📍16. Which of the following is an example of an "unorganized drug"?
- A) Leaves
- B) Roots
- C) Gums
- D) Flowers
Answer: C) Gums
---
### 17. What is the primary reason for drying drugs at moderate temperatures?
- A) To encourage enzymatic action.
- B) To prevent the loss of volatile oils.
- C) To reduce the drying time.
- D) To improve the color of the drug.
Answer: A) To encourage enzymatic action.
---
### 18. Which of the following is an example of a drug that should be collected during summer for maximum active constituents?
- A) Ephedra
- B) Digitalis
- C) Camphor
- D) Ergot
Answer: A) Ephedra
---
### 19. What is the ideal temperature range for storing most crude drugs to prevent microbial growth?
- A) 20-30°C
- B) 1-5°C
- C) 10-15°C
- D) 30-40°C
Answer: B) 1-5°C
---
### 20. Which of the following is an example of a drug classified by its chemical constituents?
- A) Alkaloids (e.g., morphine)
- B) Leaves (e.g., senna)
- C) Flowers (e.g., chamomile)
- D) Roots (e.g., ginseng)
Answer: A) Alkaloids (e.g., morphine)
---
### 21. What is the main disadvantage of the alphabetical classification of drugs?
- A) It is too complex.
- B) It does not show relationships between drugs.
- C) It is based on chemical constituents.
- D) It is not used in pharmacopeias.
Answer: B) It does not show relationships between drugs.
---
### 22. Which of the following is an example of a drug that loses its aroma if not dried properly?
- A) Clove
- B) Digitalis
- C) Ergot
- D) Camphor
Answer: A) Clove
---
### 23. What is the primary purpose of replacing air in storage containers with inert gases like nitrogen?
- A) To increase the weight of the drug.
- B) To prevent oxidation of active constituents.
- C) To enhance the aroma of the drug.
- D) To reduce the cost of storage.
Answer: B) To prevent oxidation of active constituents.
---
### 24. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is best collected from old trees?
- A) Atropa belladonna
- B) Cinnamomum camphora
- C) Ephedra
- D) Senna
Answer: B) Cinnamomum camphora
---
### 25. What is the main reason for rejecting discolored or insect-attacked plant parts during collection?
- A) They are difficult to dry.
- B) They may contain reduced active constituents.
- C) They are more expensive to process.
- D) They are harder to store.
Answer: B) They may contain reduced active constituents.
---
### 26. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is affected by enzymatic reactions during storage?
- A) Digitalis leaves
- B) Clove
- C) Camphor
- D) Beeswax
Answer: A) Digitalis leaves
---
### 27. What is the primary reason for using solar dryers in rural tropical areas?
- A) They are cheaper than artificial heat dryers.
- B) They are faster than open-air drying.
- C) They are more effective in high humidity.
- D) They are easier to maintain.
Answer: A) They are cheaper than artificial heat dryers.
### 28. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is classified as an "official drug"?
- A) Codeine
- B) A herbal remedy not listed in pharmacopeias.
- C) A synthetic drug.
- D) A drug no longer in use.
Answer: A) Codeine
---
### 29. What is the main reason for drying aromatic drugs quickly?
- A) To retain their color.
- B) To retain their aroma.
- C) To prevent enzymatic reactions.
- D) To reduce moisture content.
Answer: B) To retain their aroma.
30. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is classified by its therapeutic use?**
- A) Aloe vera (for skin conditions).
- B) Digitalis (for heart conditions).
- C) Cinnamon (as a spice).
- D) Beeswax (for cosmetics).
Answer: B) Digitalis (for heart conditions).
- A) Leaves
- B) Roots
- C) Gums
- D) Flowers
Answer: C) Gums
---
### 17. What is the primary reason for drying drugs at moderate temperatures?
- A) To encourage enzymatic action.
- B) To prevent the loss of volatile oils.
- C) To reduce the drying time.
- D) To improve the color of the drug.
Answer: A) To encourage enzymatic action.
---
### 18. Which of the following is an example of a drug that should be collected during summer for maximum active constituents?
- A) Ephedra
- B) Digitalis
- C) Camphor
- D) Ergot
Answer: A) Ephedra
---
### 19. What is the ideal temperature range for storing most crude drugs to prevent microbial growth?
- A) 20-30°C
- B) 1-5°C
- C) 10-15°C
- D) 30-40°C
Answer: B) 1-5°C
---
### 20. Which of the following is an example of a drug classified by its chemical constituents?
- A) Alkaloids (e.g., morphine)
- B) Leaves (e.g., senna)
- C) Flowers (e.g., chamomile)
- D) Roots (e.g., ginseng)
Answer: A) Alkaloids (e.g., morphine)
---
### 21. What is the main disadvantage of the alphabetical classification of drugs?
- A) It is too complex.
- B) It does not show relationships between drugs.
- C) It is based on chemical constituents.
- D) It is not used in pharmacopeias.
Answer: B) It does not show relationships between drugs.
---
### 22. Which of the following is an example of a drug that loses its aroma if not dried properly?
- A) Clove
- B) Digitalis
- C) Ergot
- D) Camphor
Answer: A) Clove
---
### 23. What is the primary purpose of replacing air in storage containers with inert gases like nitrogen?
- A) To increase the weight of the drug.
- B) To prevent oxidation of active constituents.
- C) To enhance the aroma of the drug.
- D) To reduce the cost of storage.
Answer: B) To prevent oxidation of active constituents.
---
### 24. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is best collected from old trees?
- A) Atropa belladonna
- B) Cinnamomum camphora
- C) Ephedra
- D) Senna
Answer: B) Cinnamomum camphora
---
### 25. What is the main reason for rejecting discolored or insect-attacked plant parts during collection?
- A) They are difficult to dry.
