Ion implantation is a low-temperature process by which ions of one element are accelerated into a solid target, thereby changing the physical, chemical, or electrical properties of the target. Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in materials science research. The ions can alter the elemental composition of the target (if the ions differ in composition from the target) if they stop and remain in the target. Ion implantation also causes chemical and physical changes when the ions impinge on the target at high energy. The crystal structure of the target can be damaged or even destroyed by the energetic collision cascades, and ions of sufficiently high energy (tens of MeV) can cause nuclear transmutation.
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Theorists say that palladates – oxide materials based on the element palladium – could be used to make superconductors that work at higher temperatures than cuprates or nickelates.
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Perovskite-based solar cells have been going from strength to strength lately. Here's a quick round-up of recent developments in the field.
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Physicists have made the first direct measurement of a thorium-229 nuclear transition that could potentially form the basis for a “nuclear clock”.
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A brain–spine interface that provides a "digital bridge" between the brain and spinal cord helped an individual with paralysis to walk naturally.
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Researchers in the US have shown how light travelling through optical waveguides can be converted into freely propagating light waves with arbitrarily shaped wavefronts – an achievement that the team claims as a first.
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A new technique based on quantum entanglement doubles the resolution of optical microscopes without the need for shorter-wavelength/higher-energy light that can damage delicate biological structures.
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In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that describes forces present during deformation. An object being pulled apart, such as a stretched elastic band, is subject to tensile stress and may undergo elongation. An object being pushed together, such as a crumpled sponge, is subject to compressive stress and may undergo shortening. The greater the force and the smaller the cross-sectional area of the body on which it acts, the greater the stress. Stress has units of force per area, such as newtons per square meter (N/m²) or pascal (Pa).
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A new optical spectrometer has been made super-compact thanks to a metalens that focuses light at multiple wavelengths. The new device can detect spectra with a resolution of 1 nm, and unlike its bulkier predecessors, it could be integrated onto a chip.
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Laser speckle imaging could help determine whether a donor heart is eligible for transplantation.
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