📍Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity :

1. What is the primary function of cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells in cell-mediated immunity?
A) To produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens
B) To destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells
C) To activate macrophages through cytokine secretion
D) To neutralize toxins in the bloodstream
Answer: B) To destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells

2. Which of the following best describes the role of helper (CD4+) T cells in adaptive immunity?
A) They directly kill infected cells
B) They are required for activating both B cells and cytotoxic T cells
C) They produce antibodies against specific antigens
D) They primarily target extracellular bacteria
Answer: B) They are required for activating both B cells and cytotoxic T cells

3. What is the final differentiation product of activated B cells in the humoral immune response?
A) Memory T cells
B) Natural killer cells
C) Plasma cells that produce antibodies
D) Dendritic cells
Answer: C) Plasma cells that produce antibodies

4. Which immune mechanism is most effective against extracellular pathogens and their toxins?
A) Cell-mediated immunity through cytotoxic T cells
B) Antibody-mediated immunity through B cells
C) Phagocytosis by neutrophils
D) NK cell activity
Answer: B) Antibody-mediated immunity through B cells

5. What is the function of antibodies in neutralizing pathogens?
A) Directly lysing infected cells
B) Producing cytokines to activate T cells
C) Blocking the activity of toxins and preventing viral entry
D) Presenting antigens to dendritic cells
Answer: C) Blocking the activity of toxins and preventing viral entry

📍B-cell receptors and the complement system :

1. What is the primary function of B-cell receptors (BCRs)?
A) To phagocytose pathogens
B) To serve as antigen-specific recognition molecules
C) To produce complement proteins
D) To activate cytotoxic T cells
Answer: B) To serve as antigen-specific recognition molecules

2. How many different antigens can a single B cell recognize?
A) Multiple unrelated antigens
B) Only one antigen or closely related antigens
C) All antigens present in the body
D) Only viral antigens
Answer: B) Only one antigen or closely related antigens

3. Which of the following is NOT a major outcome of complement activation?
A) Cytolysis
B) Chemotaxis
C) Antibody production
D) Opsonization
Answer: C) Antibody production

4. What is the correct sequence of classical complement pathway activation?
A) C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9
B) C1-C4-C2-C3-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9
C) C3-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9-C1-C2-C4
D) C9-C8-C7-C6-C5-C4-C3-C2-C1
Answer: B) C1-C4-C2-C3-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9

5. Which complement function involves coating pathogens to enhance phagocytosis?
A) Cytolysis
B) Chemotaxis
C) Opsonization
D) Anaphylatoxins
Answer: C) Opsonization

6. What is the biological effect of anaphylatoxins?
A) Direct killing of tumor cells
B) Attracting neutrophils to infection sites
C) Increasing vascular permeability
D) Presenting antigens to T cells
Answer: C) Increasing vascular permeability

7. Which component bridges innate and adaptive immunity?
A) B cells only
B) T cells only
C) Complement system
D) Natural killer cells
Answer: C) Complement system

8. What occurs during complement-mediated cytolysis?
A) Enhanced phagocytosis
B) Formation of membrane attack complex
C) Release of histamine
D) Activation of B cells
Answer: B) Formation of membrane attack complex

9. Which immune process involves attraction of phagocytes to infection sites?
A) Opsonization
B) Chemotaxis
C) Neutralization
D) Agglutination
Answer: B) Chemotaxis

10. What type of molecule serves as the B-cell receptor?
A) MHC class II
B) T-cell receptor
C) Surface immunoglobulin
D) Complement protein C3
Answer: C) Surface immunoglobulin

Physiology : Everytime you try to forget who I am I'll be right there to remind you again 🤭

Hype(r)thyroidism = G(r)ave's
Hyp(o)thyroidism = Hashim(o)t(o)'s

Pharmacognocy :
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Lecture 3
Lecture 4
Lecture 5
Lecture 6
Lecture 7