- B) They may contain reduced active constituents.
- C) They are more expensive to process.
- D) They are harder to store.
Answer: B) They may contain reduced active constituents.
---
### 26. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is affected by enzymatic reactions during storage?
- A) Digitalis leaves
- B) Clove
- C) Camphor
- D) Beeswax
Answer: A) Digitalis leaves
---
### 27. What is the primary reason for using solar dryers in rural tropical areas?
- A) They are cheaper than artificial heat dryers.
- B) They are faster than open-air drying.
- C) They are more effective in high humidity.
- D) They are easier to maintain.
Answer: A) They are cheaper than artificial heat dryers.
### 28. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is classified as an "official drug"?
- A) Codeine
- B) A herbal remedy not listed in pharmacopeias.
- C) A synthetic drug.
- D) A drug no longer in use.
Answer: A) Codeine
---
### 29. What is the main reason for drying aromatic drugs quickly?
- A) To retain their color.
- B) To retain their aroma.
- C) To prevent enzymatic reactions.
- D) To reduce moisture content.
Answer: B) To retain their aroma.
30. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is classified by its therapeutic use?**
- A) Aloe vera (for skin conditions).
- B) Digitalis (for heart conditions).
- C) Cinnamon (as a spice).
- D) Beeswax (for cosmetics).
Answer: B) Digitalis (for heart conditions).
📍Primary Factors of Drug Deterioration :
1. What is the typical moisture content in air-dried drugs?
- A) 5-7%
- B) 10-12%
- C) 15-20%
- D) 20-25%
- Answer: B) 10-12%
2. Which drug is mentioned as having sufficient moisture to activate enzymes leading to glycoside decomposition?
- A) Squill
- B) Digitalis
- C) Cod liver oil
- D) Tragacanth
- Answer: B) Digitalis
3. What happens to powdered squill when it absorbs moisture?
- A) It becomes more potent
- B) It turns into a sticky mass
- C) It loses its active constituents
- D) It becomes more volatile
- Answer: B) It turns into a sticky mass
4. How does an increase in temperature affect enzyme activity in drugs?
- A) It decreases enzyme activity
- B) It has no effect on enzyme activity
- C) It accelerates enzyme activity
- D) It denatures enzymes permanently
- Answer: C) It accelerates enzyme activity
5. What is the effect of high temperature on volatile oils in drugs?
- A) It increases their potency
- B) It causes loss of volatile oils
- C) It stabilizes the oils
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes loss of volatile oils
6. What is the effect of direct sunlight on cod liver oil?
- A) It increases vitamin content
- B) It causes decomposition of vitamins
- C) It stabilizes the oil
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes decomposition of vitamins
7. What is the effect of oxygen on volatile oils?
- A) It stabilizes them
- B) It causes resinification
- C) It increases their potency
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes resinification
📍Secondary Factors of Drug Deterioration
8. Which of the following moulds is commonly associated with deteriorated drugs?
- A) Rhizopus
- B) Aspergillus
- C) Candida
- D) Saccharomyces
- Answer: A) Rhizopus
9. What is the primary indication of mould presence in deteriorated drugs?
- A) Change in color
- B) Characteristic mass of hyphae and smell
- C) Increased potency
- D) Loss of moisture
- Answer: B) Characteristic mass of hyphae and smell
10. Which bacteria are tested for in drugs like digitalis and gelatin?
- A) Escherichia coli and Salmonellae
- B) Staphylococcus aureus
- C) Bacillus subtilis
- D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Answer: A) Escherichia coli and Salmonellae
11. Why do dried plants contain viable bacteria and mould spores?
- A) They are added during processing
- B) They are naturally present in variable amounts
- C) They are introduced during storage
- D) They are part of the drug's active ingredients
- Answer: B) They are naturally present in variable amounts
12. What is the largest order of insects in the animal kingdom?
- A) Diptera (flies)
- B) Lepidoptera (butterflies)
- C) Coleoptera (beetles)
- D) Hymenoptera (ants, bees)
- Answer: C) Coleoptera (beetles)
13. How many species of beetles are associated with stored foods and drugs?
- A) 100
- B) 250
- C) 600
- D) 1000
- Answer: C) 600
14. What distinguishes Arachnida (mites) from true insects?
- A) They have six legs
- B) They have eight legs and no antennae
- C) They have wings
- D) They have antennae
- Answer: B) They have eight legs and no antennae
📍General Questions on Drug Deterioration
15. What is the main cause of drug deterioration?
- A) Exposure to light
- B) Presence of oxygen
- C) Action of bacteria, moulds, mites, and insects
- D) All of the above
- Answer: D) All of the above
16. Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in drug deterioration?
