🔅Anaphylaxis:
👉is a serious, life-threatening allergic reaction.
▫️The most common anaphylactic reactions are to foods, insect stings, medications and latex.
🔸If you are allergic to a substance, your immune system overreacts to this allergen by releasing chemicals that cause allergy symptoms.
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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👉is a serious, life-threatening allergic reaction.
▫️The most common anaphylactic reactions are to foods, insect stings, medications and latex.
🔸If you are allergic to a substance, your immune system overreacts to this allergen by releasing chemicals that cause allergy symptoms.
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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Hygiene hypothesis which related to type 1 hypersensitivity
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-(early childhood and even prenatal exposure to microbial antigen educates immune system in such way subsequent pathological responses against common environmental substances are prevented)
-thus ,too much hygiene childhood May increased allergies later life...
-for this reason the developed countries have more incident of cases of allergies seem to be related to decrease infections during early life..
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-(early childhood and even prenatal exposure to microbial antigen educates immune system in such way subsequent pathological responses against common environmental substances are prevented)
-thus ,too much hygiene childhood May increased allergies later life...
-for this reason the developed countries have more incident of cases of allergies seem to be related to decrease infections during early life..
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🌺وفقكم الله يامستقبل الاوطان💔
💢 الذي مش مشترك بهذه القنوات يشترك ضروري 👇👇
💢 الذي مش مشترك بهذه القنوات يشترك ضروري 👇👇
🔅Von Willebrand disease (VWD):
👉is a genetic disorder caused by missing or defective von Willebrand factor (VWF), a clotting protein.
🔹
🔹The condition is named after Finnish physician Erik von Willebrand, who first described it in the 1920s.
🔹
🔹It is carried on chromosome 12 and occurs equally in men and women.
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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👉is a genetic disorder caused by missing or defective von Willebrand factor (VWF), a clotting protein.
🔹
VWF binds factor VIII, a key clotting protein, and platelets in blood vessel walls, which help form a platelet plug during the clotting process.🔹The condition is named after Finnish physician Erik von Willebrand, who first described it in the 1920s.
🔹
VWD is the most common bleeding disorder, affecting up to 1% of the US population.🔹It is carried on chromosome 12 and occurs equally in men and women.
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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💠Mechanism of intracellular accumulation:
1)Abnormal metabolism as in fatty change in liver.
2) mutations causing alterations in protein folding and transport so defective molecules accumulate intracellularly.
3)deficiency of critical enzymes responsible for breaking down certain compounds .
4) inability to degrade phagocytosed particles as in carbon pigment accumulation.
________*_________________
1)Abnormal metabolism as in fatty change in liver.
2) mutations causing alterations in protein folding and transport so defective molecules accumulate intracellularly.
3)deficiency of critical enzymes responsible for breaking down certain compounds .
4) inability to degrade phagocytosed particles as in carbon pigment accumulation.
________*_________________
🌸Fat embolism:
👉is a type of embolism in which the embolus consists of fatty material.
🔸They are often caused by physical trauma such as fracture, soft tissue trauma, or burns.
🔸Fat embolism syndrome is distinct from the presence of fat emboli, symptoms usually occur 1–3 days after a traumatic injury and are predominantly:
-pulmonary👉(shortness of breath, hypoxemia).
-neurological 👉(agitation, delirium, or coma).
-dermatological 👉 (petechial rash).
-haematological 👉 (anaemia, low platelets).
🗯The syndrome manifests more frequently in closed fractures of the pelvis or long bones.
🌺👉 @patho9600
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👉is a type of embolism in which the embolus consists of fatty material.
🔸They are often caused by physical trauma such as fracture, soft tissue trauma, or burns.
🔸Fat embolism syndrome is distinct from the presence of fat emboli, symptoms usually occur 1–3 days after a traumatic injury and are predominantly:
-pulmonary👉(shortness of breath, hypoxemia).
-neurological 👉(agitation, delirium, or coma).
-dermatological 👉 (petechial rash).
-haematological 👉 (anaemia, low platelets).
🗯The syndrome manifests more frequently in closed fractures of the pelvis or long bones.
🌺👉 @patho9600
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🌸Rhinitis (coryza):
👉is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose.
▫️Common symptoms:
-stuffy nose.
-runny nose.
-sneezing.
-post-nasal drip.
▫️The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens.
🌺👉 T.me/patho96900
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👉is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose.
▫️Common symptoms:
-stuffy nose.
-runny nose.
-sneezing.
-post-nasal drip.
▫️The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens.
