✅It was later relocated to the Allahabad fort.
✅It is an Ashokan Stambh, but it has four different inscriptions, The standard Ashokan inscriptions in Brahmi script are found on all pillars.
✅The Queen's edict lauding Ashoka's wife Kaurwaki's charitable deeds.
✅Inscriptions of Samudragupta written by Harisena in Sanskrit and Brahmi script. It discusses Samudragupta's conquests and the boundaries of the Gupta Empire.
✅Jahangir’s Persian inscriptions.
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✅Prashasti is a eulogy that means "in praise of someone."
✅The Allahabad Prasasti was first inscribed on the Ashokan Pillar in Kausambhi, near Allahabad.
✅It was later relocated to the Allahabad fort.
✅It is an Ashokan Stambh, but it has four different inscriptions, The standard Ashokan inscriptions in Brahmi script are found on all pillars.
✅The Queen's edict lauding Ashoka's wife Kaurwaki's charitable deeds.
✅Inscriptions of Samudragupta written by Harisena in Sanskrit and Brahmi script. It discusses Samudragupta's conquests and the boundaries of the Gupta Empire.
✅Jahangir’s Persian inscriptions.
#PYQanalysis
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Prelims_tricks
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