- A) Moisture content
- B) Temperature
- C) Light
- D) Moulds
- Answer: D) Moulds
1. What is the typical moisture content in air-dried drugs?
- A) 5-7%
- B) 10-12%
- C) 15-20%
- D) 20-25%
- Answer: B) 10-12%
2. Which drug is mentioned as having sufficient moisture to activate enzymes leading to glycoside decomposition?
- A) Squill
- B) Digitalis
- C) Cod liver oil
- D) Tragacanth
- Answer: B) Digitalis
3. What happens to powdered squill when it absorbs moisture?
- A) It becomes more potent
- B) It turns into a sticky mass
- C) It loses its active constituents
- D) It becomes more volatile
- Answer: B) It turns into a sticky mass
4. How does an increase in temperature affect enzyme activity in drugs?
- A) It decreases enzyme activity
- B) It has no effect on enzyme activity
- C) It accelerates enzyme activity
- D) It denatures enzymes permanently
- Answer: C) It accelerates enzyme activity
5. What is the effect of high temperature on volatile oils in drugs?
- A) It increases their potency
- B) It causes loss of volatile oils
- C) It stabilizes the oils
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes loss of volatile oils
6. What is the effect of direct sunlight on cod liver oil?
- A) It increases vitamin content
- B) It causes decomposition of vitamins
- C) It stabilizes the oil
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes decomposition of vitamins
7. What is the effect of oxygen on volatile oils?
- A) It stabilizes them
- B) It causes resinification
- C) It increases their potency
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes resinification
📍Secondary Factors of Drug Deterioration
8. Which of the following moulds is commonly associated with deteriorated drugs?
- A) Rhizopus
- B) Aspergillus
- C) Candida
- D) Saccharomyces
- Answer: A) Rhizopus
9. What is the primary indication of mould presence in deteriorated drugs?
- A) Change in color
- B) Characteristic mass of hyphae and smell
- C) Increased potency
- D) Loss of moisture
- Answer: B) Characteristic mass of hyphae and smell
10. Which bacteria are tested for in drugs like digitalis and gelatin?
- A) Escherichia coli and Salmonellae
- B) Staphylococcus aureus
- C) Bacillus subtilis
- D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Answer: A) Escherichia coli and Salmonellae
11. Why do dried plants contain viable bacteria and mould spores?
- A) They are added during processing
- B) They are naturally present in variable amounts
- C) They are introduced during storage
- D) They are part of the drug's active ingredients
- Answer: B) They are naturally present in variable amounts
12. What is the largest order of insects in the animal kingdom?
- A) Diptera (flies)
- B) Lepidoptera (butterflies)
- C) Coleoptera (beetles)
- D) Hymenoptera (ants, bees)
- Answer: C) Coleoptera (beetles)
13. How many species of beetles are associated with stored foods and drugs?
- A) 100
- B) 250
- C) 600
- D) 1000
- Answer: C) 600
14. What distinguishes Arachnida (mites) from true insects?
- A) They have six legs
- B) They have eight legs and no antennae
- C) They have wings
- D) They have antennae
- Answer: B) They have eight legs and no antennae
📍General Questions on Drug Deterioration
15. What is the main cause of drug deterioration?
- A) Exposure to light
- B) Presence of oxygen
- C) Action of bacteria, moulds, mites, and insects
- D) All of the above
- Answer: D) All of the above
16. Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in drug deterioration?
- A) Moisture content
- B) Temperature
- C) Light
- D) Moulds
- Answer: D) Moulds
17. What is the effect of moisture on powdered squill?
- A) It becomes more potent
- B) It turns into a sticky mass
- C) It loses its active constituents
- D) It becomes more volatile
- Answer: B) It turns into a sticky mass
18. What is the effect of high temperature on absorbent cotton-wool?
- A) It increases absorbency
- B) It causes reorientation of fatty material, leading to lower absorbency
- C) It has no effect
- D) It makes it more durable
- Answer: B) It causes reorientation of fatty material, leading to lower absorbency
19. What is the role of pharmacopoeias in relation to deteriorated drugs?
- A) They encourage the use of deteriorated drugs
- B) They set limits for viable aerobic counts in drugs
- C) They do not regulate drug quality
- D) They promote the use of mouldy drugs
- Answer: B) They set limits for viable aerobic counts in drugs
20. What is the main reason for excluding deteriorated drugs from national pharmacopoeias?
- A) They are too expensive
- B) They lose their therapeutic value
- C) They are difficult to store
- D) They are not available in large quantities
- Answer: B) They lose their therapeutic value
- A) It becomes more potent
- B) It turns into a sticky mass
- C) It loses its active constituents
- D) It becomes more volatile
- Answer: B) It turns into a sticky mass
18. What is the effect of high temperature on absorbent cotton-wool?
- A) It increases absorbency
- B) It causes reorientation of fatty material, leading to lower absorbency
- C) It has no effect
- D) It makes it more durable
- Answer: B) It causes reorientation of fatty material, leading to lower absorbency
19. What is the role of pharmacopoeias in relation to deteriorated drugs?
- A) They encourage the use of deteriorated drugs
- B) They set limits for viable aerobic counts in drugs
- C) They do not regulate drug quality
- D) They promote the use of mouldy drugs
- Answer: B) They set limits for viable aerobic counts in drugs
20. What is the main reason for excluding deteriorated drugs from national pharmacopoeias?
- A) They are too expensive
- B) They lose their therapeutic value
- C) They are difficult to store
- D) They are not available in large quantities
- Answer: B) They lose their therapeutic value
📍1. What is the first step in ensuring the quality of plant material for extraction?
