#GROSS

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Normal cerebral cortex


#The_black_arrows
Neurons
Large nuclei with prominent nucleoli

#The_red_arrows
Oligodendrocyte
Small hyperchrmatic nuclei with clear cytoplasm

#The_blue_arrows
Astrocyte
Start or elongated or triangle

#The_brown_area
Microglial cell
Nucleus elongated

#GROSS

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Normal white matter


#The_black_arrows
Axon

#The_blue_arrows
Oligodendrocyte

#The_red_arrows
Microglia

#The_white_arrow
Astrocyte

CEREBRAL INFRACTION
Due to sever ischemia

𑁍 THE FEATURES
• In the first day
- Neurons cells shrunken (pyknotic) with eosinophilic cytoplasm ( red Neurons


• from first day to third day
- Neurons cells without nucleus
- Neutrophils infiltration in the parenchyma
- Neutrophils attack eosinophilic neurons
- Cuff of neutrophils around and within Blood vessels


• from sixth day to seventh day
- Foamy macrophages engulf the necrotic cells and debris

• After twelfth day
Occurs Gliosis with increase of Astrocytes
(non functional)

#GROSS

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Cerebral infarct
After 2 weeks


#The_black_arrow
Liquefactive necrosis
Due to Ischemia

#The_White_arrow
Oil hole (cystic spaces) with hemorrhage

#MICROSCOPIC

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Cerebral infarct (Acute hypoxic-ischemic injury)
In first day


#The_black_arrows
Glial cells

#The_blue_arrows
Neurons
- Eosinphilic cytoplasm
- Shrinkage of the nucleus (pyknosis)

#Type_of_stain
HE
In ischemia the cells cytoplasm ➪ eosinphilic due to protein denaturation

#MICROSCOPIC

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Cerebral infarct
1-3 days


#The_black_arrows
Neutrophils attack red neurons

#The_white_arrows
Neutrophils infiltration

#The_red_arrows
clusters of erythrocytes

#The_blue_arrows
Neurons without nucleus

#The_black_star
Cuff of neutrophils around and within Blood vessels

#MICROSCOPIC

#Diagnosis 👉🏻  Cerebral infarct
6-7 days


#The_black_arrows
Foamy macrophages

#MICROSCOPIC

#Diagnosis 👉🏻  Cerebral infarct
After twelfth day

#GROSS

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Intracranial hemorrhage

#The_white_arrow
Hemorrhage
In the basal ganglia
non-traumatic and caused by hypertension

#GROSS

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Intracranial hemorrhage


#The_white_arrow
Hemorrhage
In the basal ganglia
non-traumatic and caused by hypertension

VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
Inflammation in the brain due to viral infection such as HSV


✫Microscopic description
- Cuffs of lymphocyte infiltration around blood vessels
- Microglial nodule

#GROSS

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Viral Encephalitis
(Herbes Encephalitis)


#The_black_arrow
Hemorrhage

#MICROSCOPIC

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Herbes encephalitis


#The_blue_arrows
Lymphocyte

#The_white_arrows
Microglia

#the_red_area
Microglia nodule

#MICROSCOPIC

#Diagnosis 👉🏻  Herpes encephalitis


#The_white_arrow
Perivascular cuffs of lymphocyte

#MICROSCOPIC

#Diagnosis 👉🏻  Herpes encephalitis


#The_bule_arrows
Perivascular cuffs of lymphocyte

#GROSS

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 congenital cytomegalovirus


#The_black_arrow
Periventricular calcification (chalky white)

#MICROSCOPIC

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 congenital cytomegalovirus


#The_black_arrows
Large glial cell (cytomegalic)

#The_white_arrows
Hemorrhage

ACUTE BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
( septic meningitis )

✫Gross description
- tan yellow exudate
- Congestive and dilated blood vessels
- Obscures the sulci


✫Microscopic description
- Neutrophils
- Congestive and dilated blood vessels