🔆 Simplified Compliance Under the DPDP Act for Start-ups
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt has notified DPDP Act 2023 & DPDP Rules 2025, introducing an easier compliance system for start-ups and certain data fiduciaries.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Rules notified on 13 Nov 2025 with implementation timelines.
✅ Digital Data Protection Board constituted for enforcement.
✅ Simplified compliance framework created for start-ups & select data fiduciaries.
✅ Govt empowered to restrict transfer of personal data to specific jurisdictions.
✅ Mass awareness efforts: workshops, expert sessions, conferences & digital outreach to educate citizens.
📍 Implications:
✅ Reduces compliance burden on start-ups.
✅ Strengthens data protection governance.
✅ Builds citizen awareness on rights.
✅ Mains Question:
Discuss how the DPDP Act 2023 and its Rules seek to balance data protection with ease of compliance for start-ups. (150 words)
✨ #GS2 #GS3
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt has notified DPDP Act 2023 & DPDP Rules 2025, introducing an easier compliance system for start-ups and certain data fiduciaries.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Rules notified on 13 Nov 2025 with implementation timelines.
✅ Digital Data Protection Board constituted for enforcement.
✅ Simplified compliance framework created for start-ups & select data fiduciaries.
✅ Govt empowered to restrict transfer of personal data to specific jurisdictions.
✅ Mass awareness efforts: workshops, expert sessions, conferences & digital outreach to educate citizens.
📍 Implications:
✅ Reduces compliance burden on start-ups.
✅ Strengthens data protection governance.
✅ Builds citizen awareness on rights.
✅ Mains Question:
Discuss how the DPDP Act 2023 and its Rules seek to balance data protection with ease of compliance for start-ups. (150 words)
✨ #GS2 #GS3
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doc2025126720101.pdf
848 KB
India’s Solar Momentum
129 GW solar push takes non-fossil share beyond 50% of total installed capacity
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
129 GW solar push takes non-fossil share beyond 50% of total installed capacity
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Forwarded from UPSC previous year paper ( PYQ ) PDF
punjab pcs.pdf
20.3 MB
doc2025125719401.pdf
729.1 KB
🔆 Health Security se National Security Cess Bill, 2025
📍 Key Features
• ✅ Introduces a capacity-based excise cess on manufacturing (starting with pan masala; extendable).
• ✅ Revenue dedicated to Public Health + National Security via the Consolidated Fund of India.
• ✅ Cess calculation depends on machine speed, number of packing machines & pack weight.
• ✅ Manual processes charged at a fixed rate.
• ✅ Mandatory registration, machinery declaration, and monthly return/payment by 7th.
• ✅ 15+ day shutdown abatement allowed.
• ✅ Strong enforcement tools: inspection, search, seizure, arrest, penalties.
• ✅ Appeals structure: Appellate Authority → Tribunal → High Court → Supreme Court.
📍 Why It Matters
• ✅ Creates a stable, transparent revenue stream for two critical sectors.
• ✅ Ensures high-risk sectors contribute proportionally.
• ✅ Strengthens compliance through a clear, rule-based framework.
✍️ Mains Question (GS3 – Economy / Internal Security)
Q. The Health Security se National Security Cess Bill, 2025 aims to create a predictable fiscal base for public health and national security. Discuss the significance of adopting a capacity-based cess system and evaluate the key challenges in its enforcement.
#Gs3 #Security
https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/internal_security_upsc_MAINS
📍 Key Features
• ✅ Introduces a capacity-based excise cess on manufacturing (starting with pan masala; extendable).
• ✅ Revenue dedicated to Public Health + National Security via the Consolidated Fund of India.
• ✅ Cess calculation depends on machine speed, number of packing machines & pack weight.
• ✅ Manual processes charged at a fixed rate.
• ✅ Mandatory registration, machinery declaration, and monthly return/payment by 7th.
• ✅ 15+ day shutdown abatement allowed.
• ✅ Strong enforcement tools: inspection, search, seizure, arrest, penalties.
• ✅ Appeals structure: Appellate Authority → Tribunal → High Court → Supreme Court.