A. Drying the plant material
B. Properly authenticating the plant material
C. Powdering the plant material
D. Homogenizing the plant material
Answer: B
2. Which of the following is NOT a factor in choosing an extraction procedure?
A. The nature of the plant material
B. The component to be isolated
C. The color of the plant material
D. The solvent to be used
Answer: C
3. What is the general solvent used for many plant constituents?
A. Ether
B. Chloroform
C. Alcohol
D. Water
Answer: C
4. What is the term for the undissolved portion of the drug after extraction?
A. Extract
B. Marc
C. Solvent
D. Residue
Answer: B
5. Which of the following is a cold extraction method?
A. Digestion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Soxhlet extraction
Answer: C
6. In maceration, how long is the plant material typically left in the solvent?
A. 1 hour
B. 3 days
C. 1 day
D. 6 hours
Answer: B
7. Which method involves wetting the plant material with solvent and allowing it to percolate for 24 hours?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Digestion
D. Infusion
Answer: B
8. What is the purpose of gentle heat in digestion?
A. To evaporate the solvent
B. To increase the solubility of active constituents
C. To sterilize the plant material
D. To dry the plant material
Answer: B
9. Which method is used for water-soluble and heat-stable substances?
A. Infusion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: B
10. What is the main advantage of Soxhlet extraction?
A. It is a cold method
B. It is a continuous extraction method
C. It uses water as the solvent
D. It is faster than maceration
Answer: B
11. How long does ordinary reflux extraction typically take?
A. 1-2 hours
B. 3-4 hours
C. 6-8 hours
D. 10-12 hours
Answer: C
12. Which method is used to extract volatile oils?
A. Soxhlet extraction
B. Steam distillation
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: B
13. Which of the following drugs would require percolation for extraction?
A. Soft and parenchymatous drugs
B. Hard and tough drugs
C. Unorganized drugs
D. Unpowderable drugs
Answer: B
14. Which extraction method is suitable for drugs with little therapeutic value?
A. Percolation
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
15. Which factor is NOT considered when choosing an extraction process?
A. Stability of the drug
B. Cost of the drug
C. Color of the drug
D. Therapeutic value of the drug
Answer: C
16. Which solvent is widely used for water-immiscible extractions?
A. Alcohol
B. Ether
C. Water
D. Ethanol
Answer: B
17. What is the main disadvantage of ordinary reflux extraction compared to Soxhlet extraction?
A. It takes longer
B. The solvent may become saturated with extracted material
C. It requires more solvent
D. It is less efficient
Answer: B
18. Which method is used for dilute solutions containing readily-soluble constituents?
A. Infusion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: A
19. Which of the following is a continuous hot extraction method?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Infusion
Answer: C
A. Drying the plant material
B. Properly authenticating the plant material
C. Powdering the plant material
D. Homogenizing the plant material
Answer: B
2. Which of the following is NOT a factor in choosing an extraction procedure?
A. The nature of the plant material
B. The component to be isolated
C. The color of the plant material
D. The solvent to be used
Answer: C
3. What is the general solvent used for many plant constituents?
A. Ether
B. Chloroform
C. Alcohol
D. Water
Answer: C
4. What is the term for the undissolved portion of the drug after extraction?
A. Extract
B. Marc
C. Solvent
D. Residue
Answer: B
5. Which of the following is a cold extraction method?
A. Digestion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Soxhlet extraction
Answer: C
6. In maceration, how long is the plant material typically left in the solvent?
A. 1 hour
B. 3 days
C. 1 day
D. 6 hours
Answer: B
7. Which method involves wetting the plant material with solvent and allowing it to percolate for 24 hours?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Digestion
D. Infusion
Answer: B
8. What is the purpose of gentle heat in digestion?
A. To evaporate the solvent
B. To increase the solubility of active constituents
C. To sterilize the plant material
D. To dry the plant material
Answer: B
9. Which method is used for water-soluble and heat-stable substances?
A. Infusion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: B
10. What is the main advantage of Soxhlet extraction?
A. It is a cold method
B. It is a continuous extraction method
C. It uses water as the solvent
D. It is faster than maceration
Answer: B
11. How long does ordinary reflux extraction typically take?
A. 1-2 hours
B. 3-4 hours
C. 6-8 hours
D. 10-12 hours
Answer: C
12. Which method is used to extract volatile oils?
A. Soxhlet extraction
B. Steam distillation
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: B
13. Which of the following drugs would require percolation for extraction?
A. Soft and parenchymatous drugs
B. Hard and tough drugs
C. Unorganized drugs
D. Unpowderable drugs
Answer: B
14. Which extraction method is suitable for drugs with little therapeutic value?
A. Percolation
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
15. Which factor is NOT considered when choosing an extraction process?
A. Stability of the drug
B. Cost of the drug
C. Color of the drug
D. Therapeutic value of the drug
Answer: C
16. Which solvent is widely used for water-immiscible extractions?
A. Alcohol
B. Ether
C. Water
D. Ethanol
Answer: B
17. What is the main disadvantage of ordinary reflux extraction compared to Soxhlet extraction?
A. It takes longer
B. The solvent may become saturated with extracted material
C. It requires more solvent
D. It is less efficient
Answer: B
18. Which method is used for dilute solutions containing readily-soluble constituents?
A. Infusion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: A
19. Which of the following is a continuous hot extraction method?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Infusion
Answer: C
20. Which method is used for unpowderable drugs?
A. Percolation
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
21. Which of the following is NOT a hot extraction method?
A. Digestion
B. Decoction
C. Infusion
D. Percolation
Answer: D
22. Which method is used for expensive drugs to ensure complete extraction?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Infusion
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
23. Which of the following is a factor affecting the choice of extraction process?
A. Color of the solvent
B. Stability of the drug
C. Smell of the plant material
D. Shape of the plant material
Answer: B
24. Which method is used for thermo-labile constituents?
A. Continuous hot extraction
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
25. Which method is used for extracting non-polar compounds followed by polar compounds?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
A. Percolation
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
21. Which of the following is NOT a hot extraction method?
A. Digestion
B. Decoction
C. Infusion
D. Percolation
Answer: D
22. Which method is used for expensive drugs to ensure complete extraction?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Infusion
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
23. Which of the following is a factor affecting the choice of extraction process?
A. Color of the solvent
B. Stability of the drug
C. Smell of the plant material
D. Shape of the plant material
Answer: B
24. Which method is used for thermo-labile constituents?
A. Continuous hot extraction
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
25. Which method is used for extracting non-polar compounds followed by polar compounds?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
📍1. What is drug deterioration primarily caused by?**
A. Chemical reactions
B. Destruction of valuable constituents by bacteria, moulds, mites, and insects
C. Exposure to air
D. High pressure
Answer: B
2. Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in drug deterioration?