🌺👉 T.me/patho96900
_________________________
🔅Heart valve disease:
👉It can occur due to many causes and conditions, such as infections and other heart conditions.
🔸Heart valve problems may include:
1)Regurgitation:
👉In this condition, the valve flaps don't close properly, causing blood to leak backward in your heart.
This commonly occurs due to valve flaps bulging back, a condition called prolapse.
2)Stenosis:
👉The valve flaps become thick or stiff, and they may fuse together.
This results in a narrowed valve opening and reduced blood flow through the valve.
3)Atresia:
👉The valve isn't formed, and a solid sheet of tissue blocks the blood flow between the heart chambers
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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👉It can occur due to many causes and conditions, such as infections and other heart conditions.
🔸Heart valve problems may include:
1)Regurgitation:
👉In this condition, the valve flaps don't close properly, causing blood to leak backward in your heart.
This commonly occurs due to valve flaps bulging back, a condition called prolapse.
2)Stenosis:
👉The valve flaps become thick or stiff, and they may fuse together.
This results in a narrowed valve opening and reduced blood flow through the valve.
3)Atresia:
👉The valve isn't formed, and a solid sheet of tissue blocks the blood flow between the heart chambers
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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💠Raynaud's phenomenon (RP):
👉 is a disorder resulting in vasospasm, a particular series of discolorations of the fingers and/or the toes after exposure to changes in temperature (cold or hot) or emotional events.
🔹The three-phase color sequence: (white to blue to red), most often upon exposure to cold temperature, is characteristic of
✍..اصيـل البريهـي
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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👉 is a disorder resulting in vasospasm, a particular series of discolorations of the fingers and/or the toes after exposure to changes in temperature (cold or hot) or emotional events.
🔹The three-phase color sequence: (white to blue to red), most often upon exposure to cold temperature, is characteristic of
Raynaud's phenomenon.✍..اصيـل البريهـي
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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Short Textbook of Pathology.pdf
67.2 MB
📕Textbook of Pathology
By Mohammad Inam Danish😍
By Mohammad Inam Danish😍
🔅Refractive error:
👉means that the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image.
🔸The main types of refractive errors are:
-Myopia 👉nearsightedness.
-Hyperopia 👉farsightedness.
-Presbyopia 👉loss of near vision with age.
-Astigmatism.
📩 #اصيل_البريهي
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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👉means that the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image.
🔸The main types of refractive errors are:
-Myopia 👉nearsightedness.
-Hyperopia 👉farsightedness.
-Presbyopia 👉loss of near vision with age.
-Astigmatism.
📩 #اصيل_البريهي
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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🔅Cardiac tamponade:
👉is a clinical syndrome caused by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, resulting in reduced ventricular filling and subsequent hemodynamic compromise.
The condition is a medical emergency, the complications of which include pulmonary edema, shock, and death.
(ملحق صورة لمزيد من التفاصيل اضغط🔺)
🌟👉 T.me/patho9600
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👉is a clinical syndrome caused by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, resulting in reduced ventricular filling and subsequent hemodynamic compromise.
The condition is a medical emergency, the complications of which include pulmonary edema, shock, and death.
(ملحق صورة لمزيد من التفاصيل اضغط🔺)
🌟👉 T.me/patho9600
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💢لماذ نشعر بالغثيان والتقيؤ في حال🤮 السفر ،ماهو دور الجسم فيها
وهل هي عمليه دفاعيه 🤔
ام انها عملية مغلوطه 😎؟؟؟؟👇
👈أشهر الفرضيات التي تشرح لنا سبب حدوث داء الحركة تقول أن داء الحركة هي آلية دفاعية للجسم ضد سموم عصبية.[5] تقوم الباحة المنخفضة (بالإنجليزية: Area postrema) الموجودة في الدماغ بتحفيز عملية التقيؤ عند اكتشاف هذه السموم وأيضا تقوم بتصحيح التضارب في معلومات الحالة الحركية بين العيون والجهاز الدهليزي. عندما نشعر بالحركة ولكن لا نراها (مثال: في سفينة لا نوافذ لها) تقوم الأذن الداخلية بإرسال معلومات للدماغ بأن الجسم يتحرك وفي نفس الوقت تقوم العيون بإرسال معلومات للدماغ بأن كل شيء ثابت ولا وجود لحركة. عندما يحدث هذا التعارض في المعلومات الواصلة للدماغ يتوصل الدماغ إلى نتيجة أن إحداهما (العين أو الأذن الداخلية) قد أصيب بهلوسة ويفترض أن سبب هذه الهلوسة سموم عصبية تم ابتلاعها فيقوم الدماغ بإحداث القيء كي يتخلص من هذه السموم المفترضة.
