A linear particle accelerator (often shortened to linac) is a type of particle accelerator that accelerates charged subatomic particles or ions to a high speed by subjecting them to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beamline. The principles for such machines were proposed by Gustav Ising in 1924, while the first machine that was constructed was constructed by Rolf Widerøe in 1928 at the RWTH Aachen University. Linacs have many applications: they generate X-rays and high energy electrons for medicinal purposes in radiation therapy, serve as particle injectors for higher-energy accelerators, and are used directly to achieve the highest kinetic energy for light particles (electrons and positrons) for particle physics.
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Physicists in China have developed a technique for simultaneously measuring the mass and temperature of a single nanoparticle levitating in an optical trap.
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A trio of US astronomers has found compelling evidence for “dark stars” – hypothetical objects powered by the annihilation of dark matter.
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Radiodynamic therapy uses the Cherenkov radiation generated during radiotherapy to enhance tumour treatments.
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Physicists have identified a new crystalline superconducting state in uranium ditelluride. The existence of this state challenges the conventional picture of superconductivity and could have implications for the development of quantum computers.
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A new “thermocell” that generates a voltage by exploiting temperature-related phase transitions in a pair of electrodes has been unveiled by researchers.
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A Carnot heat engine is a theoretical heat engine that operates on the Carnot cycle. The basic model for this engine was developed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824. The Carnot engine model was graphically expanded by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 and mathematically explored by Rudolf Clausius in 1857, work that led to the fundamental thermodynamic concept of entropy. The Carnot engine is the most efficient heat engine which is theoretically possible. The efficiency depends only upon the absolute temperatures of the hot and cold heat reservoirs between which it operates.
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Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles in matter. Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charges in the material (electrons and protons in common forms of matter) is converted to electromagnetic radiation. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. At room temperature, most of the emission is in the infrared (IR) spectrum. Particle motion results in charge-acceleration or dipole oscillation which produces electromagnetic radiation.
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A new technique for exploiting the random energy fluctuations present in empty space and biasing the fluctuations with an applied field has been demonstrated by scientists.
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Researchers in the US have put ultralow-noise lasers and photonic waveguides onto a single chip for the first time. This achievement could enable experiments with atomic clocks and other quantum technologies within a single integrated device.
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