A. Moisture content
B. Temperature
C. Light
D. Bacterial infection
Answer: D
3. What percentage of moisture do air-dried drugs typically contain?
A. 5-7%
B. 10-12%
C. 15-20%
D. 25-30%
**Answer: B*
4. Which factor, in combination with moisture, can accelerate enzyme activity?
A. Light
B. Oxygen
C. Temperature
D. Pressure
Answer: C
5. What effect does direct sunlight have on certain drugs?
A. Increases moisture content
B. Causes decomposition of certain constituents and bleaching of leaves and flowers
C. Enhances the therapeutic value
D. Reduces bacterial growth
Answer: B
6. Which of the following is a secondary factor in drug deterioration?
A. Moisture content
B. Temperature
C. Moulds
D. Light
Answer: C
7. Which of the following moulds is commonly associated with deteriorated drugs?
A. Rhizopus
B. Aspergillus
C. Candida
D. Saccharomyces
Answer: A
8. What is the effect of oxygen on volatile oils?
A. It enhances their therapeutic value
B. It causes resinification and rancidification
C. It stabilizes the oils
D. It increases their solubility
Answer: B
9. Which of the following insects is associated with stored foods and drugs?
A. Diptera (flies)
B. Lepidoptera (butterflies)
C. Coleoptera (beetles)
D. Hymenoptera (ants)
Answer: C
10. What is the main difference between Arachnida (mites) and true insects?
A. Mites have six legs, while insects have eight
B. Mites have eight legs, while insects have six
C. Mites have antennae, while insects do not
D. Mites are larger than insects
Answer: B
A. Chemical reactions
B. Destruction of valuable constituents by bacteria, moulds, mites, and insects
C. Exposure to air
D. High pressure
Answer: B
2. Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in drug deterioration?
A. Moisture content
B. Temperature
C. Light
D. Bacterial infection
Answer: D
3. What percentage of moisture do air-dried drugs typically contain?
A. 5-7%
B. 10-12%
C. 15-20%
D. 25-30%
**Answer: B*
4. Which factor, in combination with moisture, can accelerate enzyme activity?
A. Light
B. Oxygen
C. Temperature
D. Pressure
Answer: C
5. What effect does direct sunlight have on certain drugs?
A. Increases moisture content
B. Causes decomposition of certain constituents and bleaching of leaves and flowers
C. Enhances the therapeutic value
D. Reduces bacterial growth
Answer: B
6. Which of the following is a secondary factor in drug deterioration?
A. Moisture content
B. Temperature
C. Moulds
D. Light
Answer: C
7. Which of the following moulds is commonly associated with deteriorated drugs?
A. Rhizopus
B. Aspergillus
C. Candida
D. Saccharomyces
Answer: A
8. What is the effect of oxygen on volatile oils?
A. It enhances their therapeutic value
B. It causes resinification and rancidification
C. It stabilizes the oils
D. It increases their solubility
Answer: B
9. Which of the following insects is associated with stored foods and drugs?
A. Diptera (flies)
B. Lepidoptera (butterflies)
C. Coleoptera (beetles)
D. Hymenoptera (ants)
Answer: C
10. What is the main difference between Arachnida (mites) and true insects?
A. Mites have six legs, while insects have eight
B. Mites have eight legs, while insects have six
C. Mites have antennae, while insects do not
D. Mites are larger than insects
Answer: B
📍1. What is the most difficult operation in phytochemical research?**
A. Extraction of plant material
B. Isolation and purification of plant constituents
C. Identification of plant species
D. Cultivation of medicinal plants
Answer: B
2. Which technique is used for the isolation of caffeine from tea?**
A. Distillation
B. Fractional crystallization
C. Sublimation
D. Fractional liberation
Answer: C
3. What is the primary use of fractional distillation in phytochemistry?**
A. Isolation of alkaloids
B. Separation of components of volatile oils
C. Purification of sugars
D. Extraction of phenolic compounds
Answer: B
4. Which method is used to isolate volatile oils and hydrocyanic acid from plant material?**
A. Fractional crystallization
B. Steam distillation
C. Sublimation
D. Fractional liberation
Answer: B
5. What is the principle behind fractional liberation?**
A. Differences in solubility
B. Differences in boiling points
C. Differences in basicity or acidity
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: C
6. Which of the following is an example of fractional liberation?**
A. Separation of alkaloids based on their basicity
B. Separation of sugars using osazones
C. Isolation of volatile oils using steam distillation
D. Purification of caffeine using sublimation
Answer: A
7. What is the main principle behind fractional crystallization?**
A. Differences in boiling points
B. Differences in solubility
C. Differences in basicity
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: B
8. Which derivatives are commonly used in fractional crystallization of alkaloids?**
A. Osazones
B. Picrates
C. Acetates
D. Sulfates
Answer: B
9. Which of the following techniques is NOT used for the characterization of isolated compounds?**
A. Ultraviolet spectroscopy
B. Infrared spectroscopy
C. Mass spectrometry
D. Fractional distillation
Answer: D
10. Which spectroscopic method is used for structural characterization of plant constituents?**
A. UV-Vis spectroscopy
B. Infrared spectroscopy
C. Mass spectrometry
D. All of the above
Answer: D
11. What is the role of X-ray spectroscopy in phytochemical research?**
A. Separation of compounds
B. Structural characterization
C. Extraction of volatile oils
D. Fractional crystallization
Answer: B
12. Which of the following is a modification of mass spectrometry used in phytochemistry?**
A. Gas chromatography
B. Liquid chromatography
C. Tandem mass spectrometry
