خليفه 👆🏻
#reproductive

Renal Stones ( Urolithiasis)

لنتعرف أولاً على أشهر الأمراض التي تُصيب الكِلى ألا وهو التحّصـي البولـي🤓

⚫️ Def. : is calculus formation at any level in the urinary collecting system, but most aften calculi arise in the kidney.
بمعنى تكون حصى في أي مستوى من الجهاز البولي والذي غالباً ما يكون في الكِلـى🧐

*وهل تعرفون من هم الغالبية العُظمى من المصابين؟
غالباً ما يكونون من الرجال البالغين 70 عاماً من العمر🥸


⚫️ Pathogenesis :

*There are three major types of renal stones:
1)Calcium oxalate or calcium oxalate mixed with calcium phosphate ( 80% ) due to : a) absorptive hypercalciuria
b) renal hypercalciuria

2)Magnesium ammonium phosphate "struvite1" ( 10% ) due to persistently alkaline urine resulting from UTIs.

3)Uric acid or cystine stones ( 6% _ 9%) due to Gout and diseases involving rapid cell turnover & defect in renal transport of cystine.


⚫️ Risk Factors :
شيءٌ مهم جداً يجب أن نتنبه إليه وهو العوامل التي قد تعرّضك للإصابة بالتحصّي الكلوي وهي 🤯 :
1)High amount of stone substance in blood :
   *Hypercalcemia
   *Hyperuricemia
2)Low urine volume :
    *Usually from dehydration
    *Increases con. of urine substances
3)In general, hydration lower risk of stones

⚫️ Morphology :

* Most commonly are Unilateral (80%)
* Common sites : renal pelvis and calyces and the bladder
* Staghorn calculi : large radiopaque urinary stone that fills the entire renal pelvis and calyces


⚫️ Clinical Features :

1) Large stones : usually asymptomatic
2) Smaller stones : manifest as renal or ureteral colic and gross hematuria .

#قسم_الباثو
#اللجنة_العلمية_للدفعة_الخامسة
#patho_in_Clinic

〄 A 54-year-old male, who is a chronic bidi smoker, presented with a painless ulceroproliferative growth over the glans penis of 6 months’ duration.

The examination revealed an exophytic growth over the glans penis measuring 3 × 2 cm over the superior aspect of the glans and under the surface of the prepuce (Figure 3).

Dermoscopy showed white structureless area, white clods, blood spots, erosion, and polymorphic vessels

Histopathology in this case was consistent with moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

The definitive diagnosis of this condition is...

1\lymphomas

2\cryptorchidism

3\scc of penis.

4\Germ cell testicular neoplasm

@Patho_5th_bot

تفريغات سامح غازي 👌🏻✨🤩

🔘تشخيص الحالة

🔵 Squamous cell carcinoma of penis

🔹- the most common neoplasm in penile, more than 95%

🔹-Most cases occur in uncircumcised patients(males) older than 40 years of age.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
✎factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis:

1-poor hygiene
2-smoking
3-infection with HPV.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
⭐️Squamous cell carcinomaممكن  تكون ↓↓
1- in situ.
2-invasive.

✨Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis
وتسمى ←(Bowen disease)

➱occurs in older uncircumcised males

✎ appears grossly as:

➱ a solitary plaque on the shaft of the penis.


✎Histologic examination:

reveals dysplastic cells throughout the epidermis with no invasion of the underlying stroma 


💡ملاحظة:
☆ It gives rise to invasive squamous cell carcinoma in 
approximately 10% of patients.


✨Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

✎ appears as: 

➱a gray, crusted, papular lesion,

➱most commonly on the 
glans penis or prepuce.

In many cases, infiltration of the underlying connective tissue produces an indurated, ulcerated lesion with irregular margins .


✎Histologically,

the tumor is most often a typical keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma.

💡Notes:

❐ The prognosis is related to the stage of the tumor.

❐With localized lesions, the 5-year survival rate is 66%,

❐ whereas metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes carries a grim 27% 5-year survival rate.
_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-


💫 Verrucous carcinoma

is a non-HPV related variant of squamous cell carcinoma

✎characterized by:

➱papillary architecture,

➱virtually no cytologic atypia,

➱ and rounded, pushing deep 
margins.

💡كملاحظة:
Verrucous carcinomas are locally invasive but do 
not metastasize.

-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-
▫️كيفية تشخيص الcancers of penis بشكل عام..
1-present of ulcers in penis
(tip, head, or glans)

2-swelling in the tip of the penis

3-sometimes there is difficulty of passing of urine.

