3️⃣rd Lec of #Inorganic
✨ Aluminum :

1. What is the atomic number of aluminium?
a)12
b)13
c)26
d)3
Answer: b) 13

2. From which salt does the name 'aluminium' derive?
a)Alum
b)Aluminate
c)Alumina
d)Aluminium sulfate
Answer: a) Alum

3. In a normal human body, where is most of the aluminium found?
a)The brain and liver
b)The lungs and skeleton
c)The blood and kidneys
d)The stomach and intestines
Answer: b) The lungs and skeleton

4. Why is Al³⁺ a potential competitive inhibitor for elements like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺?
a)It has a similar atomic mass.
b)It has similar ionic radii and charges.
c)It forms similar covalent bonds.
d)It is more abundant in the body.
Answer: b) It has similar ionic radii and charges.

5. Under normal circumstances, why does Al³⁺ not accumulate in the human body?
a)It is not absorbed at all.
b)It is stored permanently in fat tissues.
c)The kidneys quickly excrete most of it.
d)The brain breaks it down efficiently.
Answer: c) The kidneys quickly excrete most of it.

6. In water purification, what is the final solid product formed when Al³⁺ and lime (CaO) are added?
a)AlCl₃
b)CaSO₄
c)Al(OH)₃
d)AlPO₄
Answer: c) Al(OH)₃

7. What is the primary function of an adjuvant in a vaccine?
a)To act as the primary antigen
b)To kill viruses in the vaccine
c)To increase antibody responses and/or stabilize the preparation
d)To reduce the cost of production
Answer: c) To increase antibody responses and/or stabilize the preparation

8. Which of the following is NOT listed as a typical aluminium-based adjuvant?
a)Al(OH)₃
b)AlPO₄
c)ZrO₂
d)KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O
Answer: c) ZrO₂

9. What is the primary medical function of antacids?
a)To stimulate digestion
b)To neutralize excess stomach acid
c)To coat the stomach lining
d)To kill harmful bacteria
Answer: b) To neutralize excess stomach acid

10. What is a common side effect of using Al(OH)₃ as an antacid, which is often countered by formulating it with Mg²⁺ compounds?
a)Diarrhea
b)Headache
c)Constipation
d)Drowsiness
Answer: c) Constipation

11. What is simethicone, often added to antacid formulations?
a)A sweetening agent
b)An antifoaming agent
c)A coloring agent
d)A binding agent
Answer: b) An antifoaming agent

12. A key disadvantage of using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) as an antacid is that it produces:
a)Hydrogen gas
b)Methane gas
c)Carbon dioxide gas
d)Nitrogen gas
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide gas

13. Which aluminium compound is specifically mentioned as being used in the anti-acid formulation Gastralgine?
a)Aluminium chloride
b)Aluminium glycinate
c)Aluminium phosphate
d)Aluminium oxide
Answer: b) Aluminium glycinate

14. In alginate raft formulations, what is the primary role of the alginate polymer?
a)To neutralize acid directly
b)To form a low-density viscous gel that floats
c)To act as an antibiotic
d)To provide a sweet taste
Answer: b) To form a low-density viscous gel that floats

15. What condition is commonly treated with aluminium-based phosphate binders like Al(OH)₃?
a)Hypophosphataemia
b)Hyperphosphataemia
c)Anaemia
d)Hypertension
Answer: b) Hyperphosphataemia

16. Where does the freshly precipitated Al(OH)₃ adsorb phosphate ions in the body?
a)In the stomach
b)In the oesophagus
c)In the distal intestines
d)In the blood
Answer: c) In the distal intestines

17. How is the Al³⁺-phosphate complex finally excreted from the body?
a)Via urine
b)Via sweat
c)Via exhaled air
d)Via faeces
Answer: d) Via faeces

18. How do aluminosilicates, like those in Malinal, differ from Al(OH)₃ as phosphate binders?
a)They are less effective.
b)They need prior exposure to acid to produce free Al³⁺.
c)They are excreted via urine.
d)They work only in the stomach.
Answer: b) They need prior exposure to acid to produce free Al³⁺.

19. How does AlCl₃ function as an antiperspirant?
a)By killing sweat gland bacteria
b)By forming a plug of Al(OH)₃ within the sweat duct
c)By cooling the skin surface
d)By dilating the sweat ducts
Answer: b) By forming a plug of Al(OH)₃ within the sweat duct