D. All of the above
Answer: D
13. What is the primary use of optical rotatory dispersion methods?**
A. Separation of volatile oils
B. Characterization of chiral compounds
C. Isolation of alkaloids
D. Purification of sugars
Answer: B
14. Which of the following is NOT a traditional method of isolation in phytochemistry?**
A. Fractional crystallization
B. Fractional distillation
C. Sublimation
D. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Answer: D
A. Extraction of plant material
B. Isolation and purification of plant constituents
C. Identification of plant species
D. Cultivation of medicinal plants
Answer: B
2. Which technique is used for the isolation of caffeine from tea?**
A. Distillation
B. Fractional crystallization
C. Sublimation
D. Fractional liberation
Answer: C
3. What is the primary use of fractional distillation in phytochemistry?**
A. Isolation of alkaloids
B. Separation of components of volatile oils
C. Purification of sugars
D. Extraction of phenolic compounds
Answer: B
4. Which method is used to isolate volatile oils and hydrocyanic acid from plant material?**
A. Fractional crystallization
B. Steam distillation
C. Sublimation
D. Fractional liberation
Answer: B
5. What is the principle behind fractional liberation?**
A. Differences in solubility
B. Differences in boiling points
C. Differences in basicity or acidity
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: C
6. Which of the following is an example of fractional liberation?**
A. Separation of alkaloids based on their basicity
B. Separation of sugars using osazones
C. Isolation of volatile oils using steam distillation
D. Purification of caffeine using sublimation
Answer: A
7. What is the main principle behind fractional crystallization?**
A. Differences in boiling points
B. Differences in solubility
C. Differences in basicity
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: B
8. Which derivatives are commonly used in fractional crystallization of alkaloids?**
A. Osazones
B. Picrates
C. Acetates
D. Sulfates
Answer: B
9. Which of the following techniques is NOT used for the characterization of isolated compounds?**
A. Ultraviolet spectroscopy
B. Infrared spectroscopy
C. Mass spectrometry
D. Fractional distillation
Answer: D
10. Which spectroscopic method is used for structural characterization of plant constituents?**
A. UV-Vis spectroscopy
B. Infrared spectroscopy
C. Mass spectrometry
D. All of the above
Answer: D
11. What is the role of X-ray spectroscopy in phytochemical research?**
A. Separation of compounds
B. Structural characterization
C. Extraction of volatile oils
D. Fractional crystallization
Answer: B
12. Which of the following is a modification of mass spectrometry used in phytochemistry?**
A. Gas chromatography
B. Liquid chromatography
C. Tandem mass spectrometry
D. All of the above
Answer: D
13. What is the primary use of optical rotatory dispersion methods?**
A. Separation of volatile oils
B. Characterization of chiral compounds
C. Isolation of alkaloids
D. Purification of sugars
Answer: B
14. Which of the following is NOT a traditional method of isolation in phytochemistry?**
A. Fractional crystallization
B. Fractional distillation
C. Sublimation
D. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Answer: D
15. What is the main advantage of using low pressure in modern sublimation equipment?**
A. Faster extraction
B. Better control of temperature
C. Higher yield of volatile oils
D. Reduced cost
Answer: B
16. Which of the following is a method used to separate organic acids?**
A. Fractional liberation
B. Fractional crystallization
C. Sublimation
D. Steam distillation
Answer: A
17. What is the primary use of osazones in fractional crystallization?**
A. Separation of alkaloids
B. Separation of sugars
C. Isolation of volatile oils
D. Purification of phenolic compounds
Answer: B
18. Which of the following is a key factor in the separation of compounds using fractional liberation?**
A. Boiling point
B. Solubility
C. Basicity or acidity
D. Molecular weight
Answer: C
19. What is the main challenge in isolating compounds of the same class?**
A. Differences in boiling points
B. Similar chemical properties
C. Differences in solubility
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: B
20. Which of the following techniques is used for the purification of crude extracts?**
A. Sublimation
B. Fractional distillation
C. Fractional crystallization
D. All of the above
Answer: D
A. Faster extraction
B. Better control of temperature
C. Higher yield of volatile oils
D. Reduced cost
Answer: B
16. Which of the following is a method used to separate organic acids?**
A. Fractional liberation
B. Fractional crystallization
C. Sublimation
D. Steam distillation
Answer: A
17. What is the primary use of osazones in fractional crystallization?**
A. Separation of alkaloids
B. Separation of sugars
C. Isolation of volatile oils
D. Purification of phenolic compounds
Answer: B
18. Which of the following is a key factor in the separation of compounds using fractional liberation?**
A. Boiling point
B. Solubility
C. Basicity or acidity
D. Molecular weight
Answer: C
19. What is the main challenge in isolating compounds of the same class?**
A. Differences in boiling points
B. Similar chemical properties
C. Differences in solubility
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: B
20. Which of the following techniques is used for the purification of crude extracts?**
A. Sublimation
B. Fractional distillation
C. Fractional crystallization
D. All of the above
Answer: D
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📍1. Who is credited with the discovery of chromatography?