📍 Why It Matters
• ✅ Creates a stable, transparent revenue stream for two critical sectors.
• ✅ Ensures high-risk sectors contribute proportionally.
• ✅ Strengthens compliance through a clear, rule-based framework.
✍️ Mains Question (GS3 – Economy / Internal Security)
Q. The Health Security se National Security Cess Bill, 2025 aims to create a predictable fiscal base for public health and national security. Discuss the significance of adopting a capacity-based cess system and evaluate the key challenges in its enforcement.
#Gs3 #Security
https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/internal_security_upsc_MAINS
❤6👍1
doc2025126720201.pdf
889.3 KB
🔆 Export Promotion Mission (EPM)
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt launches a ₹25,060 cr, 6-year mission to boost exports—especially MSMEs & labour-intensive sectors.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ One unified digital export-support system via DGFT
✅ Two pillars: Niryat Protsahan (finance) & Niryat Disha (markets, compliance, branding)
✅ Focus on tariff-hit sectors + low-export districts
✅ ₹20,000 cr credit guarantee + RBI relief (moratorium, 450-day export credit, FEMA relaxations)
📍 Implications:
✔️ Cheaper trade finance
✔️ Better export readiness & branding
✔️ Stronger MSME competitiveness
✅ Mains Question:
How does the Export Promotion Mission strengthen India’s export ecosystem, especially for MSMEs?
#goverment_schemes
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_government_scheme
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt launches a ₹25,060 cr, 6-year mission to boost exports—especially MSMEs & labour-intensive sectors.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ One unified digital export-support system via DGFT
✅ Two pillars: Niryat Protsahan (finance) & Niryat Disha (markets, compliance, branding)
✅ Focus on tariff-hit sectors + low-export districts
✅ ₹20,000 cr credit guarantee + RBI relief (moratorium, 450-day export credit, FEMA relaxations)
📍 Implications:
✔️ Cheaper trade finance
✔️ Better export readiness & branding
✔️ Stronger MSME competitiveness
✅ Mains Question:
How does the Export Promotion Mission strengthen India’s export ecosystem, especially for MSMEs?
#goverment_schemes
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_government_scheme
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🔆 Satellite-Based Crop Monitoring (FASAL)
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt highlighted expansion of satellite-driven crop estimation for PMFBY and national forecasting.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ MNCFC uses multispectral & microwave data for 11 major crops.
✅ Coverage: 20 states / 557 districts.
✅ Supports PMFBY via CCE planning & YES-Tech yield estimation.
✅ ISRO–DA&FW collaboration for new crop models & R&D.
✅ Ground data collection by State Agriculture Depts.
📍 Implications:
✅ More accurate & transparent yield estimates.
✅ Faster PMFBY claim settlement.
✅ Strengthens data-driven agriculture.
✅ Prelims Question:
FASAL crop forecasts are generated by:
A. ICAR
B. MNCFC
C. FCI
D. IMD
Ans: B
✅ Mains Question:
How does satellite-based monitoring under FASAL improve crop yield estimation and support PMFBY? (150 words)
#GS3 #GS2 #Agriculture
https://t.me/Upsc_agriculture_mains
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt highlighted expansion of satellite-driven crop estimation for PMFBY and national forecasting.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ MNCFC uses multispectral & microwave data for 11 major crops.
✅ Coverage: 20 states / 557 districts.
✅ Supports PMFBY via CCE planning & YES-Tech yield estimation.
✅ ISRO–DA&FW collaboration for new crop models & R&D.
✅ Ground data collection by State Agriculture Depts.
📍 Implications:
✅ More accurate & transparent yield estimates.
✅ Faster PMFBY claim settlement.
✅ Strengthens data-driven agriculture.
✅ Prelims Question:
FASAL crop forecasts are generated by:
A. ICAR
B. MNCFC
C. FCI
D. IMD
Ans: B
✅ Mains Question:
How does satellite-based monitoring under FASAL improve crop yield estimation and support PMFBY? (150 words)
#GS3 #GS2 #Agriculture
https://t.me/Upsc_agriculture_mains
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🔆 AI-Based Monsoon Forecasting Scheme
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt tested an AI-driven monsoon onset forecast pilot across 13 states for Kharif 2025.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Used blended AI models: NeuralGCM, ECMWF AIFS, & 125-year IMD data.
