📍1. What is Pharmacognosy?
- A) The study of synthetic drugs.
- B) The study of natural drugs derived from plants, animals, and other natural sources.
- C) The study of chemical synthesis of drugs.
- D) The study of drug delivery systems.
Answer: B) The study of natural drugs derived from plants, animals, and other natural sources.
2. Which ancient civilization used clay models of the human body and documented medicinal plants?
- A) Greeks
- B) Egyptians
- C) Babylonians
- D) Romans
Answer: C) Babylonians
3. Who documented around 600 medicinal plants in 780 A.D.?
- A) Hippocrates
- B) Dioscorides
- C) Galen
- D) Avicenna
Answer: B) Dioscorides
4. Which of the following is NOT a role of natural products in modern medicine?
- A) Providing drugs that are difficult to synthesize.
- B) Serving as prototypes for synthetic drugs.
- C) Replacing all synthetic drugs.
- D) Supplying compounds that can be modified to reduce toxicity.
Answer: C) Replacing all synthetic drugs.
5. What is a "crude drug"?
- A) A synthetic drug with no natural origin.
- B) A natural substance from plants or animals that has only been collected and dried.
- C) A chemically modified natural product.
- D) A drug that is no longer used in modern medicine.
Answer: B) A natural substance from plants or animals that has only been collected and dried.
6. Which classification system arranges drugs based on their plant parts (e.g., leaves, roots)?
- A) Alphabetical
- B) Taxonomic
- C) Morphological
- D) Pharmacological
Answer: C) Morphological
7. Why is the timing of plant collection important?
- A) To ensure the plant is fully grown.
- B) To maximize the quality and quantity of active constituents.
- C) To avoid insects and pests.
- D) To reduce the cost of cultivation.
Answer: B) To maximize the quality and quantity of active constituents.
8. What is the purpose of drying crude drugs?
- A) To increase the weight of the drug.
- B) To remove moisture and prevent spoilage.
- C) To enhance the color of the drug.
- D) To make the drug more palatable.
Answer: B) To remove moisture and prevent spoilage.
9. Which of the following is a key factor in the storage of crude drugs?
- A) Exposure to sunlight.
- B) High humidity.
- C) Proper temperature control.
- D) All of the above.
Answer: D) All of the above.
10. Which of the following is an example of a natural drug that is difficult to synthesize?
- A) Aspirin
- B) Vincristine
- C) Paracetamol
- D) Ibuprofen
Answer: B) Vincristine
11. What is the primary focus of Pharmacognosy?
- A) Synthetic drugs.
- B) Plant materials and some animal products.
- C) Chemical synthesis of drugs.
- D) Drug delivery systems.
Answer: B) Plant materials and some animal products.
12. Which of the following is an example of a drug classified by its pharmacological action?
- A) Aloe vera (used for skin conditions).
- B) Digitalis (used for heart conditions).
- C) Cinnamon (used as a spice).
- D) Beeswax (used in cosmetics).
Answer: B) Digitalis (used for heart conditions).
13. What is the main reason for controlling moisture during drug storage?
- A) To increase the weight of the drug.
- B) To prevent microbial growth and decomposition of active constituents.
- C) To enhance the aroma of the drug.
- D) To make the drug easier to transport.
Answer: B) To prevent microbial growth and decomposition of active constituents.
14. Which of the following is an example of a natural drug that serves as a prototype for synthetic drugs?**
- A) Vincristine
- B) Cocaine (for Procaine)
- C) Taxol
- D) Aloe vera
Answer: B) Cocaine (for Procaine)
15. What is the term for the study of the use of plant extracts as medicines or health-promoting agents?
A) Pharmacology
B) Phytotherapy
C) Pharmacognosy
D) Toxicology
Answer:B) Phytotherapy
- A) The study of synthetic drugs.
- B) The study of natural drugs derived from plants, animals, and other natural sources.
- C) The study of chemical synthesis of drugs.
- D) The study of drug delivery systems.
Answer: B) The study of natural drugs derived from plants, animals, and other natural sources.
2. Which ancient civilization used clay models of the human body and documented medicinal plants?
- A) Greeks
- B) Egyptians
- C) Babylonians
- D) Romans
Answer: C) Babylonians
3. Who documented around 600 medicinal plants in 780 A.D.?
- A) Hippocrates
- B) Dioscorides
- C) Galen
- D) Avicenna
Answer: B) Dioscorides
4. Which of the following is NOT a role of natural products in modern medicine?
- A) Providing drugs that are difficult to synthesize.
- B) Serving as prototypes for synthetic drugs.
- C) Replacing all synthetic drugs.
- D) Supplying compounds that can be modified to reduce toxicity.
Answer: C) Replacing all synthetic drugs.
5. What is a "crude drug"?
- A) A synthetic drug with no natural origin.
- B) A natural substance from plants or animals that has only been collected and dried.
- C) A chemically modified natural product.
- D) A drug that is no longer used in modern medicine.
Answer: B) A natural substance from plants or animals that has only been collected and dried.