A. Albert Einstein
B. Mikhail Tswett
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Marie Curie
Answer: B
2. What does the term "chromatography" mean in Greek?
A. Color writing
B. Separation of colors
C. Color analysis
D. Color purification
Answer: A
3. What was the stationary phase used by Mikhail Tswett in his chromatography experiments?
A. Silica gel
B. Calcium carbonate
C. Alumina
D. Cellulose
Answer: B
4. Which of the following is NOT a phase in chromatography?
A. Stationary phase
B. Mobile phase
C. Solid phase
D. Reactive phase
Answer: D
5. What is the primary purpose of chromatography?
A. To synthesize new compounds
B. To separate, purify, and identify compounds
C. To measure the boiling point of compounds
D. To determine the molecular weight of compounds
Answer: B
6. Which of the following is a characteristic of the stationary phase in chromatography?
A. It is always a liquid
B. It is finely divided and fixed in place
C. It moves through the mobile phase
D. It is always a gas
Answer: B
7. What is the mobile phase in chromatography?
A. The phase that remains stationary
B. The phase that moves through the stationary phase
C. The phase that reacts with the sample
D. The phase that is always solid
Answer: B
8. Which of the following forces is responsible for the separation of components in chromatography?
A. Gravitational force
B. Magnetic force
C. Driving force of the mobile phase and retarding force of the stationary phase
D. Centrifugal force
Answer: C
9. What is the main advantage of chromatography over other separation techniques?
A. It requires high temperatures
B. It involves mild experimental conditions
C. It is only applicable to colored compounds
D. It is a slow process
Answer: B
10. Which of the following is NOT a type of chromatography?
A. Gas chromatography
B. Liquid chromatography
C. Sublimation chromatography
D. Thin-layer chromatography
Answer: C
11. What is the primary use of chromatography in scientific research?
A. To synthesize new compounds
B. To separate and analyze complex mixtures
C. To measure the boiling point of compounds
D. To determine the molecular weight of compounds
Answer: B
12. Which of the following industries uses chromatography extensively?
A. Pharmaceutical industry
B. Textile industry
C. Construction industry
D. Automotive industry
Answer: A
13. What is the role of chromatography in analytical procedures?
A. To synthesize new compounds
B. To determine the quantity and percentage of each component in a mixture
C. To measure the boiling point of compounds
D. To determine the molecular weight of compounds
Answer: B
14. Which of the following is a qualitative application of chromatography?
A. Determining the percentage of each component in a mixture
B. Identifying the type of amino acids in a protein
C. Measuring the boiling point of a compound
D. Determining the molecular weight of a compound
Answer: B
A. Albert Einstein
B. Mikhail Tswett
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Marie Curie
Answer: B
2. What does the term "chromatography" mean in Greek?
A. Color writing
B. Separation of colors
C. Color analysis
D. Color purification
Answer: A
3. What was the stationary phase used by Mikhail Tswett in his chromatography experiments?
A. Silica gel
B. Calcium carbonate
C. Alumina
D. Cellulose
Answer: B
4. Which of the following is NOT a phase in chromatography?
A. Stationary phase
B. Mobile phase
C. Solid phase
D. Reactive phase
Answer: D
5. What is the primary purpose of chromatography?
A. To synthesize new compounds
B. To separate, purify, and identify compounds
C. To measure the boiling point of compounds
D. To determine the molecular weight of compounds
Answer: B
6. Which of the following is a characteristic of the stationary phase in chromatography?
A. It is always a liquid
B. It is finely divided and fixed in place
C. It moves through the mobile phase
D. It is always a gas
Answer: B
7. What is the mobile phase in chromatography?
A. The phase that remains stationary
B. The phase that moves through the stationary phase
C. The phase that reacts with the sample
D. The phase that is always solid
Answer: B
8. Which of the following forces is responsible for the separation of components in chromatography?
A. Gravitational force
B. Magnetic force
C. Driving force of the mobile phase and retarding force of the stationary phase
D. Centrifugal force
Answer: C
9. What is the main advantage of chromatography over other separation techniques?
A. It requires high temperatures
B. It involves mild experimental conditions
C. It is only applicable to colored compounds
D. It is a slow process
Answer: B
10. Which of the following is NOT a type of chromatography?
A. Gas chromatography
B. Liquid chromatography
C. Sublimation chromatography
D. Thin-layer chromatography
Answer: C
11. What is the primary use of chromatography in scientific research?
A. To synthesize new compounds
B. To separate and analyze complex mixtures
C. To measure the boiling point of compounds
D. To determine the molecular weight of compounds
Answer: B
12. Which of the following industries uses chromatography extensively?
A. Pharmaceutical industry
B. Textile industry
C. Construction industry
D. Automotive industry
Answer: A
13. What is the role of chromatography in analytical procedures?
A. To synthesize new compounds
B. To determine the quantity and percentage of each component in a mixture
C. To measure the boiling point of compounds
D. To determine the molecular weight of compounds
Answer: B
14. Which of the following is a qualitative application of chromatography?
A. Determining the percentage of each component in a mixture
B. Identifying the type of amino acids in a protein
C. Measuring the boiling point of a compound
D. Determining the molecular weight of a compound
Answer: B
📍15. Which of the following is a quantitative application of chromatography?**
A. Identifying the type of amino acids in a protein
B. Determining the percentage of each component in a mixture
C. Measuring the boiling point of a compound
D. Determining the molecular weight of a compound
Answer: B
16. What is the main purpose of preparative chromatography?**
A. To analyze small quantities of a sample
B. To purify large quantities of a desired compound
C. To measure the boiling point of a compound
D. To determine the molecular weight of a compound
Answer: B
17. Which of the following is a characteristic of the mobile phase in chromatography?**
A. It is always a solid
B. It is always a gas
C. It can be either a liquid or a gas
D. It is always a liquid
Answer: C
18. What is the primary driving force in chromatography?**