✅ Forecasts (local monsoon onset) sent via M-Kisan SMS to 3.88 crore farmers in 5 languages.
✅ 31–52% farmers changed sowing plans based on forecasts.
✅ Pilot done with Development Innovation Lab–India; no financial assistance involved.
📍 Implications:
✅ Helps timely sowing & better farm decisions.
✅ Reduces climate-risk exposure for farmers.
✅ Strengthens shift to AI-enabled agri-advisories.
✅ Prelims Question:
Which platform delivered AI-based monsoon forecasts to farmers?
A. e-NAM
B. M-Kisan
C. PM-KISAN
D. AgriStack
Ans: B
✅ Mains Question:
Assess the significance of AI-based monsoon onset forecasting for improving climate-resilient agricultural planning. (150 words)
#GS3 #GS2 #environment
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt tested an AI-driven monsoon onset forecast pilot across 13 states for Kharif 2025.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Used blended AI models: NeuralGCM, ECMWF AIFS, & 125-year IMD data.
✅ Forecasts (local monsoon onset) sent via M-Kisan SMS to 3.88 crore farmers in 5 languages.
✅ 31–52% farmers changed sowing plans based on forecasts.
✅ Pilot done with Development Innovation Lab–India; no financial assistance involved.
📍 Implications:
✅ Helps timely sowing & better farm decisions.
✅ Reduces climate-risk exposure for farmers.
✅ Strengthens shift to AI-enabled agri-advisories.
✅ Prelims Question:
Which platform delivered AI-based monsoon forecasts to farmers?
A. e-NAM
B. M-Kisan
C. PM-KISAN
D. AgriStack
Ans: B
✅ Mains Question:
Assess the significance of AI-based monsoon onset forecasting for improving climate-resilient agricultural planning. (150 words)
#GS3 #GS2 #environment
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doc2025125718301.pdf
3 MB
🔆 School-Level Innovation Under NEP 2020
📍 Key Highlights
✅ NEP 2020 shifts schools from rote learning to inquiry & creativity.
✅ 10,000+ Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) operational; 50,000 more being rolled out (2025–26).
✅ 1.1 crore students engaged; 16 lakh+ innovation projects created.
✅ Ecosystem strengthened through School Innovation Council (SIC), SIATP teacher training, INSPIRE-MANAK, hackathons & Viksit Bharat Buildathon.
✅ ATLs + AICs + ACICs together create a pipeline from school innovators to startups.
📍 Why It Matters?
⚡ Builds 21st-century skills—critical thinking, STEM, entrepreneurship.
⚡ Drives inclusive innovation, reaching rural & underserved schools.
⚡ Aligns education with Viksit Bharat 2047 goals.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss how NEP 2020 and AIM-led initiatives such as ATLs, SIC, and INSPIRE-MANAK are transforming India’s school education landscape into an innovation-driven ecosystem. (150 words)
✨ #GS2
📍 Key Highlights
✅ NEP 2020 shifts schools from rote learning to inquiry & creativity.
✅ 10,000+ Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) operational; 50,000 more being rolled out (2025–26).
✅ 1.1 crore students engaged; 16 lakh+ innovation projects created.
✅ Ecosystem strengthened through School Innovation Council (SIC), SIATP teacher training, INSPIRE-MANAK, hackathons & Viksit Bharat Buildathon.
✅ ATLs + AICs + ACICs together create a pipeline from school innovators to startups.
📍 Why It Matters?
⚡ Builds 21st-century skills—critical thinking, STEM, entrepreneurship.
⚡ Drives inclusive innovation, reaching rural & underserved schools.
