..........•● Emphysema ●•...........

#Definition
⁃ Abnormal enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles characterized by destruction of the alveolar septa with little or no fibrosis


#Causes
• Inhalation
• Cigarette smoking and
environmental pollutants
• Infections
• Genetic factors

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Emphysema

#The_white_arrows
Black anthracotic pigmentation

#Microscopic


#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Emphysema

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Wide alveolar space

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Thick walled capillaries

#Note
The Emphysema leads to
- loss of lung parenchyma
- loss of elastic recoil

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Bacterial pneumonia

#The_white_area
Pulmonary consolidation

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Bacterial pneumonia

#The_black_arrow
congested capillaries ( around the alveolar wall )

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Neutrophils

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RBCs

#Note
The congested capillaries ( dilated & filed with RBCs )

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Viral pneumonia

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Interstitial lymphocytic infiltration

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 lung abscess

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Abscess

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Consolidation

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Rough Scarface

#Causes
- complication of sever pneumonia
- from virulent organisms as
• S.aureus
• pneumococci
• klebsiella pneumoniae

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 bacterial pneumonia early abscess

#The_black_arrow
Hemorrhage

#Note
The abscess formation with neutrophils
And the alveolar wall absent

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Tuberculose

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Ten yellow granuloma

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Tuberculosis

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Well defined granulomas

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alveoli

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Tuberculose

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Langhans giant cell

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Tuberculose

#The_white_arrows
Mycobacteria Tuberculosis ( Acid fast bacilli )

#Note
The Mycobacteria stain by Z.N.S and appears as red rodsz

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Pulmonary embolism

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Thromboembolus

#Note
This embolism displays an irregular surface and pale tan areas admixed with dark red areas

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Pulmonary embolism

#The_black_arrows
Hemorrhage
الذي تقدر تمييزها بوجود الـ RBCs

#The_white_arrow
Thromboembolus

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Bronchiectasis

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Dilated bronchi

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Dilated bronchi with purulent mucus

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Bronchiectasis

#The_black_star
Necrotizing inflammation

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Alveoli

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Bronchi

🌸 Chronic Bronchitis

🌸 Bronchogenic carcinoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- adenocarcinoma
- large cell carcinoma
- small cell carcinoma

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Squamous cell carcinoma

#The_black_star
Pale white to tan mass

#The_white_arrows
Anthracotic pigment ( emphysema in the tumor )

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 well differentiation squamous cell carcinoma

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Kératinisation pearls

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Nest cell

#Note
When the kératinisation is large the squamous cell carcinoma is well differentiation
small 👉🏻 mild differentiation
absent 👉🏻 undifferentiated

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 squamous cell carcinoma ( undifferentiated due to the kératinisation pearls absent )