​​Permittivity

In electromagnetism, the absolute permittivity, often simply called permittivity and denoted by the Greek letter ε (epsilon), is a measure of the electric polarizability of a dielectric. A material with high permittivity polarizes more in response to an applied electric field than a material with low permittivity, thereby storing more energy in the material. In electrostatics, the permittivity plays an important role in determining the capacitance of a capacitor.
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​​Smart glasses use acoustic touch technology to help blind people ‘see’ using sound.

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​​Handheld device uses eye-safe retinal spectroscopy to diagnose traumatic brain injury.

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​​Charge qubits have several potential advantages over spin qubits (speed, ease of fabrication) but also a major disadvantage (coherence times of just ~100ns). Now researchers at Argonne National Laboratory are starting to change that.

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​​Adiabatic Process Law

In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process (Greek: adiábatos, "impassable") is a type of thermodynamic process that occurs without transferring heat or mass between the thermodynamic system and its environment. Unlike an isothermal process, an adiabatic process transfers energy to the surroundings only as work. As a key concept in thermodynamics, the adiabatic process supports the theory that explains the first law of thermodynamics.

Some chemical and physical processes occur too rapidly for energy to enter or leave the system as heat, allowing a convenient "adiabatic approximation". For example, the adiabatic flame temperature uses this approximation to calculate the upper limit of flame temperature by assuming combustion loses no heat to its surroundings.
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​​Charles's Law

Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is:

When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion.

This law describes how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in volume.

The law was named after scientist Jacques Charles, who formulated the original law in his unpublished work from the 1780s.
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​​Nanoparticles give laser wakefield accelerator a boost to 10 GeV

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​​Biot-Savart Law

In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the Biot–Savart law (/ˈbiːoʊ səˈvɑːr/ or /ˈbjoʊ səˈvɑːr/) is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by a constant electric current. It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length, and proximity of the electric current.

The Biot–Savart law is fundamental to magnetostatics. It is valid in the magnetostatic approximation and consistent with both Ampère's circuital law and Gauss's law for magnetism. When magnetostatics does not apply, the Biot–Savart law should be replaced by Jefimenko's equations. The law is named after Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart, who discovered this relationship in 1820.
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​​Lenoir cycle

The Lenoir cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle often used to model a pulse jet engine. It is based on the operation of an engine patented by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir in 1860. This engine is often thought of as the first commercially produced internal combustion engine. The absence of any compression process in the design leads to lower thermal efficiency than the more well known Otto cycle and Diesel cycle.

the cycle, an ideal gas undergoes

1–2: Constant volume (isochoric) heat addition;
2–3: Isentropic expansion;
3–1: Constant pressure (isobaric) heat rejection.
The expansion process is isentropic and hence involves no heat interaction. Energy is absorbed as heat during the isochoric heating and rejected as work during the isentropic expansion. Waste heat is rejected during the isobaric cooling which consumes some work.
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​​The electric field gradients produced by lasers in plasmas are so steep they can accelerate electrons over larger distances than conventional accelerators can. But for such an accelerator to be useful, the electrons must have a narrow spread in energy.

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