⚡ Aligns education with Viksit Bharat 2047 goals.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss how NEP 2020 and AIM-led initiatives such as ATLs, SIC, and INSPIRE-MANAK are transforming India’s school education landscape into an innovation-driven ecosystem. (150 words)
✨ #GS2
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UPSC CSE 2026 .pdf
235.1 KB
🔺️UPSC Prelims Accelerator Program 2.0🔺️
• Daily 9 PM Quiz | 30 MCQs
• Saturday CSAT | Sunday OFF
• UPSC + CDS + CAPF + State PSC PYQs
• Full syllabus schedule included
• MCQs available anytime for revision.
☆ ₹899999 Pre-enroll | ₹999 Post 10 Dec
Demo que CLICK HERE
DM -@studytoday_bot
Special offer - You will get access to all the MCQs posted after 22 September(course launch date)
• Daily 9 PM Quiz | 30 MCQs
• Saturday CSAT | Sunday OFF
• UPSC + CDS + CAPF + State PSC PYQs
• Full syllabus schedule included
• MCQs available anytime for revision.
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DM -@studytoday_bot
Special offer - You will get access to all the MCQs posted after 22 September(course launch date)
🔆 Govt Enhances Anti-Doping Efforts (NADA)
✅ Testing capacity expanded — 7,751 dope tests planned in 2025 (higher than 2024 & 2023).
✅ NIDAMS portal launched — digitalises athlete testing, orders, DCO availability & improves transparency per WADA norms.
✅ Major initiatives:
• Awareness & education for athletes/coaches.
• Anti-doping booths at events; on-site training at HPTCs.
• In-competition & out-of-competition testing; RTP compliance.
• Collaboration with NSFs, SAI & academia.
• Social media tools: KYM app, ADEL.
• Continuous updates via media on rules & prohibited substances.
📍 Goal
Strengthen testing, awareness & digital governance to ensure India meets global anti-doping standards.
📍 Mains Question
Examine the role of digital governance in strengthening India’s anti-doping ecosystem.
#gs2 #polity
#prelims #governance
#polity_governance
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_polity_Governance
✅ Testing capacity expanded — 7,751 dope tests planned in 2025 (higher than 2024 & 2023).
✅ NIDAMS portal launched — digitalises athlete testing, orders, DCO availability & improves transparency per WADA norms.
✅ Major initiatives:
• Awareness & education for athletes/coaches.
• Anti-doping booths at events; on-site training at HPTCs.
• In-competition & out-of-competition testing; RTP compliance.
• Collaboration with NSFs, SAI & academia.
• Social media tools: KYM app, ADEL.
• Continuous updates via media on rules & prohibited substances.
📍 Goal
Strengthen testing, awareness & digital governance to ensure India meets global anti-doping standards.
📍 Mains Question
Examine the role of digital governance in strengthening India’s anti-doping ecosystem.
#gs2 #polity
#prelims #governance
#polity_governance
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_polity_Governance
❤5
Press Release_Press Information Bureau.pdf
427.7 KB
🔆 Banas Dairy: Circular Economy Push to Boost Farmer Income
📍 Why in Focus?
Amit Shah inaugurated Bio-CNG & fertilizer plants of Banas Dairy and announced major steps for White Revolution 2.0.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ New Bio-CNG, fertilizer, paneer & protein plants launched to build a circular dairy economy
✅ Aim: 20% income rise for dairy farmers through waste-to-wealth (manure, biogas, electricity)
✅ Banas Dairy now a ₹24,000-crore cooperative, driven largely by women
✅ Push for high-value dairy products, local feed manufacturing, and financial services via micro-ATMs
✅ White Revolution 2.0 backed by Gokul Mission, NDDB plans, AHD infrastructure fund
📍 Implications:
✔️ Strong model of cooperative-led rural prosperity
✔️ Circular economy to enhance farmer income & sustainability
✔️ Can be scaled as a national template
✅ Mains Question:
How can cooperative-driven circular economies transform rural livelihoods in India? Discuss with reference to the Banas Dairy model.
✨ #GS3 #Economy
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/Upsc_4_economy
📍 Why in Focus?
