Metformin doesn’t produce problem such as lactic acid

Oral Antibiotic drugs act on Type2 diabetes are

Insulin resistance: failure of body cell to response to insulin in endogenous or exogenous insulin

is peptides secreted from Small intestine in response to CHO and stimulate beta cell to release insulin and inhibit glucagon and inhibit appetite and slows gastric emptying

Regular insulin is a short-acting, soluble, crystalline zinc insulin ,Insulin lispro, aspart, and glulisine are classified as rapid-acting insulins.

Modification of the amino acid sequence of regular insulin produces analogs that are short-acting insulins.

Peak levels of insulin lispro are seen at 30 to 90 minutes, as compared with 50 to 120 minutes for regular insulin

Insulin aspart and insulin glulisine have pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties similar to those of insulin lispro

Inhaled insulin is also considered short-acting

Peak levels of inhaled insulin

Regular insulin should be injected subcutaneously 15 minutes before a meal,

rapid-acting insulins are administered in the 15 minutes preceding a meal or within 15 to 20 minutes after starting a meal

Rapid acting insulin suspensions are commonly used in external insulin pumps, and they are suitable for IV administration, although regular insulin is most commonly used when the IV route is needed

NPH insulin is an

NPH insulin should be given subcutaneously (never IV), and intramuscular injection

NPH insulin, insulin glargine, insulin detemir, and insulin degludec are used for basal control and should only be administered

glargine act as long acting insulin

Long acting insulins should not be mixed in the same syringe with other insulins because doing so may alter the pharmacodynamic profile

Standard insulin therapy involves twice daily injections. while intensive treatment utilizes three or more injections

hypoglycemic episodes, coma and seizures is higher with standard treatment

patients on intensive therapy show a significant reduction microvascular complications of diabetes such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy