🕯 Trichomonas vaginalis 🕯

🪞Symptoms : " in women "
- Yellow , cream-colored vaginal discharge
- Vulval pruritus (itching) and burning sensation
- vulvar and cervical lesions
- abdominal pain
- dysuria

" in men "
- urethritis
- prostatitis

🪞Treatment :
Metronidazole , Tinidazole
Mechanical protection (condoms)

🪞Cause :
Trichomonas vaginalis

🪞Transmission :
Sexual intercourse

🕯Cutaneous leishmaniasis (Baghdad boil)🕯

🪞Symptoms :
- Lesions appear as an erythematous papule .
- The papule increases in size to become larger nodules that
eventually ulcerate and crusts over .

🪞Treatment :
Self-healing in 2-18 months
If it becomes (painful, infected,over joints...)
Sodium stibogluconate " Pentostam 🎉"

🪞Cause :
Two species : L.tropica , L.major

🪞Transmitted :
Sandflies bite

🕯Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar,black fever)🕯

🪞 Symptoms :
- Irregular fever
- Splenomegaly
- Hepatomegaly
- Thrombocytopenia
- Hyper-gammaglobulinemia
- Weight loss
- Pancytopenia

🪞 Treatment :
Sodium stibogluconate " Pentostam 🎉"

🪞 Cause :
Species : L.donovani , L.infantum

🪞Transmitted : Sandflies bite

🕯American Trypanosomiasis🕯

🪞 Symptoms : Chagas disease

🪞Cause : Trypanosoma cruzi

🪞Transmitted : kissing bugs (Triatoma)

🕯African Trypanosomiasis 🕯

🪞disease : sleeping sickness

🪞Route of infection : During a blood meal on the
mammalian host .

🪞Transmitted : tsetse fly bites (Glossina genus)

🕯Toxoplasmosis 🕯

🪞 Symptoms :

- Healthy people "nonpregnant" :
flu-like symptoms (tender lymph nodes , muscle aches...) that last for weeks to months and then go away

- Mother-to-child "congenital"
If she get infected during or just before pregnancy she can pass the infection to her unborn baby (congenital transmission)

★ The damage to the unborn child is often more severe the earlier in pregnancy the transmission
occurs ,

- During pregnancy :
Miscarriage
Stillborn child
- Child born may have :
microcephaly
macrocephaly
hydrocephalus
- Later in life " if the infection didn't occur when them fetus :
potential vision loss
mental
disability
seizures.

🪞 Cause : toxoplasma gondii

🪞Defenitive host : Cat

🪞Intermediate host : mammals

🪞Transmition :

- ingestion of
"oocysts" : through the consumption of
contaminated water or food sources

- Ingestion of "bradyzoites" : (cysts) Undercooked meat

- Transmission of "tachyzoites" :
- to the fetus can occur via the placenta following primary maternal infection
- Organ transplant (rare)
- Blood transfusion (rare)‌‌

هاي للكيسات وتبقى ال Life cycle فهم

ماماخذين كلشي بهذا الچابتر ف أكو أسئلة ماداخلة
" حتى لا تشوفون سؤال ماتعرفونه ويصير عندكم panic attack "

Microbiology - Lecture 2 ↓

📍Trichomonas vaginalis :

1. What is the primary mode of transmission for *Trichomonas vaginalis*?
a) Airborne
b) Sexual intercourse
c) Contaminated water
d) Insect bites
Answer: b) Sexual intercourse

2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of *Trichomonas vaginalis*?
a) Pear-shaped organism
b) Four anterior flagella
c) Cystic stage
d) Undulating membrane
Answer: c) Cystic stage

3. What is the diagnostic and infective stage of *Trichomonas vaginalis*?
a) Cyst
b) Trophozoite
c) Sporozoite
d) Oocyst
Answer: b) Trophozoite

4. In women, *Trichomonas vaginalis* infection is typically limited to which areas?
a) Uterus and fallopian tubes
b) Vulva, vagina, and cervix
c) Liver and spleen
d) Kidneys and bladder
Answer: b) Vulva, vagina, and cervix

5. What is the incubation period for *Trichomonas vaginalis*?
a) 1-2 days
b) 5-28 days
c) 30-60 days
d) 6 months
Answer: b) 5-28 days

6. Which of the following is a common symptom of trichomoniasis in women?
a) Joint pain
b) Profuse malodorous vaginal discharge
c) High fever
d) Skin rash
Answer: b) Profuse malodorous vaginal discharge

7. What is the recommended treatment for *Trichomonas vaginalis*?
a) Penicillin
b) Metronidazole
c) Tetracycline
d) Chloroquine
Answer: b) Metronidazole

📍Leishmania :
8. Which insect is responsible for transmitting *Leishmania*?
a) Mosquito
b) Sandfly
c) Tsetse fly
d) Tick
Answer: b) Sandfly

9. What are the two main forms of *Leishmania*?
a) Trophozoite and cyst
b) Amastigote and promastigote
c) Sporozoite and oocyst
d) Trypomastigote and epimastigote
Answer: b) Amastigote and promastigote

10. Which form of *Leishmania* is found in the sandfly?
a) Amastigote
b) Promastigote
c) Trophozoite
d) Cyst
Answer: b) Promastigote

11. What is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World?
a) *Leishmania donovani*
b) *Leishmania tropica*
c) *Leishmania braziliensis*
d) *Leishmania mexicana*
Answer: b) *Leishmania tropica*