6. Which classification system arranges drugs based on their plant parts (e.g., leaves, roots)?
- A) Alphabetical
- B) Taxonomic
- C) Morphological
- D) Pharmacological
Answer: C) Morphological
7. Why is the timing of plant collection important?
- A) To ensure the plant is fully grown.
- B) To maximize the quality and quantity of active constituents.
- C) To avoid insects and pests.
- D) To reduce the cost of cultivation.
Answer: B) To maximize the quality and quantity of active constituents.
8. What is the purpose of drying crude drugs?
- A) To increase the weight of the drug.
- B) To remove moisture and prevent spoilage.
- C) To enhance the color of the drug.
- D) To make the drug more palatable.
Answer: B) To remove moisture and prevent spoilage.
9. Which of the following is a key factor in the storage of crude drugs?
- A) Exposure to sunlight.
- B) High humidity.
- C) Proper temperature control.
- D) All of the above.
Answer: D) All of the above.
10. Which of the following is an example of a natural drug that is difficult to synthesize?
- A) Aspirin
- B) Vincristine
- C) Paracetamol
- D) Ibuprofen
Answer: B) Vincristine
11. What is the primary focus of Pharmacognosy?
- A) Synthetic drugs.
- B) Plant materials and some animal products.
- C) Chemical synthesis of drugs.
- D) Drug delivery systems.
Answer: B) Plant materials and some animal products.
12. Which of the following is an example of a drug classified by its pharmacological action?
- A) Aloe vera (used for skin conditions).
- B) Digitalis (used for heart conditions).
- C) Cinnamon (used as a spice).
- D) Beeswax (used in cosmetics).
Answer: B) Digitalis (used for heart conditions).
13. What is the main reason for controlling moisture during drug storage?
- A) To increase the weight of the drug.
- B) To prevent microbial growth and decomposition of active constituents.
- C) To enhance the aroma of the drug.
- D) To make the drug easier to transport.
Answer: B) To prevent microbial growth and decomposition of active constituents.
14. Which of the following is an example of a natural drug that serves as a prototype for synthetic drugs?**
- A) Vincristine
- B) Cocaine (for Procaine)
- C) Taxol
- D) Aloe vera
Answer: B) Cocaine (for Procaine)
15. What is the term for the study of the use of plant extracts as medicines or health-promoting agents?
A) Pharmacology
B) Phytotherapy
C) Pharmacognosy
D) Toxicology
Answer:B) Phytotherapy
📍16. Which of the following is an example of an "unorganized drug"?
- A) Leaves
- B) Roots
- C) Gums
- D) Flowers
Answer: C) Gums
---
### 17. What is the primary reason for drying drugs at moderate temperatures?
- A) To encourage enzymatic action.
- B) To prevent the loss of volatile oils.
- C) To reduce the drying time.
- D) To improve the color of the drug.
Answer: A) To encourage enzymatic action.
---
### 18. Which of the following is an example of a drug that should be collected during summer for maximum active constituents?
- A) Ephedra
- B) Digitalis
- C) Camphor
- D) Ergot
Answer: A) Ephedra
---
### 19. What is the ideal temperature range for storing most crude drugs to prevent microbial growth?
- A) 20-30°C
- B) 1-5°C
- C) 10-15°C
- D) 30-40°C
Answer: B) 1-5°C
---
### 20. Which of the following is an example of a drug classified by its chemical constituents?
- A) Alkaloids (e.g., morphine)
- B) Leaves (e.g., senna)
- C) Flowers (e.g., chamomile)
- D) Roots (e.g., ginseng)
Answer: A) Alkaloids (e.g., morphine)
---
### 21. What is the main disadvantage of the alphabetical classification of drugs?
- A) It is too complex.
- B) It does not show relationships between drugs.
- C) It is based on chemical constituents.
- D) It is not used in pharmacopeias.
Answer: B) It does not show relationships between drugs.
---
### 22. Which of the following is an example of a drug that loses its aroma if not dried properly?
- A) Clove
- B) Digitalis
- C) Ergot
- D) Camphor
Answer: A) Clove
---
### 23. What is the primary purpose of replacing air in storage containers with inert gases like nitrogen?
- A) To increase the weight of the drug.
- B) To prevent oxidation of active constituents.
- C) To enhance the aroma of the drug.
- D) To reduce the cost of storage.
Answer: B) To prevent oxidation of active constituents.
---
### 24. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is best collected from old trees?
- A) Atropa belladonna
- B) Cinnamomum camphora
- C) Ephedra
- D) Senna
Answer: B) Cinnamomum camphora
---
### 25. What is the main reason for rejecting discolored or insect-attacked plant parts during collection?
- A) They are difficult to dry.
- B) They may contain reduced active constituents.
- C) They are more expensive to process.
- D) They are harder to store.
Answer: B) They may contain reduced active constituents.
---
### 26. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is affected by enzymatic reactions during storage?
- A) Digitalis leaves
- B) Clove
- C) Camphor
- D) Beeswax
Answer: A) Digitalis leaves
---
### 27. What is the primary reason for using solar dryers in rural tropical areas?
- A) They are cheaper than artificial heat dryers.
- B) They are faster than open-air drying.
- C) They are more effective in high humidity.
- D) They are easier to maintain.