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وهل هي عمليه دفاعيه 🤔
ام انها عملية مغلوطه 😎؟؟؟؟👇
👈أشهر الفرضيات التي تشرح لنا سبب حدوث داء الحركة تقول أن داء الحركة هي آلية دفاعية للجسم ضد سموم عصبية.[5] تقوم الباحة المنخفضة (بالإنجليزية: Area postrema) الموجودة في الدماغ بتحفيز عملية التقيؤ عند اكتشاف هذه السموم وأيضا تقوم بتصحيح التضارب في معلومات الحالة الحركية بين العيون والجهاز الدهليزي. عندما نشعر بالحركة ولكن لا نراها (مثال: في سفينة لا نوافذ لها) تقوم الأذن الداخلية بإرسال معلومات للدماغ بأن الجسم يتحرك وفي نفس الوقت تقوم العيون بإرسال معلومات للدماغ بأن كل شيء ثابت ولا وجود لحركة. عندما يحدث هذا التعارض في المعلومات الواصلة للدماغ يتوصل الدماغ إلى نتيجة أن إحداهما (العين أو الأذن الداخلية) قد أصيب بهلوسة ويفترض أن سبب هذه الهلوسة سموم عصبية تم ابتلاعها فيقوم الدماغ بإحداث القيء كي يتخلص من هذه السموم المفترضة.
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Sunburn is an acute cutaneous inflammatory reaction that follows excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation (UVR
The principal injury responsible for sunburn is direct damage to DNA by UVR, resulting in inflammation and apoptosis of skin cells.
Sunburn inflammation causes vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels, resulting in the characteristic erythema.
Within an hour of UVR exposure, mast cells release preformed mediators including histamine, serotonin, and tumor necrosis factor, leading to prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis.
Cytokine release additionally contributes to the inflammatory reaction, leading to an infiltrate of neutrophils and T lymphocytes.
Within 2 hours after UV exposure, damage to epidermal skin cells is seen. Both epidermal keratinocytes ("sunburn cells") and Langerhans cells undergo apoptotic changes as a consequence of UVR-induced DNA damage.
🔺ملحق صورة👇👇
The principal injury responsible for sunburn is direct damage to DNA by UVR, resulting in inflammation and apoptosis of skin cells.
Sunburn inflammation causes vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels, resulting in the characteristic erythema.
Within an hour of UVR exposure, mast cells release preformed mediators including histamine, serotonin, and tumor necrosis factor, leading to prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis.
Cytokine release additionally contributes to the inflammatory reaction, leading to an infiltrate of neutrophils and T lymphocytes.
Within 2 hours after UV exposure, damage to epidermal skin cells is seen. Both epidermal keratinocytes ("sunburn cells") and Langerhans cells undergo apoptotic changes as a consequence of UVR-induced DNA damage.
🔺ملحق صورة👇👇
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)
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-it is molecular structure expressed by microbes but not host cell.that may be shared normally in microbes of the same type.
-PAMP May be sugar- protein -lipid-or combination of them.by this PAMP innate immune system can recognize microbe and cand determine the host cell from harmful microbes..
But If Mr.Microbes 🤔deside to prevent expression of this receptor through mutation of genes that responsible for it formation,what will happen? ?
-معنى الكلام انو هناك مستقبلات خاصة بالميكروب يستطيع الجهاز المناعي تمييزها من خلايا الجسم وهي عبارة عن بروتين او دهن او كربوهيدرات او مخلوطهم .طب لو فكر السيد ميكروب انو يمنع تكوين هذي المستقبلات عن طريق انو يفعل طفرة في الجين المسؤول عن تكوينها مالذي سيحصل وهل يمكن ان يتفادى خط الدفاع الأول؟
-the answer (thanks God for that ,this PAMP essential for the survival and infectivity of the microbes it help in formation the cell wall that protects the microbe so
it impossible to microbe without knowing of innate immune system )
-الإجابة هو انه حمدالله الذي جعل حياة الميكروب وعمله مرتبطة بهذا الجين لذا لو فكر السيد ميكروب بأن يمنع تكوين المستقبلات هوا اصلا بيموت قبل أن يهاجم الإنسان. لذلك من المستحيل أن يمر أي ميكروب بدون معرفة الجهاز المناعي...
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-it is molecular structure expressed by microbes but not host cell.that may be shared normally in microbes of the same type.
-PAMP May be sugar- protein -lipid-or combination of them.by this PAMP innate immune system can recognize microbe and cand determine the host cell from harmful microbes..