12. Which of the following is a symptom of visceral leishmaniasis?
a) Skin lesions
b) Splenomegaly
c) Joint pain
d) Skin rash
Answer: b) Splenomegaly

13. What is the common name for visceral leishmaniasis?
a) Sleeping sickness
b) Kala-azar
c) Chagas disease
d) Malaria
Answer: b) Kala-azar

14. Which drug is commonly used to treat visceral leishmaniasis?
a) Metronidazole
b) Sodium stibogluconate
c) Chloroquine
d) Tetracycline
Answer: b) Sodium stibogluconate

15. What is the primary diagnostic method for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
a) Blood smear
b) Biopsy of skin lesion
c) Urine test
d) Stool examination
Answer: b) Biopsy of skin lesion

📍Trypanosoma :

16. Which insect transmits *Trypanosoma cruzi*, the causative agent of Chagas disease?
a) Mosquito
b) Sandfly
c) Kissing bug
d) Tsetse fly
Answer: c) Kissing bug

17. What is the infective stage of *Trypanosoma* in humans?
a) Amastigote
b) Promastigote
c) Trypomastigote
d) Sporozoite
Answer: c) Trypomastigote

18. Which disease is caused by *Trypanosoma brucei*?
a) Chagas disease
b) Sleeping sickness
c) Leishmaniasis
d) Malaria
Answer: b) Sleeping sickness

19. What is the vector for African trypanosomiasis?
a) Mosquito
b) Sandfly
c) Tsetse fly
d) Tick
Answer: c) Tsetse fly

20. Which of the following is NOT a stage of *Trypanosoma*?
a) Trypomastigote
b) Epimastigote
c) Amastigote
d) Sporozoite
Answer: d) Sporozoite

📍Toxoplasma gondii :

21. What is the definitive host for *Toxoplasma gondii*?
a) Human
b) Cat
c) Dog
d) Rodent
Answer: b) Cat

22. Which of the following is NOT a form of *Toxoplasma gondii*?
a) Tachyzoite
b) Bradyzoite
c) Oocyst
d) Sporozoite
Answer: d) Sporozoite

23. How is *Toxoplasma gondii* most commonly transmitted to humans?
a) Mosquito bites
b) Contaminated food or water
c) Sexual contact
d) Airborne droplets
Answer: b) Contaminated food or water

24. Which form of *Toxoplasma gondii* is responsible for chronic infection?
a) Tachyzoite
b) Bradyzoite
c) Oocyst
d) Sporozoite
Answer: b) Bradyzoite

25. What is the primary method of diagnosing *Toxoplasma gondii* infection?
a) Blood smear
b) Serology
c) Stool examination
d) Urine test
Answer: b) Serology

26. Which of the following is a potential consequence of congenital toxoplasmosis?
a) Skin lesions
b) Microcephaly
c) Joint pain
d) High fever
Answer: b) Microcephaly

27. What is the most common symptom of *Toxoplasma gondii* infection in healthy individuals?
a) Severe headache
b) Flu-like symptoms
c) Skin rash
d) Joint pain
Answer: b) Flu-like symptoms

28. Which of the following diseases is caused by a protozoan parasite?
a) Tuberculosis
b) Malaria
c) Influenza
d) Hepatitis
Answer: b) Malaria

29. Which of the following is NOT a blood flagellate?
a) *Leishmania*
b) *Trypanosoma*
c) *Trichomonas*
d) *Plasmodium*
**Answer: c)Trichomonas

30. Which of the following is a common symptom of trichomoniasis in men?
a) Urethritis
b) Skin rash
c) High fever
d) Joint pain
Answer: a) Urethritis

31. Which of the following is a characteristic of *Leishmania* amastigotes?
a) Found in sandflies
b) Motile form
c) Intracellular parasite
d) Extracellular parasite
Answer: c) Intracellular parasite

32. Which of the following is a common symptom of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
a) Splenomegaly
b) Skin ulcers
c) High fever
d) Joint pain
Answer: b) Skin ulcers

33. Which of the following is a common symptom of visceral leishmaniasis?
a) Skin lesions
b) Hepatomegaly
c) Joint pain
d) Skin rash
Answer: b) Hepatomegaly

34. Which of the following is a common symptom of African trypanosomiasis?
a) Skin lesions
b) Sleep disturbances
c) High fever
d) Joint pain
Answer: b) Sleep disturbances

35. Which of the following is a common symptom of Chagas disease?
a) Skin lesions
b) Cardiomyopathy
c) High fever
d) Joint pain
Answer: b) Cardiomyopathy

36. Which of the following is a common symptom of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals?
a) Skin lesions
b) Encephalitis
c) High fever
d) Joint pain
Answer: b) Encephalitis

37. Which of the following is a common symptom of congenital toxoplasmosis?
a) Skin lesions
b) Hydrocephalus
c) High fever
d) Joint pain
Answer: b) Hydrocephalus

38. Which of the following is a common symptom of malaria?
a) Skin lesions
b) High fever
c) Joint pain
d) Skin rash
Answer: b) High fever

39. Which of the following is a common symptom of *Trichomonas vaginalis* infection in women?
a) Skin lesions
b) Vaginal discharge
c) High fever
d) Joint pain
Answer: b) Vaginal discharge

40. Which of the following is a common symptom of *Leishmania* infection?
a) Skin lesions
b) High fever
c) Joint pain
d) Skin rash
Answer: a) Skin lesions

Microbiology - Lecture 4 ↓