Answer: A) They are cheaper than artificial heat dryers.
### 28. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is classified as an "official drug"?
- A) Codeine
- B) A herbal remedy not listed in pharmacopeias.
- C) A synthetic drug.
- D) A drug no longer in use.
Answer: A) Codeine
---
### 29. What is the main reason for drying aromatic drugs quickly?
- A) To retain their color.
- B) To retain their aroma.
- C) To prevent enzymatic reactions.
- D) To reduce moisture content.
Answer: B) To retain their aroma.
30. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is classified by its therapeutic use?**
- A) Aloe vera (for skin conditions).
- B) Digitalis (for heart conditions).
- C) Cinnamon (as a spice).
- D) Beeswax (for cosmetics).
Answer: B) Digitalis (for heart conditions).
- A) Leaves
- B) Roots
- C) Gums
- D) Flowers
Answer: C) Gums
---
### 17. What is the primary reason for drying drugs at moderate temperatures?
- A) To encourage enzymatic action.
- B) To prevent the loss of volatile oils.
- C) To reduce the drying time.
- D) To improve the color of the drug.
Answer: A) To encourage enzymatic action.
---
### 18. Which of the following is an example of a drug that should be collected during summer for maximum active constituents?
- A) Ephedra
- B) Digitalis
- C) Camphor
- D) Ergot
Answer: A) Ephedra
---
### 19. What is the ideal temperature range for storing most crude drugs to prevent microbial growth?
- A) 20-30°C
- B) 1-5°C
- C) 10-15°C
- D) 30-40°C
Answer: B) 1-5°C
---
### 20. Which of the following is an example of a drug classified by its chemical constituents?
- A) Alkaloids (e.g., morphine)
- B) Leaves (e.g., senna)
- C) Flowers (e.g., chamomile)
- D) Roots (e.g., ginseng)
Answer: A) Alkaloids (e.g., morphine)
---
### 21. What is the main disadvantage of the alphabetical classification of drugs?
- A) It is too complex.
- B) It does not show relationships between drugs.
- C) It is based on chemical constituents.
- D) It is not used in pharmacopeias.
Answer: B) It does not show relationships between drugs.
---
### 22. Which of the following is an example of a drug that loses its aroma if not dried properly?
- A) Clove
- B) Digitalis
- C) Ergot
- D) Camphor
Answer: A) Clove
---
### 23. What is the primary purpose of replacing air in storage containers with inert gases like nitrogen?
- A) To increase the weight of the drug.
- B) To prevent oxidation of active constituents.
- C) To enhance the aroma of the drug.
- D) To reduce the cost of storage.
Answer: B) To prevent oxidation of active constituents.
---
### 24. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is best collected from old trees?
- A) Atropa belladonna
- B) Cinnamomum camphora
- C) Ephedra
- D) Senna
Answer: B) Cinnamomum camphora
---
### 25. What is the main reason for rejecting discolored or insect-attacked plant parts during collection?
- A) They are difficult to dry.
- B) They may contain reduced active constituents.
- C) They are more expensive to process.
- D) They are harder to store.
Answer: B) They may contain reduced active constituents.
---
### 26. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is affected by enzymatic reactions during storage?
- A) Digitalis leaves
- B) Clove
- C) Camphor
- D) Beeswax
Answer: A) Digitalis leaves
---
### 27. What is the primary reason for using solar dryers in rural tropical areas?
- A) They are cheaper than artificial heat dryers.
- B) They are faster than open-air drying.
- C) They are more effective in high humidity.
- D) They are easier to maintain.
Answer: A) They are cheaper than artificial heat dryers.
### 28. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is classified as an "official drug"?
- A) Codeine
- B) A herbal remedy not listed in pharmacopeias.
- C) A synthetic drug.
- D) A drug no longer in use.
Answer: A) Codeine
---
### 29. What is the main reason for drying aromatic drugs quickly?
- A) To retain their color.
- B) To retain their aroma.
- C) To prevent enzymatic reactions.
- D) To reduce moisture content.
Answer: B) To retain their aroma.
30. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is classified by its therapeutic use?**
- A) Aloe vera (for skin conditions).
- B) Digitalis (for heart conditions).
- C) Cinnamon (as a spice).
- D) Beeswax (for cosmetics).
Answer: B) Digitalis (for heart conditions).
📍Primary Factors of Drug Deterioration :
1. What is the typical moisture content in air-dried drugs?
- A) 5-7%
- B) 10-12%
- C) 15-20%
- D) 20-25%
- Answer: B) 10-12%
2. Which drug is mentioned as having sufficient moisture to activate enzymes leading to glycoside decomposition?
- A) Squill
- B) Digitalis
- C) Cod liver oil
- D) Tragacanth
- Answer: B) Digitalis
3. What happens to powdered squill when it absorbs moisture?
- A) It becomes more potent
- B) It turns into a sticky mass
- C) It loses its active constituents
- D) It becomes more volatile
- Answer: B) It turns into a sticky mass
4. How does an increase in temperature affect enzyme activity in drugs?
- A) It decreases enzyme activity
- B) It has no effect on enzyme activity
- C) It accelerates enzyme activity
- D) It denatures enzymes permanently
- Answer: C) It accelerates enzyme activity
5. What is the effect of high temperature on volatile oils in drugs?
- A) It increases their potency
- B) It causes loss of volatile oils
- C) It stabilizes the oils
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes loss of volatile oils
6. What is the effect of direct sunlight on cod liver oil?
- A) It increases vitamin content
- B) It causes decomposition of vitamins
- C) It stabilizes the oil
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes decomposition of vitamins
7. What is the effect of oxygen on volatile oils?
- A) It stabilizes them
- B) It causes resinification
- C) It increases their potency
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes resinification
📍Secondary Factors of Drug Deterioration
8. Which of the following moulds is commonly associated with deteriorated drugs?
- A) Rhizopus
- B) Aspergillus
- C) Candida
- D) Saccharomyces
- Answer: A) Rhizopus
9. What is the primary indication of mould presence in deteriorated drugs?
- A) Change in color
- B) Characteristic mass of hyphae and smell
- C) Increased potency
- D) Loss of moisture
- Answer: B) Characteristic mass of hyphae and smell
10. Which bacteria are tested for in drugs like digitalis and gelatin?
- A) Escherichia coli and Salmonellae
- B) Staphylococcus aureus
- C) Bacillus subtilis
- D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Answer: A) Escherichia coli and Salmonellae
11. Why do dried plants contain viable bacteria and mould spores?
- A) They are added during processing
- B) They are naturally present in variable amounts
- C) They are introduced during storage
- D) They are part of the drug's active ingredients
- Answer: B) They are naturally present in variable amounts
12. What is the largest order of insects in the animal kingdom?
- A) Diptera (flies)
- B) Lepidoptera (butterflies)
- C) Coleoptera (beetles)
- D) Hymenoptera (ants, bees)
- Answer: C) Coleoptera (beetles)
13. How many species of beetles are associated with stored foods and drugs?
- A) 100
- B) 250
- C) 600
- D) 1000
- Answer: C) 600
14. What distinguishes Arachnida (mites) from true insects?
- A) They have six legs
- B) They have eight legs and no antennae
- C) They have wings
- D) They have antennae
- Answer: B) They have eight legs and no antennae
📍General Questions on Drug Deterioration
15. What is the main cause of drug deterioration?
- A) Exposure to light
- B) Presence of oxygen
- C) Action of bacteria, moulds, mites, and insects
- D) All of the above
- Answer: D) All of the above
16. Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in drug deterioration?
- A) Moisture content
- B) Temperature
- C) Light
- D) Moulds
- Answer: D) Moulds
1. What is the typical moisture content in air-dried drugs?
- A) 5-7%
- B) 10-12%
- C) 15-20%
- D) 20-25%
- Answer: B) 10-12%
2. Which drug is mentioned as having sufficient moisture to activate enzymes leading to glycoside decomposition?
- A) Squill
- B) Digitalis
- C) Cod liver oil
- D) Tragacanth
- Answer: B) Digitalis
3. What happens to powdered squill when it absorbs moisture?
- A) It becomes more potent
- B) It turns into a sticky mass
- C) It loses its active constituents
- D) It becomes more volatile
- Answer: B) It turns into a sticky mass
4. How does an increase in temperature affect enzyme activity in drugs?
- A) It decreases enzyme activity
- B) It has no effect on enzyme activity
- C) It accelerates enzyme activity
- D) It denatures enzymes permanently
- Answer: C) It accelerates enzyme activity
5. What is the effect of high temperature on volatile oils in drugs?
- A) It increases their potency
- B) It causes loss of volatile oils
- C) It stabilizes the oils
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes loss of volatile oils
6. What is the effect of direct sunlight on cod liver oil?
- A) It increases vitamin content
- B) It causes decomposition of vitamins
- C) It stabilizes the oil
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes decomposition of vitamins
7. What is the effect of oxygen on volatile oils?
- A) It stabilizes them
- B) It causes resinification
- C) It increases their potency
- D) It has no effect
- Answer: B) It causes resinification
📍Secondary Factors of Drug Deterioration
8. Which of the following moulds is commonly associated with deteriorated drugs?
- A) Rhizopus
- B) Aspergillus
- C) Candida
- D) Saccharomyces
- Answer: A) Rhizopus
9. What is the primary indication of mould presence in deteriorated drugs?
- A) Change in color
- B) Characteristic mass of hyphae and smell
- C) Increased potency
- D) Loss of moisture
- Answer: B) Characteristic mass of hyphae and smell
10. Which bacteria are tested for in drugs like digitalis and gelatin?
- A) Escherichia coli and Salmonellae
- B) Staphylococcus aureus
- C) Bacillus subtilis
- D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Answer: A) Escherichia coli and Salmonellae
11. Why do dried plants contain viable bacteria and mould spores?
- A) They are added during processing
- B) They are naturally present in variable amounts
- C) They are introduced during storage
- D) They are part of the drug's active ingredients
- Answer: B) They are naturally present in variable amounts
12. What is the largest order of insects in the animal kingdom?
- A) Diptera (flies)
- B) Lepidoptera (butterflies)
- C) Coleoptera (beetles)
- D) Hymenoptera (ants, bees)
- Answer: C) Coleoptera (beetles)
13. How many species of beetles are associated with stored foods and drugs?
- A) 100
- B) 250
- C) 600
- D) 1000
- Answer: C) 600
14. What distinguishes Arachnida (mites) from true insects?
- A) They have six legs
- B) They have eight legs and no antennae
- C) They have wings
- D) They have antennae
- Answer: B) They have eight legs and no antennae
📍General Questions on Drug Deterioration
15. What is the main cause of drug deterioration?
- A) Exposure to light
- B) Presence of oxygen
- C) Action of bacteria, moulds, mites, and insects
- D) All of the above
- Answer: D) All of the above
16. Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in drug deterioration?
