1️⃣st Lec of #Inorganic
🌸 Alkali Metals :

1️⃣. What is the broad definition of medicinal inorganic chemistry?
a)The study of organic molecules in the body
b)The area concerned with metal ions and metal complexes and their clinical applications
c)The analysis of vitamin deficiencies
d)The study of genetic disorders related to metal absorption
Answer: b

2️⃣. Which of the following is an iron-containing metalloprotein responsible for oxygen transport?
a)Myoglobin
b)Collagen
c)Haemoglobin
d)Keratin
Answer: c

3️⃣. The toxicity of a metal in a biological environment primarily depends on what?
a)Its color
b)Its radioactive properties
c)Its concentration in the organism
d)Its density
Answer: c

4️⃣. Which of the following is NOT a clinical application of metal-based drugs mentioned in the text?
a)Anticancer agents
b)Treatment of high phosphate levels
c)Antibiotics for bacterial infections
d)Diagnostic agents
Answer: c

5️⃣. Which group of elements in the periodic table are known as alkali metals?
a)Group 2
b)Group 1
c)Group 17
d)Group 18
Answer: b

6️⃣. Why is Francium (Fr) often excluded from detailed discussions about alkali metals?
a)It is too abundant.
b)It is a gas at room temperature.
c)It has a very short half-life.
d)It is not reactive.
Answer: c

7️⃣. Alkali metals belong to which block of the periodic table?
a)p-block
b)d-block
c)f-block
d)s-block
Answer: d

8️⃣. What type of ions do alkali metals typically form?
a)Diatomic anions
b)Mono-cationic ions (M⁺)
c)Mono-anionic ions (M⁻)
d)Polyatomic cations
Answer: b

9️⃣. In pharmaceutical applications, why are only the salts of alkali metals used, and not the pure metals?
a)Pure metals are too expensive.
b)Pure metals are radioactive.
c)Pure metals react violently with water.
d)Pure metals are not effective.
Answer: c

1️⃣0️⃣. Which alkali metal has a golden yellow appearance?
a)Lithium
b)Sodium
c)Potassium
d)Caesium
Answer: d

1️⃣1️⃣. What is the product of the reaction between Lithium and water?
a)Li₂O and H₂
b)LiOH and H₂
c)LiH and O₂
d)Li₂O₂ and H₂
Answer: b

1️⃣2️⃣. Which alkali metal forms a superoxide (KO₂) when heated in air?
a)Lithium
b)Sodium
c)Potassium
d)Rubidium
Answer: c

1️⃣3️⃣. What is the primary clinical application of Lithium (Li) mentioned in the text?
a)Treating hypertension
b)Treating manic depression or Bipolar Disorder (BD)
c)As a painkiller
d)As an antibiotic
Answer: b

1️⃣4️⃣. The name 'Lithium' is derived from the Greek word 'lithos'. What does it mean?
a)Light
b)Stone
c)Metal
d)First
Answer: b

1️⃣5️⃣. Which of the following was a historical use of Lithium salts?
a)As a sweetener in food
b)As a replacement for NaCl in diets for heart patients
c)As a topical cream for skin infections
d)As an anesthetic
Answer: b

1️⃣6️⃣. The soft drink 7Up originally contained which metal ion?
a)Sodium
b)Potassium
c)Lithium
d)Calcium
Answer: c

1️⃣7️⃣. What is the typical serum lithium concentration range for therapeutic efficacy?
a)0.4 – 1 mmol/l
b)1 – 2 mmol/l
c)2 – 3 mmol/l
d)3 – 4 mmol/l
Answer: a

1️⃣8️⃣. Which enzyme does Lithium inhibit by competing with Mg²⁺ for binding?
a)Amylase
b)Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3)
c)ATPase
d)Protease
Answer: b

1️⃣9️⃣. What is a major adverse effect of Lithium therapy on the renal system?
a)Increased urine output
b)Kidney stone prevention
c)Diabetes insipidus
d)Improved filtration rate
Answer: c

2️⃣0️⃣. Concurrent use of which drugs can significantly increase Lithium blood concentration?
a)Antibiotics
b)NSAIDs
c)Vitamins
d)Antihistamines
Answer: b

2️⃣1️⃣. What is the primary biological role of Sodium ions (Na⁺) in the human body?
a)Oxygen transport
b)Bone formation
c)Maintenance of body fluids and nerve impulse transmission
d)DNA synthesis
Answer: c

2️⃣2️⃣. Where is over 90% of the sodium in the human body found?
a)Inside cells
b)In bones
c)In extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid)
d)In the liver
Answer: c

2️⃣3️⃣. What is the recommended maximum daily intake of NaCl for an adult?
a)2g
b)6g
c)10g
d)15g
Answer: b

2️⃣4️⃣. The condition of low sodium plasma levels is known as:
a)Hyperkalcemia
b)Hyponatraemia
c)Hypernatraemia
d)Hypokalcemia
Answer: b

2️⃣5️⃣. What is the chemical symbol for Potassium, derived from its Latin name 'kalium'?
a)P
b)Po
c)K
d)Pt
Answer: c

2️⃣6️⃣. Where is 95% of the potassium in the human body located?
a)In the extracellular fluid
b)Inside cells
c)In bones
d)In the blood plasma
Answer: b

2️⃣7️⃣. What is the condition characterized by low blood plasma levels of K⁺?
a)Hyperkalcemia
b)Hyponatraemia
c)Hypokalcemia
d)Acidosis
Answer: c

2️⃣8️⃣. Which class of drugs, used to treat hypertension, can cause hypokalcemia as a side effect?
a)Antibiotics
b)Loop diuretics and thiazides
c)NSAIDs
d)Analgesics
Answer: b

2️⃣9️⃣. Which potassium salt is commonly used to treat mild urinary-tract infections by increasing urinary pH?
a)Potassium Chloride (KCl)
b)Potassium Bromate (KBrO₃)
c)Potassium Citrate
d)Potassium Bisulfite (KHSO₃)
Answer: c

3️⃣0️⃣. What is a critical, immediate treatment for severe hyperkalcemia that affects the heart?
a)Oral potassium supplements
b)Intravenous calcium gluconate
c)Administration of diuretics
d)Increased water intake
Answer : b