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“Montha” was proposed by Thailand which is one of the 13 member countries from the 2020 list.

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Prime Minister of India virtually addressed the 22nd India–ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur.

He also announced that 2026 will be celebrated as the “ASEAN–India Year of Maritime Cooperation.

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The Government of India has launched the Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses (2025–31) to boost domestic pulses production, enhance farmer income, and reduce dependence on imports.

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Chief Justice Bhushan Ramakant Gavai has formally recommended Justice Surya Kant, the senior-most Supreme Court judge, to succeed him as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI).

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The aircraft used for the operation took off from Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The entire initiative was led by the Delhi government in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, which provided technical expertise and operational support.

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‘Color’ 🟠 and ‘Flower’ 🌺Revolutions you must know for UPSC Prelims/CAPF/CDS. 📚

1. Orange Revolution 🟠
✔️Ukraine (Nov 2004 - Jan 2005)
✔️ Why? Election of 2004 believed to be rigged
✔️Revolution in favor of Viktor Yushchenko (Orange was his campaign color)
✔️ Result: Election result invalid, repoll, Yushchenko returns are President


2. Tulip Revolution🌷
✔️Kyrgyzstan revolution (to ouster President Askar Akayev)
✔️His family and allies won
✔️Foreign observers: "Election process is flawed"
-✔️Result: Akayev fled to Russia; resigned there

3. Jasmine Revolution🌼
✔️Tunisia (national flower: Jasmine)
✔️In backdrop of unemployment, corruption, inflation, & low pol freedom
✔️A vegetable vendor self immolated after police confiscated his wares
✔️Sparked a youth movement leading to Arab Spring

4. Lotus Revolution
✔️Egypt; on annual police day in 2011 (Jan 25)
✔️Against police brutality
✔️Led to President Hosni Mubarak's ouster with power to army

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✅India is undergoing a rapid demographic transition, with the elderly population (60 years and above) projected to more than double from100 million in 2011 to 230 million by 2036.

✅economy driven by goods & services designed to meet the needs ofthe elderly, typically those over 50 years of age is called silver economy.

✅Southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Himachal Pradesh already have a high number of elderly people, similar to developed countries. Kerala is expected to see its elderly population surge from 13% in 2011 to 23% by 2036, making it the state with the oldest population.

✅Hurricane Melissa is a powerful tropical cyclone that formed over the Caribbean Sea and became the strongest hurricane ever recorded in Jamaica’s history. This was put under category 5 of The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale .

✅ The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) is a 1–5 rating system used to classify hurricanes based on their maximum sustained wind speeds. It estimates potential property damage and impact severity, though it does not account for rainfall or storm surge.

✅For the first time in over five decades, the Delhi government, in collaboration with IIT-Kanpur, has conducted a cloud seeding trial to induce artificial rain and combat the city’s severe air pollution.

✅The experiment involved a Cessna 206H aircraft dispersing flares loaded with seeding material over north and east Delhi.

✅Chemicals Used:
Silver iodide (AgI)
Potassium iodide (KI)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Fail hogya kyuki there was not enough moisture in the clouds

"Dosto, kya aapne kabhi socha hai ki jab do desh aapas mein vyapaar karte hain, toh iske piche kya 'rules' hote hain?

Hamari kahani shuru hoti hai 1930s ke 'gloomy' daur se. Us samay, jab 1929 ka 'Great Depression' aaya, toh har desh ne socha ki woh apne desh ko bachane ke liye 'Protectionism' ka sahara lega. Unhone kya kiya? Imported goods par bhari tax (tariffs) laga diye. Iska sabse bada example tha America ka Smoot-Hawley Act.

Socha yeh gaya tha ki isse domestic industries ko protection milega. Lekin hua ulta. Jab US ne tax lagaya, toh doosre deshon ne bhi badle mein Retaliatory Tariffs laga diye. Is 'trade war' mein global trade tezi se collapse ho gaya. Jab koi bech hi nahi paya, toh sabki economy doob gayi. Yahi woh galti thi jise duniya phir kabhi nahi dohraya chahti thi.

Nayi Shuruaat: GATT aur WTO

Is galti se seekh kar, 1948 mein ek system bana — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), jo aage chal kar World Trade Organization (WTO) bana. Iska ek hi maksad tha: 'Free Trade' ko badhawa dena aur 'Multilateral Framework' ke tahat vyapaar ke niyam banana. WTO ka sabse bada niyam tha ki koi bhi desh 'unilateral' (akela) faisla nahi lega, sab rules ke mutabik chalenge.

Aaj Ka Daur: Trump, Tariffs aur Trade War Ka Phir Khauf

Pichle kuch saalon mein, khaas kar Donald Trump ke daur mein, yeh pura WTO system dabaav mein aa gaya. Trump ne kaha ki WTO ke rules America ke liye 'unfair' hain, aur usne doosre deshon par, khaaskar China par, Section 301 aur Section 232 jaise laws ka use karke tariffs lagane shuru kar diye. Isi ko 'Bilateral Bargaining' ya ek tarah ka 'Neo-Protectionism' kehte hain.

Lekin, is baar yeh trade war 1930s jaisa 'gloomy' roop kyun nahi le raha?

Kyunki Aaj Ki Duniya Badli Hui Hai:

✅Global Value Chains (GVCs): Aaj trade sirf 'A' desh se 'B' desh mein ek finished product ka nahi hota. Aaj GVCs hain. Ek car ke parts 5 alag-alag deshon mein bante hain. Agar US, Vietnam se imported parts par tax lagayega, toh uski apni companies (jo America mein final product bana rahi hain) ko nuksaan hoga. Tariff lagana khud ke pair par kulhadi maarne jaisa hai.

✅Flexible Exchange Rates: 1930s mein 'Gold Standard' tha, jisse currency value fixed thi. Aaj, exchange rates market par aadharit hain. Agar tariff lagta hai, toh exchange rate adjust ho jati hai, jo tariff ke impact ko absorb kar leti hai.

✅Investment over Trade: Aaj desh FDI par jyada focus karte hain, sirf trade par nahi. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Global value chains (GVCs) ke zariye jahan sasta banta hai wahan invest karke produce karte hain, na ki sirf trade par depend karte hain.

Conclusion: Aaj ki 'Interconnected' aur 'Integrated' duniya mein, purane tarah ke tariffs 1930s jaisa devastating effect nahi daal sakte. Lekin, in tariffs se "Geopolitical instability" aur "Trade Uncertainty" zarur badhti hai. Yahi aaj ke Essay/Argument ka core issue hai.

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Ancient India Ultimate Notes by Path to OTA for UPSC/CAPF/CDS/NDA

Complete coverage of Ancient India with PYQs from multiple exams — simplified, concise, and exam-ready!

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Also, checkout the free History Mnemonic Book shared! 🔥

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I don't know if you can appreciate it right now, but you will definitely appreciate it after your exams!!😌 Please do give this notes a try!!

The Southern Command of the Indian Army has initiated the implementation of the Prime Minister’s “JAI Strategy” — Jointness, Atmanirbharta, and Innovation, aligning defence preparedness with the upcoming Tri-Services Exercise ‘Ex Trishul’.(VImp for exam)