A. The stationary phase
B. The mobile phase
C. The gravitational force
D. The magnetic force
Answer: B
19. What is the primary retarding force in chromatography?**
A. The stationary phase
B. The mobile phase
C. The gravitational force
D. The magnetic force
Answer: A
20. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for chromatography?**
A. One phase must be stationary
B. One phase must be mobile
C. The phases must be immiscible
D. The phases must be reactive with each other
Answer: D
21. Which of the following is a common stationary phase in chromatography?**
A. Water
B. Ethanol
C. Silica gel
D. Methanol
Answer: C
22. Which of the following is a common mobile phase in chromatography?**
A. Silica gel
B. Ethanol
C. Calcium carbonate
D. Alumina
Answer: B
23. What is the primary goal of chromatography in the pharmaceutical industry?**
A. To synthesize new drugs
B. To separate and purify active pharmaceutical ingredients
C. To measure the boiling point of drugs
D. To determine the molecular weight of drugs
Answer: B
24. Which of the following is a key advantage of chromatography in analytical chemistry?**
A. It requires high temperatures
B. It can separate complex mixtures with high selectivity
C. It is only applicable to colored compounds
D. It is a slow process
Answer: B
25. What is the primary use of chromatography in the oil industry?**
A. To synthesize new fuels
B. To separate and analyze hydrocarbon mixtures
C. To measure the boiling point of fuels
D. To determine the molecular weight of fuels
Answer: B
26. Which of the following is a common application of chromatography in geology?**
A. To synthesize new minerals
B. To separate and analyze mineral mixtures
C. To measure the boiling point of minerals
D. To determine the molecular weight of minerals
Answer: B
27. What is the primary use of chromatography in the medical field?**
A. To synthesize new drugs
B. To analyze biological samples for diagnostic purposes
C. To measure the boiling point of drugs
D. To determine the molecular weight of drugs
Answer: B
28. Which of the following is a common application of chromatography in chemistry?**
A. To synthesize new compounds
B. To separate and analyze chemical mixtures
C. To measure the boiling point of compounds
D. To determine the molecular weight of compounds
Answer: B
29. What is the primary use of chromatography in environmental science?**
A. To synthesize new environmental compounds
B. To analyze environmental samples for pollutants
C. To measure the boiling point of pollutants
D. To determine the molecular weight of pollutants
Answer: B
30. Which of the following is a common application of chromatography in food science?**
A. To synthesize new food products
B. To analyze food samples for contaminants and additives
C. To measure the boiling point of food products
D. To determine the molecular weight of food products
Answer: B
A. Identifying the type of amino acids in a protein
B. Determining the percentage of each component in a mixture
C. Measuring the boiling point of a compound
D. Determining the molecular weight of a compound
Answer: B
16. What is the main purpose of preparative chromatography?**
A. To analyze small quantities of a sample
B. To purify large quantities of a desired compound
C. To measure the boiling point of a compound
D. To determine the molecular weight of a compound
Answer: B
17. Which of the following is a characteristic of the mobile phase in chromatography?**
A. It is always a solid
B. It is always a gas
C. It can be either a liquid or a gas
D. It is always a liquid
Answer: C
18. What is the primary driving force in chromatography?**
A. The stationary phase
B. The mobile phase
C. The gravitational force
D. The magnetic force
Answer: B
19. What is the primary retarding force in chromatography?**
A. The stationary phase
B. The mobile phase
C. The gravitational force
D. The magnetic force
Answer: A
20. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for chromatography?**
A. One phase must be stationary
B. One phase must be mobile
C. The phases must be immiscible
D. The phases must be reactive with each other
Answer: D
21. Which of the following is a common stationary phase in chromatography?**
A. Water
B. Ethanol
C. Silica gel
D. Methanol
Answer: C
22. Which of the following is a common mobile phase in chromatography?**
A. Silica gel
B. Ethanol
C. Calcium carbonate
D. Alumina
Answer: B
23. What is the primary goal of chromatography in the pharmaceutical industry?**
A. To synthesize new drugs
B. To separate and purify active pharmaceutical ingredients
C. To measure the boiling point of drugs
D. To determine the molecular weight of drugs
Answer: B
24. Which of the following is a key advantage of chromatography in analytical chemistry?**
A. It requires high temperatures
B. It can separate complex mixtures with high selectivity
C. It is only applicable to colored compounds
D. It is a slow process
Answer: B
25. What is the primary use of chromatography in the oil industry?**
A. To synthesize new fuels
B. To separate and analyze hydrocarbon mixtures
C. To measure the boiling point of fuels
D. To determine the molecular weight of fuels
Answer: B
26. Which of the following is a common application of chromatography in geology?**
A. To synthesize new minerals
B. To separate and analyze mineral mixtures
C. To measure the boiling point of minerals
D. To determine the molecular weight of minerals
Answer: B
27. What is the primary use of chromatography in the medical field?**
A. To synthesize new drugs
B. To analyze biological samples for diagnostic purposes
C. To measure the boiling point of drugs
D. To determine the molecular weight of drugs
Answer: B
28. Which of the following is a common application of chromatography in chemistry?**
A. To synthesize new compounds
B. To separate and analyze chemical mixtures
C. To measure the boiling point of compounds
D. To determine the molecular weight of compounds
Answer: B
29. What is the primary use of chromatography in environmental science?**
A. To synthesize new environmental compounds
B. To analyze environmental samples for pollutants
C. To measure the boiling point of pollutants
D. To determine the molecular weight of pollutants
Answer: B
30. Which of the following is a common application of chromatography in food science?**
A. To synthesize new food products
B. To analyze food samples for contaminants and additives
C. To measure the boiling point of food products
D. To determine the molecular weight of food products
Answer: B
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