📍 Adaptive immunity :

1. What triggers the activation of adaptive immunity?
A) It is always active from birth
B) When innate immunity fails to control infection
C) Only during autoimmune diseases
D) When the body temperature rises above 38°C
Answer: B) When innate immunity fails to control infection

2. Which of the following best describes active immunity?
A) Transfer of ready-made antibodies from mother to fetus
B) Immunity developed after receiving antiserum injection
C) Resistance developed after antigen exposure (infection/vaccine)
D) Short-term protection from breast milk
Answer: C) Resistance developed after antigen exposure (infection/vaccine)

3. What is the primary function of HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) system?
A) Produce antibodies against pathogens
B) Differentiate between self and non-self antigens
C) Phagocytose foreign particles
D) Activate complement proteins
Answer: B) Differentiate between self and non-self antigens

4. Which property of adaptive immunity allows for stronger and faster response upon re-exposure?
A) Specificity
B) Memory
C) Self-recognition
D) Diversity
Answer: B) Memory

5. What type of immunity is transferred through placenta from mother to baby?
A) Active natural immunity
B) Active artificial immunity
C) Passive natural immunity
D) Passive artificial immunity
Answer: C) Passive natural immunity

6. Which cells are primarily responsible for immunological memory in adaptive immunity?
A) Neutrophils and macrophages
B) Memory T cells and B cells
C) Natural killer cells
D) Dendritic cells
Answer: B) Memory T cells and B cells

7. What is the key difference between active and passive immunity?
A) Active immunity is temporary, passive is permanent
B) Active involves antibody production, passive involves receiving antibodies
C) Active immunity only works against viruses
D) Passive immunity creates memory cells
Answer: B) Active involves antibody production, passive involves receiving antibodies

8. Which of the following is an example of passive artificial immunity?
A) Recovery from chickenpox
B) Maternal antibodies through breast milk
C) Tetanus immunoglobulin injection
D) MMR vaccination
Answer: C) Tetanus immunoglobulin injection

9. What characteristic of adaptive immunity enables targeted response to specific antigens?
A) Specificity
B) Inflammatory response
C) Phagocytic ability
D) Complement activation
Answer: A) Specificity

10. Which immune cells are primarily responsible for attacking intracellular pathogens in adaptive immunity?
A) B cells
B) T cells
C) Macrophages
D) Eosinophils
Answer: B) T cells

📍Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity :

1. What is the primary function of cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells in cell-mediated immunity?
A) To produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens
B) To destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells
C) To activate macrophages through cytokine secretion
D) To neutralize toxins in the bloodstream
Answer: B) To destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells

2. Which of the following best describes the role of helper (CD4+) T cells in adaptive immunity?
A) They directly kill infected cells
B) They are required for activating both B cells and cytotoxic T cells
C) They produce antibodies against specific antigens
D) They primarily target extracellular bacteria
Answer: B) They are required for activating both B cells and cytotoxic T cells

3. What is the final differentiation product of activated B cells in the humoral immune response?
A) Memory T cells
B) Natural killer cells
C) Plasma cells that produce antibodies
D) Dendritic cells
Answer: C) Plasma cells that produce antibodies

4. Which immune mechanism is most effective against extracellular pathogens and their toxins?
A) Cell-mediated immunity through cytotoxic T cells
B) Antibody-mediated immunity through B cells
C) Phagocytosis by neutrophils
D) NK cell activity
Answer: B) Antibody-mediated immunity through B cells

5. What is the function of antibodies in neutralizing pathogens?
A) Directly lysing infected cells
B) Producing cytokines to activate T cells
C) Blocking the activity of toxins and preventing viral entry
D) Presenting antigens to dendritic cells
Answer: C) Blocking the activity of toxins and preventing viral entry

📍B-cell receptors and the complement system :

1. What is the primary function of B-cell receptors (BCRs)?
A) To phagocytose pathogens
B) To serve as antigen-specific recognition molecules
C) To produce complement proteins
D) To activate cytotoxic T cells
Answer: B) To serve as antigen-specific recognition molecules

2. How many different antigens can a single B cell recognize?
A) Multiple unrelated antigens
B) Only one antigen or closely related antigens
C) All antigens present in the body
D) Only viral antigens
Answer: B) Only one antigen or closely related antigens

3. Which of the following is NOT a major outcome of complement activation?
A) Cytolysis
B) Chemotaxis
C) Antibody production
D) Opsonization
Answer: C) Antibody production

4. What is the correct sequence of classical complement pathway activation?
A) C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9
B) C1-C4-C2-C3-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9
C) C3-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9-C1-C2-C4
D) C9-C8-C7-C6-C5-C4-C3-C2-C1
Answer: B) C1-C4-C2-C3-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9

5. Which complement function involves coating pathogens to enhance phagocytosis?
A) Cytolysis
B) Chemotaxis
C) Opsonization
D) Anaphylatoxins
Answer: C) Opsonization

6. What is the biological effect of anaphylatoxins?
A) Direct killing of tumor cells
B) Attracting neutrophils to infection sites
C) Increasing vascular permeability
D) Presenting antigens to T cells
Answer: C) Increasing vascular permeability

7. Which component bridges innate and adaptive immunity?
A) B cells only
B) T cells only
C) Complement system
D) Natural killer cells
Answer: C) Complement system

8. What occurs during complement-mediated cytolysis?
A) Enhanced phagocytosis
B) Formation of membrane attack complex
C) Release of histamine
D) Activation of B cells
Answer: B) Formation of membrane attack complex

9. Which immune process involves attraction of phagocytes to infection sites?
A) Opsonization
B) Chemotaxis
C) Neutralization
D) Agglutination
Answer: B) Chemotaxis

10. What type of molecule serves as the B-cell receptor?
A) MHC class II
B) T-cell receptor
C) Surface immunoglobulin
D) Complement protein C3
Answer: C) Surface immunoglobulin

Physiology : Everytime you try to forget who I am I'll be right there to remind you again 🤭

Hype(r)thyroidism = G(r)ave's
Hyp(o)thyroidism = Hashim(o)t(o)'s

Pharmacognocy :
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Lecture 3
Lecture 4
Lecture 5
Lecture 6
Lecture 7