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What is an LVDT (linear variable differential transformer)?

A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is an absolute measuring device that converts linear displacement into an electrical signal through the principle of mutual induction.

The main components of an LVDT are a transformer and a core. The transformer consists of three coils — a primary and two secondaries (S1 and S2) — wound on a hollow form, which is typically made of glass-reinforced polymer. The coils are arranged such that the primary coil is located between the two secondary coils, which are symmetrical and wound in series but in opposite directions (referred to as series-opposed winding).

The core is made of magnetically permeable material and moves freely inside the bore of the transformer. A non-ferromagnetic shaft, or push rod, is coupled to the core and connects to the object being measured.

When voltage is applied to the primary winding, the resulting flux is coupled to the secondary windings by the core. This induces voltages (often denoted E1 and E2) in each of the secondary windings. The differential voltage in the secondary windings determines the distance moved, and the phase of the voltage indicates the direction of movement.