- A) Moisture content
- B) Temperature
- C) Light
- D) Moulds
- Answer: D) Moulds
17. What is the effect of moisture on powdered squill?
- A) It becomes more potent
- B) It turns into a sticky mass
- C) It loses its active constituents
- D) It becomes more volatile
- Answer: B) It turns into a sticky mass
18. What is the effect of high temperature on absorbent cotton-wool?
- A) It increases absorbency
- B) It causes reorientation of fatty material, leading to lower absorbency
- C) It has no effect
- D) It makes it more durable
- Answer: B) It causes reorientation of fatty material, leading to lower absorbency
19. What is the role of pharmacopoeias in relation to deteriorated drugs?
- A) They encourage the use of deteriorated drugs
- B) They set limits for viable aerobic counts in drugs
- C) They do not regulate drug quality
- D) They promote the use of mouldy drugs
- Answer: B) They set limits for viable aerobic counts in drugs
20. What is the main reason for excluding deteriorated drugs from national pharmacopoeias?
- A) They are too expensive
- B) They lose their therapeutic value
- C) They are difficult to store
- D) They are not available in large quantities
- Answer: B) They lose their therapeutic value
- A) It becomes more potent
- B) It turns into a sticky mass
- C) It loses its active constituents
- D) It becomes more volatile
- Answer: B) It turns into a sticky mass
18. What is the effect of high temperature on absorbent cotton-wool?
- A) It increases absorbency
- B) It causes reorientation of fatty material, leading to lower absorbency
- C) It has no effect
- D) It makes it more durable
- Answer: B) It causes reorientation of fatty material, leading to lower absorbency
19. What is the role of pharmacopoeias in relation to deteriorated drugs?
- A) They encourage the use of deteriorated drugs
- B) They set limits for viable aerobic counts in drugs
- C) They do not regulate drug quality
- D) They promote the use of mouldy drugs
- Answer: B) They set limits for viable aerobic counts in drugs
20. What is the main reason for excluding deteriorated drugs from national pharmacopoeias?
- A) They are too expensive
- B) They lose their therapeutic value
- C) They are difficult to store
- D) They are not available in large quantities
- Answer: B) They lose their therapeutic value
📍1. What is the first step in ensuring the quality of plant material for extraction?
A. Drying the plant material
B. Properly authenticating the plant material
C. Powdering the plant material
D. Homogenizing the plant material
Answer: B
2. Which of the following is NOT a factor in choosing an extraction procedure?
A. The nature of the plant material
B. The component to be isolated
C. The color of the plant material
D. The solvent to be used
Answer: C
3. What is the general solvent used for many plant constituents?
A. Ether
B. Chloroform
C. Alcohol
D. Water
Answer: C
4. What is the term for the undissolved portion of the drug after extraction?
A. Extract
B. Marc
C. Solvent
D. Residue
Answer: B
5. Which of the following is a cold extraction method?
A. Digestion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Soxhlet extraction
Answer: C
6. In maceration, how long is the plant material typically left in the solvent?
A. 1 hour
B. 3 days
C. 1 day
D. 6 hours
Answer: B
7. Which method involves wetting the plant material with solvent and allowing it to percolate for 24 hours?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Digestion