Amit Shah inaugurated Bio-CNG & fertilizer plants of Banas Dairy and announced major steps for White Revolution 2.0.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ New Bio-CNG, fertilizer, paneer & protein plants launched to build a circular dairy economy
✅ Aim: 20% income rise for dairy farmers through waste-to-wealth (manure, biogas, electricity)
✅ Banas Dairy now a ₹24,000-crore cooperative, driven largely by women
✅ Push for high-value dairy products, local feed manufacturing, and financial services via micro-ATMs
✅ White Revolution 2.0 backed by Gokul Mission, NDDB plans, AHD infrastructure fund
📍 Implications:
✔️ Strong model of cooperative-led rural prosperity
✔️ Circular economy to enhance farmer income & sustainability
✔️ Can be scaled as a national template
✅ Mains Question:
How can cooperative-driven circular economies transform rural livelihoods in India? Discuss with reference to the Banas Dairy model.
✨ #GS3 #Economy
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/Upsc_4_economy
❤6
🔆 Steps to Check Ground-Level Ozone
📍 Why in News?
Government outlined measures to control NOx and VOC emissions — the key precursors of harmful ground-level ozone.
📍 Key Highlights (Ultra-Short)
✅ BS-VI vehicles: 70–87% reduction in NOx emissions across categories.
✅ Push for EVs via PM-E Drive & PM e-Bus Sewa.
✅ NCAP for 130 cities targeting dust, vehicular emissions, waste burning & industrial pollution.
✅ Updated industrial NOx/VOC standards across multiple sectors.
✅ Vapour recovery systems installed at high-volume fuel pumps (incl. Delhi-NCR).
✅ Ban on biomass/garbage burning; stronger waste-management rules.
✅ Continued control of ozone-depleting substances under ODS Rules.
📍 Implications
A multi-sectoral approach focusing on cleaner fuels, EV adoption, industrial regulation, and urban air-quality management.
📍 Mains Question
What measures can effectively curb ground-level ozone formation in Indian cities?
#GS3 #prelims #environment
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/Upsc_4_environment
📍 Why in News?
Government outlined measures to control NOx and VOC emissions — the key precursors of harmful ground-level ozone.
📍 Key Highlights (Ultra-Short)
✅ BS-VI vehicles: 70–87% reduction in NOx emissions across categories.
✅ Push for EVs via PM-E Drive & PM e-Bus Sewa.
✅ NCAP for 130 cities targeting dust, vehicular emissions, waste burning & industrial pollution.
✅ Updated industrial NOx/VOC standards across multiple sectors.
✅ Vapour recovery systems installed at high-volume fuel pumps (incl. Delhi-NCR).
✅ Ban on biomass/garbage burning; stronger waste-management rules.
✅ Continued control of ozone-depleting substances under ODS Rules.
📍 Implications
A multi-sectoral approach focusing on cleaner fuels, EV adoption, industrial regulation, and urban air-quality management.
📍 Mains Question
What measures can effectively curb ground-level ozone formation in Indian cities?
#GS3 #prelims #environment
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/Upsc_4_environment
❤5
🔆 Gyan Bharatam Initiative
📍 Why in News?
The Ministry of Culture launched Gyan Bharatam, a major national programme to digitize and preserve India’s manuscript heritage.
📍 Key Highlights (Ultra-Short)
✅ Covers 1 crore+ manuscripts with AI-enabled National Digital Repository.
✅ Govt sanctions ₹491.66 crore (2025–2031) for survey, digitization & conservation.
✅ 31 institutions onboard; 19 Cluster Centres + 12 Independent Centres.
✅ 3.5 lakh manuscripts already digitized.
✅ Delhi Declaration commits to large-scale access, modern conservation & global collaboration.
📍 Implications
Strengthens cultural preservation, boosts research, and positions India as a global hub for manuscript knowledge.
📍 Mains Question
How can large-scale digitization initiatives like Gyan Bharatam transform cultural preservation in India?
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📍 Why in News?
The Ministry of Culture launched Gyan Bharatam, a major national programme to digitize and preserve India’s manuscript heritage.
📍 Key Highlights (Ultra-Short)
✅ Covers 1 crore+ manuscripts with AI-enabled National Digital Repository.