But If Mr.Microbes 🤔deside to prevent expression of this receptor through mutation of genes that responsible for it formation,what will happen? ?
-معنى الكلام انو هناك مستقبلات خاصة بالميكروب يستطيع الجهاز المناعي تمييزها من خلايا الجسم وهي عبارة عن بروتين او دهن او كربوهيدرات او مخلوطهم .طب لو فكر السيد ميكروب انو يمنع تكوين هذي المستقبلات عن طريق انو يفعل طفرة في الجين المسؤول عن تكوينها مالذي سيحصل وهل يمكن ان يتفادى خط الدفاع الأول؟
-the answer (thanks God for that ,this PAMP essential for the survival and infectivity of the microbes it help in formation the cell wall that protects the microbe so
it impossible to microbe without knowing of innate immune system )
-الإجابة هو انه حمدالله الذي جعل حياة الميكروب وعمله مرتبطة بهذا الجين لذا لو فكر السيد ميكروب بأن يمنع تكوين المستقبلات هوا اصلا بيموت قبل أن يهاجم الإنسان. لذلك من المستحيل أن يمر أي ميكروب بدون معرفة الجهاز المناعي...
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💈Torsades de pointes( TdP):
👉is a uncommon specific type of abnormal heart rhythm that can lead to sudden cardiac death.
🔹It is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that exhibits distinct characteristics on the electrocardiogram (ECG).
🔹Prolongation of the QT interval can increase a person's risk of developing this abnormal heart rhythm.
____
📩 #خـالــد_الجـابـري
#للمشاركة👈 @twaslmedBot
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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👉is a uncommon specific type of abnormal heart rhythm that can lead to sudden cardiac death.
🔹It is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that exhibits distinct characteristics on the electrocardiogram (ECG).
🔹Prolongation of the QT interval can increase a person's risk of developing this abnormal heart rhythm.
____
📩 #خـالــد_الجـابـري
#للمشاركة👈 @twaslmedBot
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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(General concept in cascade reaction )
➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ The cascade of reactions in the pathway can be likened
to a “dance,” in which coagulation factors are passed from one partner to the next.
Each reaction step involves an enzyme (an activated coagulation factor), a substrate (an inactive proenzyme form of a coagulation factor), and a cofactor (a reaction accelerator).
These components are assembled on a negatively charged phospholipid surface, which is provided by activated platelets.
Assembly of reaction complexes also depends on calcium, which binds to γ-carboxylated glutamic acid residues that are present in
factors II, VII, IX, and X.
The enzymatic reactions that
produce γ-carboxylated glutamic acid use vitamin K as a cofactor and are antagonized by drugs such as Coumadin,
a widely used anti-coagulant.
🔅👉 T.me/Patho9600
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➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ The cascade of reactions in the pathway can be likened
to a “dance,” in which coagulation factors are passed from one partner to the next.
Each reaction step involves an enzyme (an activated coagulation factor), a substrate (an inactive proenzyme form of a coagulation factor), and a cofactor (a reaction accelerator).
These components are assembled on a negatively charged phospholipid surface, which is provided by activated platelets.
Assembly of reaction complexes also depends on calcium, which binds to γ-carboxylated glutamic acid residues that are present in
factors II, VII, IX, and X.
The enzymatic reactions that
produce γ-carboxylated glutamic acid use vitamin K as a cofactor and are antagonized by drugs such as Coumadin,
a widely used anti-coagulant.
🔅👉 T.me/Patho9600
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🔅Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM):
__________________
👉Is relatively common disorder Historicaly has been referred toIdiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
🔹HOCM is significant cause of sudden death in young people
🔸etiology of HOCM:
👉HOCM result from mutation In gene thate encode for one Of the nine sacromer protein Such as B_MYOSIN heavy chain _troponine.
🔹The mutation cause structural abnormalities in myofibrel and myocyte thate have the potential to lead to abnormal force generation and conduction abnormalities.
📩 #خـالــد_الجـابـري
#للمشاركة👈 @twaslmedBot
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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__________________
👉Is relatively common disorder Historicaly has been referred toIdiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
🔹HOCM is significant cause of sudden death in young people
🔸etiology of HOCM:
👉HOCM result from mutation In gene thate encode for one Of the nine sacromer protein Such as B_MYOSIN heavy chain _troponine.
🔹The mutation cause structural abnormalities in myofibrel and myocyte thate have the potential to lead to abnormal force generation and conduction abnormalities.
📩 #خـالــد_الجـابـري
#للمشاركة👈 @twaslmedBot
🔅👉 T.me/patho9600
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