D. Infusion
Answer: B
8. What is the purpose of gentle heat in digestion?
A. To evaporate the solvent
B. To increase the solubility of active constituents
C. To sterilize the plant material
D. To dry the plant material
Answer: B
9. Which method is used for water-soluble and heat-stable substances?
A. Infusion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: B
10. What is the main advantage of Soxhlet extraction?
A. It is a cold method
B. It is a continuous extraction method
C. It uses water as the solvent
D. It is faster than maceration
Answer: B
11. How long does ordinary reflux extraction typically take?
A. 1-2 hours
B. 3-4 hours
C. 6-8 hours
D. 10-12 hours
Answer: C
12. Which method is used to extract volatile oils?
A. Soxhlet extraction
B. Steam distillation
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: B
13. Which of the following drugs would require percolation for extraction?
A. Soft and parenchymatous drugs
B. Hard and tough drugs
C. Unorganized drugs
D. Unpowderable drugs
Answer: B
14. Which extraction method is suitable for drugs with little therapeutic value?
A. Percolation
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
15. Which factor is NOT considered when choosing an extraction process?
A. Stability of the drug
B. Cost of the drug
C. Color of the drug
D. Therapeutic value of the drug
Answer: C
16. Which solvent is widely used for water-immiscible extractions?
A. Alcohol
B. Ether
C. Water
D. Ethanol
Answer: B
17. What is the main disadvantage of ordinary reflux extraction compared to Soxhlet extraction?
A. It takes longer
B. The solvent may become saturated with extracted material
C. It requires more solvent
D. It is less efficient
Answer: B
18. Which method is used for dilute solutions containing readily-soluble constituents?
A. Infusion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: A
19. Which of the following is a continuous hot extraction method?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Infusion
Answer: C
A. Drying the plant material
B. Properly authenticating the plant material
C. Powdering the plant material
D. Homogenizing the plant material
Answer: B
2. Which of the following is NOT a factor in choosing an extraction procedure?
A. The nature of the plant material
B. The component to be isolated
C. The color of the plant material
D. The solvent to be used
Answer: C
3. What is the general solvent used for many plant constituents?
A. Ether
B. Chloroform
C. Alcohol
D. Water
Answer: C
4. What is the term for the undissolved portion of the drug after extraction?
A. Extract
B. Marc
C. Solvent
D. Residue
Answer: B
5. Which of the following is a cold extraction method?
A. Digestion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Soxhlet extraction
Answer: C
6. In maceration, how long is the plant material typically left in the solvent?
A. 1 hour
B. 3 days
C. 1 day
D. 6 hours
Answer: B
7. Which method involves wetting the plant material with solvent and allowing it to percolate for 24 hours?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Digestion
D. Infusion
Answer: B
8. What is the purpose of gentle heat in digestion?
A. To evaporate the solvent
B. To increase the solubility of active constituents
C. To sterilize the plant material
D. To dry the plant material
Answer: B
9. Which method is used for water-soluble and heat-stable substances?
A. Infusion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: B
10. What is the main advantage of Soxhlet extraction?
A. It is a cold method
B. It is a continuous extraction method
C. It uses water as the solvent
D. It is faster than maceration
Answer: B
11. How long does ordinary reflux extraction typically take?
A. 1-2 hours
B. 3-4 hours
C. 6-8 hours
D. 10-12 hours
Answer: C
12. Which method is used to extract volatile oils?
A. Soxhlet extraction
B. Steam distillation
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: B
13. Which of the following drugs would require percolation for extraction?
A. Soft and parenchymatous drugs
B. Hard and tough drugs
C. Unorganized drugs
D. Unpowderable drugs
Answer: B
14. Which extraction method is suitable for drugs with little therapeutic value?
A. Percolation
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
15. Which factor is NOT considered when choosing an extraction process?
A. Stability of the drug
B. Cost of the drug
C. Color of the drug
D. Therapeutic value of the drug
Answer: C
16. Which solvent is widely used for water-immiscible extractions?
A. Alcohol
B. Ether
C. Water
D. Ethanol
Answer: B
17. What is the main disadvantage of ordinary reflux extraction compared to Soxhlet extraction?
A. It takes longer
B. The solvent may become saturated with extracted material
C. It requires more solvent
D. It is less efficient
Answer: B
18. Which method is used for dilute solutions containing readily-soluble constituents?
A. Infusion
B. Decoction
C. Maceration
D. Percolation
Answer: A
19. Which of the following is a continuous hot extraction method?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Infusion
Answer: C
20. Which method is used for unpowderable drugs?
A. Percolation
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
21. Which of the following is NOT a hot extraction method?
A. Digestion
B. Decoction
C. Infusion
D. Percolation
Answer: D
22. Which method is used for expensive drugs to ensure complete extraction?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Infusion
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
23. Which of the following is a factor affecting the choice of extraction process?
A. Color of the solvent
B. Stability of the drug
C. Smell of the plant material
D. Shape of the plant material
Answer: B
24. Which method is used for thermo-labile constituents?
A. Continuous hot extraction
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
25. Which method is used for extracting non-polar compounds followed by polar compounds?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
A. Percolation
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
21. Which of the following is NOT a hot extraction method?
A. Digestion
B. Decoction
C. Infusion
D. Percolation
Answer: D
22. Which method is used for expensive drugs to ensure complete extraction?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Infusion
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
23. Which of the following is a factor affecting the choice of extraction process?
A. Color of the solvent
B. Stability of the drug
C. Smell of the plant material
D. Shape of the plant material
Answer: B
24. Which method is used for thermo-labile constituents?
A. Continuous hot extraction
B. Maceration
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
25. Which method is used for extracting non-polar compounds followed by polar compounds?
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Soxhlet extraction
D. Steam distillation
Answer: B
📍1. What is drug deterioration primarily caused by?**
A. Chemical reactions
B. Destruction of valuable constituents by bacteria, moulds, mites, and insects
C. Exposure to air
D. High pressure
Answer: B
2. Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in drug deterioration?