▫️ولمعرفة ال stage of this cancer :
1)MRI
2)ST scan
3)PET scan

_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
▫️عندما ينتشر السرطان الى الأعضاء المجاورة او البعيدة او  LN ↓↓

➱Chemotherapy
➱radiotherapy

▫️if the cancer extend   whole of the penis ➱ surgery remove  of the penis  (penectomy)




والسلام عليكم 🤍🦋

#قسم_الباثو
#اللجنة_العلمية_للدفعة_الخامسة
#patho_in_Clinic

Clinical case:

A 37-year-old primigravida with unknown last menstrual period and 20 weeks gestation by ultrasound presented with a history of headache, fever, vomiting and new-onset of convulsions. At the time of her admission the full blood count instrument at our hospital was out of service. A rapid blood test for malaria was positive. After an initial blood pressure of 164/127 and 3+ proteinuria on urinary dipstick?
She has malaria, so what's your prediction about illness's progression in this case???

@Patho_5th_bot

مرحبا بكم جميعا إلى فقرتنا المعتادة:

سنتحدث اليوم عن الحالة السابقة ألا وهي toxic of pregnancy

ونبدا على بركة الله:

● Def:
يشار إلى هذه الحالة المرضية على أنها عبارة عن hypertension مصحوب ب
proteinuria and edema
في الثلث الثالث من الحمل، وتصاب به ما يقارب من 5 إلى 10% من النساء الحوامل حول العالم وخصوصا اذا حدث الحمل فوق عمر 35 سنة.

● Pathogenesis:
_ طبعا إليه حدوث هذه الحالات المرضية للنساء غير معروفة إلا أن هناك قاسم مشترك فيما بينهم ألا وهو عدم تدفق دم الأم بشكل كافي إلى المشيمة نتيجة ل
inadequate remodeling of the spiral arteries of the uteroplacental vascular bed.
حيث تصبح الشرايين أكثر تضيقا فيقلل من تدفق الدم مما يؤدي إلى
placental hypoxia, placental dysfunction, and the altered release of circulating factors that regulate angiogenesis.

_ وطبعا لوحظ ارتفاع نسب
○ anti-angiogenic factors soluble Flt1 (sFlt1).
○ soluble endoglin (sEng)

وانخفاض مستوى
proangiogenic factors, such as VEGF
وهذا يفسر الضرر الوظيفي للأنسجة الدموية.
وبالأخير أدى إلى:
• Placental infarction.
• Hypercoagulability.
• End-organ failure.
• Hypertension:
ناتج عن نقص vasodilators مثل
prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2
وزيادة إفراز vasoconstrictor مثل thromboxane A2.

● Morphology:
1) Infarction.
2) Retroplacental hemorrhages.
3) Premature maturation of placental villi.
4) Fibrinoid necrosis and focal accumulation of lipid-containing macrophages (acute atherosis) of decidual vessels.

وشكرا

#قسم_الباثو
#اللجنة_العلمية_للدفعة_الخامسة
#patho_in_Clinic

Clinical case:

A 31-year-old woman presented for dermatological evaluation because of a seven-month history of skin changes in her left breast. She had given birth 8 months before and noticed an induration and asymmetry of her breasts one month after delivery. She complained to her gynecologist but the alterations were misinterpreted due to breastfeeding. She had no personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer.

On physical examination her left breast was smaller and edema, erythema, induration and peau d'orange were observed. Left axillary adenopathies were palpable.

Molecular analysis showed that the tumor was ER-negative (estrogen receptors), PR-negative (progesterone receptors) and HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-type 2)-positive (3+)


What's your suggestion about which type of breast cancer is it??


@Patho_5th_bot

مقارنة رهيبه جدا👌🏻✨🤩 بين أنواع ال

nephrotic_and_nephritic_syndrome#

#عمل_عائشة_الرفاعي
#عمل_سماح_العزاني
#قسم_الباثو
#اللجنة_العلمية_للدفعة_الخامسة

اصحاب اعلى معدل أجابت صحيحه هذا الاسبوع🤩👌🏻
من فقرة
#patho_in_Clinic
للبلك
#Urogenital

هم👌🏻✨🤩







Mood person 🖤                       4

Eman Alazky                             3

Bashaer Al-Huthaifi                 4
                                        


#patho_in_Clinic
#قسم_الباثو
#اللجنة_العلمية_للدفعة_الخامسة