What other forms of discomfort are often associated with constipation? a) Nausea and vomiting b) Headaches and migraines c) Abdominal cramps, dyspepsia, bloating, and flatulence

What is a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome? a) Frequent urination b) Constipation only c) Diarrhea only d) Alternating diarrhea and constipation

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How do bulk-forming laxatives work?
a) By drawing water into the gut
b) By softening the stool c) By acting directly on the mucosa of the GI tract d) By mainly physicochemical effects within the bowel lumen

What are some examples of mineral osmotic laxatives? a) Milk sugars b) Psyllium husk c) Magnesium salts

What is the most important consideration when selecting a laxative for constipation relief? a) Cost b) Brand name c) Efficacy

When is it acceptable to use stimulant laxatives on a short-term basis? a) For less than a week b) For less than 2 weeks

What is the most important adverse effect of long-term use of stimulant laxatives and saline purgatives? a) Hypertension b) Electrolyte loss

Which electrolyte level is pathologically reduced due to the long-term use of stimulant laxatives and saline purgatives?
a) Sodium b) Magnesium c) Potassium

What is the risk associated with hypokalaemia in patients taking cardiac glycosides?
a) Increased toxicity b) Decreased toxicity

Which type of medication increases the risk of hypokalaemia when used with stimulant laxatives and saline purgatives?
a) Antibiotics b) Diuretics

What is the preferred type of laxative to use in most cases that require prolonged treatment with no risk of habitual constipation? a) Stimulant laxatives b) Saline purgatives c) Osmotic laxatives

What is the main mechanism of action of bulk-forming laxatives? a) Stimulating bowel movements b) Increasing sodium retention c) Swelling in the GI tract

How do bulk-forming laxatives affect the composition of food material in the GI tract?
a) They break down food material b) They provide nutrients to colonic bacteria

Why is bran less useful as a laxative? a) It causes electrolyte loss b) It contains phytic acid

What is the effect of phytic acid on the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals? a) It increases their bioavailability b) It has no effect on their bioavailability c) It reduces their bioavailability

What is lactulose and lactose derived from? a) Wheat b) Soy c) Milk
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How does lactose affect the bacteria in the colon? a) It kills them b) It slows down their growth c) It has no effect on their growthMCQ About Phytotherapy
d) It stimulates their growth

What is the main metabolite of dianthrone glycosides in the colon? A. Rhein anthrone B. Sennoside A

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How do anthranoid drugs act on the intestinal mucosa? A. They inhibit peristalsis of the colon B. They stimulate peristalsis of the colon