A. Moisture content
B. Temperature
C. Light
D. Bacterial infection
Answer: D
3. What percentage of moisture do air-dried drugs typically contain?
A. 5-7%
B. 10-12%
C. 15-20%
D. 25-30%
**Answer: B*
4. Which factor, in combination with moisture, can accelerate enzyme activity?
A. Light
B. Oxygen
C. Temperature
D. Pressure
Answer: C
5. What effect does direct sunlight have on certain drugs?
A. Increases moisture content
B. Causes decomposition of certain constituents and bleaching of leaves and flowers
C. Enhances the therapeutic value
D. Reduces bacterial growth
Answer: B
6. Which of the following is a secondary factor in drug deterioration?
A. Moisture content
B. Temperature
C. Moulds
D. Light
Answer: C
7. Which of the following moulds is commonly associated with deteriorated drugs?
A. Rhizopus
B. Aspergillus
C. Candida
D. Saccharomyces
Answer: A
8. What is the effect of oxygen on volatile oils?
A. It enhances their therapeutic value
B. It causes resinification and rancidification
C. It stabilizes the oils
D. It increases their solubility
Answer: B
9. Which of the following insects is associated with stored foods and drugs?
A. Diptera (flies)
B. Lepidoptera (butterflies)
C. Coleoptera (beetles)
D. Hymenoptera (ants)
Answer: C
10. What is the main difference between Arachnida (mites) and true insects?
A. Mites have six legs, while insects have eight
B. Mites have eight legs, while insects have six
C. Mites have antennae, while insects do not
D. Mites are larger than insects
Answer: B
A. Chemical reactions
B. Destruction of valuable constituents by bacteria, moulds, mites, and insects
C. Exposure to air
D. High pressure
Answer: B
2. Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in drug deterioration?
A. Moisture content
B. Temperature
C. Light
D. Bacterial infection
Answer: D
3. What percentage of moisture do air-dried drugs typically contain?
A. 5-7%
B. 10-12%
C. 15-20%
D. 25-30%
**Answer: B*
4. Which factor, in combination with moisture, can accelerate enzyme activity?
A. Light
B. Oxygen
C. Temperature
D. Pressure
Answer: C
5. What effect does direct sunlight have on certain drugs?
A. Increases moisture content
B. Causes decomposition of certain constituents and bleaching of leaves and flowers
C. Enhances the therapeutic value
D. Reduces bacterial growth
Answer: B
6. Which of the following is a secondary factor in drug deterioration?
A. Moisture content
B. Temperature
C. Moulds
D. Light
Answer: C
7. Which of the following moulds is commonly associated with deteriorated drugs?
A. Rhizopus
B. Aspergillus
C. Candida
D. Saccharomyces
Answer: A
8. What is the effect of oxygen on volatile oils?
A. It enhances their therapeutic value
B. It causes resinification and rancidification
C. It stabilizes the oils
D. It increases their solubility
Answer: B
9. Which of the following insects is associated with stored foods and drugs?
A. Diptera (flies)
B. Lepidoptera (butterflies)
C. Coleoptera (beetles)
D. Hymenoptera (ants)
Answer: C
10. What is the main difference between Arachnida (mites) and true insects?
A. Mites have six legs, while insects have eight
B. Mites have eight legs, while insects have six
C. Mites have antennae, while insects do not
D. Mites are larger than insects
Answer: B
📍1. What is the most difficult operation in phytochemical research?**
A. Extraction of plant material
B. Isolation and purification of plant constituents
C. Identification of plant species
D. Cultivation of medicinal plants
Answer: B
2. Which technique is used for the isolation of caffeine from tea?**
A. Distillation
B. Fractional crystallization
C. Sublimation
D. Fractional liberation
Answer: C
3. What is the primary use of fractional distillation in phytochemistry?**
A. Isolation of alkaloids
B. Separation of components of volatile oils
C. Purification of sugars
D. Extraction of phenolic compounds
Answer: B
4. Which method is used to isolate volatile oils and hydrocyanic acid from plant material?**
A. Fractional crystallization
B. Steam distillation
C. Sublimation
D. Fractional liberation
Answer: B
5. What is the principle behind fractional liberation?**
A. Differences in solubility
B. Differences in boiling points
C. Differences in basicity or acidity
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: C
6. Which of the following is an example of fractional liberation?**
A. Separation of alkaloids based on their basicity
B. Separation of sugars using osazones
C. Isolation of volatile oils using steam distillation
D. Purification of caffeine using sublimation
Answer: A
7. What is the main principle behind fractional crystallization?**
A. Differences in boiling points
B. Differences in solubility
C. Differences in basicity
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: B
8. Which derivatives are commonly used in fractional crystallization of alkaloids?**
A. Osazones
B. Picrates
C. Acetates
D. Sulfates
Answer: B
9. Which of the following techniques is NOT used for the characterization of isolated compounds?**
A. Ultraviolet spectroscopy
B. Infrared spectroscopy
C. Mass spectrometry
D. Fractional distillation
Answer: D
10. Which spectroscopic method is used for structural characterization of plant constituents?**
A. UV-Vis spectroscopy
B. Infrared spectroscopy
C. Mass spectrometry
D. All of the above
Answer: D
11. What is the role of X-ray spectroscopy in phytochemical research?**
A. Separation of compounds
B. Structural characterization
C. Extraction of volatile oils
D. Fractional crystallization
Answer: B
12. Which of the following is a modification of mass spectrometry used in phytochemistry?**
A. Gas chromatography
B. Liquid chromatography