✅ Govt sanctions ₹491.66 crore (2025–2031) for survey, digitization & conservation.
✅ 31 institutions onboard; 19 Cluster Centres + 12 Independent Centres.
✅ 3.5 lakh manuscripts already digitized.
✅ Delhi Declaration commits to large-scale access, modern conservation & global collaboration.
📍 Implications
Strengthens cultural preservation, boosts research, and positions India as a global hub for manuscript knowledge.
📍 Mains Question
How can large-scale digitization initiatives like Gyan Bharatam transform cultural preservation in India?
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
❤1
🔆 Reduction in CO₂ Emissions: Government Update
📍 Why in News?
India’s latest BUR-4 report shows a 7.9% drop in national GHG emissions from 2019 to 2020.
📍 Key Highlights (Ultra-Short)
✅ Emission intensity of GDP reduced 36% (2005–2020).
✅ Achieved NDC target of 50% non-fossil power capacity ahead of time.
✅ Added 2.29 billion tonnes CO₂ forest carbon sink.
✅ Major push via solar, wind, hydrogen, EVs, green energy corridors, and battery storage.
✅ GST on EVs cut to 5%, green plates & tax waivers to boost adoption.
📍 Implications
India is progressing toward its 2070 net-zero pathway with clean energy expansion and lower carbon intensity.
📍 Mains Question
Discuss India’s key strategies for reducing carbon emissions in line with its NDC and long-term climate goals.
#GS3 #prelims #environment
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/Upsc_4_environment
📍 Why in News?
India’s latest BUR-4 report shows a 7.9% drop in national GHG emissions from 2019 to 2020.
📍 Key Highlights (Ultra-Short)
✅ Emission intensity of GDP reduced 36% (2005–2020).
✅ Achieved NDC target of 50% non-fossil power capacity ahead of time.
✅ Added 2.29 billion tonnes CO₂ forest carbon sink.
✅ Major push via solar, wind, hydrogen, EVs, green energy corridors, and battery storage.
✅ GST on EVs cut to 5%, green plates & tax waivers to boost adoption.
📍 Implications
India is progressing toward its 2070 net-zero pathway with clean energy expansion and lower carbon intensity.
📍 Mains Question
Discuss India’s key strategies for reducing carbon emissions in line with its NDC and long-term climate goals.
#GS3 #prelims #environment
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/Upsc_4_environment
❤3👍2😁1
🔆 UPI Recognized as World’s Largest Real-Time Payment System
📍 Why in News?
IMF and ACI Worldwide confirm that UPI accounts for 49% of all global real-time payment transactions, the highest worldwide.
📍 Key Highlights (Ultra-Short)
✅ India processed 129.3 billion real-time payments — far ahead of Brazil, Thailand & China.
✅ PIDF-backed infra → 5.45 crore digital touchpoints deployed in tier-3 to tier-6 centres.
✅ 56.86 crore QR codes enabled for 6.5 crore merchants.
✅ Incentives for BHIM-UPI & expansion of RuPay-UPI deepen merchant adoption.
📍 Implications
Strengthens India’s global leadership in digital payments and accelerates inclusive financial digitisation.
📍 Mains Question
How has UPI transformed real-time digital payments in India and globally?
#GS3 #Economy
📍 Why in News?
IMF and ACI Worldwide confirm that UPI accounts for 49% of all global real-time payment transactions, the highest worldwide.
📍 Key Highlights (Ultra-Short)
✅ India processed 129.3 billion real-time payments — far ahead of Brazil, Thailand & China.
✅ PIDF-backed infra → 5.45 crore digital touchpoints deployed in tier-3 to tier-6 centres.
✅ 56.86 crore QR codes enabled for 6.5 crore merchants.
✅ Incentives for BHIM-UPI & expansion of RuPay-UPI deepen merchant adoption.
📍 Implications
Strengthens India’s global leadership in digital payments and accelerates inclusive financial digitisation.
📍 Mains Question
How has UPI transformed real-time digital payments in India and globally?
#GS3 #Economy
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