C. Tandem mass spectrometry
D. All of the above
Answer: D
13. What is the primary use of optical rotatory dispersion methods?**
A. Separation of volatile oils
B. Characterization of chiral compounds
C. Isolation of alkaloids
D. Purification of sugars
Answer: B
14. Which of the following is NOT a traditional method of isolation in phytochemistry?**
A. Fractional crystallization
B. Fractional distillation
C. Sublimation
D. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Answer: D
A. Extraction of plant material
B. Isolation and purification of plant constituents
C. Identification of plant species
D. Cultivation of medicinal plants
Answer: B
2. Which technique is used for the isolation of caffeine from tea?**
A. Distillation
B. Fractional crystallization
C. Sublimation
D. Fractional liberation
Answer: C
3. What is the primary use of fractional distillation in phytochemistry?**
A. Isolation of alkaloids
B. Separation of components of volatile oils
C. Purification of sugars
D. Extraction of phenolic compounds
Answer: B
4. Which method is used to isolate volatile oils and hydrocyanic acid from plant material?**
A. Fractional crystallization
B. Steam distillation
C. Sublimation
D. Fractional liberation
Answer: B
5. What is the principle behind fractional liberation?**
A. Differences in solubility
B. Differences in boiling points
C. Differences in basicity or acidity
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: C
6. Which of the following is an example of fractional liberation?**
A. Separation of alkaloids based on their basicity
B. Separation of sugars using osazones
C. Isolation of volatile oils using steam distillation
D. Purification of caffeine using sublimation
Answer: A
7. What is the main principle behind fractional crystallization?**
A. Differences in boiling points
B. Differences in solubility
C. Differences in basicity
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: B
8. Which derivatives are commonly used in fractional crystallization of alkaloids?**
A. Osazones
B. Picrates
C. Acetates
D. Sulfates
Answer: B
9. Which of the following techniques is NOT used for the characterization of isolated compounds?**
A. Ultraviolet spectroscopy
B. Infrared spectroscopy
C. Mass spectrometry
D. Fractional distillation
Answer: D
10. Which spectroscopic method is used for structural characterization of plant constituents?**
A. UV-Vis spectroscopy
B. Infrared spectroscopy
C. Mass spectrometry
D. All of the above
Answer: D
11. What is the role of X-ray spectroscopy in phytochemical research?**
A. Separation of compounds
B. Structural characterization
C. Extraction of volatile oils
D. Fractional crystallization
Answer: B
12. Which of the following is a modification of mass spectrometry used in phytochemistry?**
A. Gas chromatography
B. Liquid chromatography
C. Tandem mass spectrometry
D. All of the above
Answer: D
13. What is the primary use of optical rotatory dispersion methods?**
A. Separation of volatile oils
B. Characterization of chiral compounds
C. Isolation of alkaloids
D. Purification of sugars
Answer: B
14. Which of the following is NOT a traditional method of isolation in phytochemistry?**
A. Fractional crystallization
B. Fractional distillation
C. Sublimation
D. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Answer: D
15. What is the main advantage of using low pressure in modern sublimation equipment?**
A. Faster extraction
B. Better control of temperature
C. Higher yield of volatile oils
D. Reduced cost
Answer: B
16. Which of the following is a method used to separate organic acids?**
A. Fractional liberation
B. Fractional crystallization
C. Sublimation
D. Steam distillation
Answer: A
17. What is the primary use of osazones in fractional crystallization?**
A. Separation of alkaloids
B. Separation of sugars
C. Isolation of volatile oils
D. Purification of phenolic compounds
Answer: B
18. Which of the following is a key factor in the separation of compounds using fractional liberation?**
A. Boiling point
B. Solubility
C. Basicity or acidity
D. Molecular weight
Answer: C
19. What is the main challenge in isolating compounds of the same class?**
A. Differences in boiling points
B. Similar chemical properties
C. Differences in solubility
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: B
20. Which of the following techniques is used for the purification of crude extracts?**
A. Sublimation
B. Fractional distillation
C. Fractional crystallization
D. All of the above
Answer: D
A. Faster extraction
B. Better control of temperature
C. Higher yield of volatile oils
D. Reduced cost
Answer: B
16. Which of the following is a method used to separate organic acids?**
A. Fractional liberation
B. Fractional crystallization
C. Sublimation
D. Steam distillation
Answer: A
17. What is the primary use of osazones in fractional crystallization?**
A. Separation of alkaloids
B. Separation of sugars
C. Isolation of volatile oils
D. Purification of phenolic compounds
Answer: B
18. Which of the following is a key factor in the separation of compounds using fractional liberation?**
A. Boiling point
B. Solubility
C. Basicity or acidity
D. Molecular weight
Answer: C
19. What is the main challenge in isolating compounds of the same class?**
A. Differences in boiling points
B. Similar chemical properties
C. Differences in solubility
D. Differences in molecular weight
Answer: B
20. Which of the following techniques is used for the purification of crude extracts?**
A. Sublimation
B. Fractional distillation
C. Fractional crystallization
D. All of the above
Answer: D
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