#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 esophageal fibrosis


#The_black_arrow 👉🏻 Stratified squamous epithelium

#The_white_arrows 👉🏻 remaining of muscles

#The_black_star 👉🏻 Collagen ( fibrosis )
ويلي تظره باللون الازرق مع minimal lymphocytic infiltrate

#The_stain
trichrome stain

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Hiatal hernia

#Type I 👉🏻 sliding hiatal hernia
هذا النوع يسبب GERD يوجد بنسبه 95%

#Type II 👉🏻 paraesophageal hiatal hernia
هذا النوع لا يحصل فيه GERD وهو خطير لانه بيحصل فيه necrosis وربما يتحول إلى سرطان ويوجد بنسبة 5%

#Type III 👉🏻 mixed hiatal hernia

#Type IV 👉🏻 mixed with intestine
والذي يكون بسبب ضعف في الحجاب الحاجز ، بسبب trauma او بسبب قصر في المرئ

#Radiographs

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 paraesophageal hiatal hernia

A 👉🏻 esophageal Normal
B 👉🏻 esophageal achalasia

achalasia is failure to relaxation of cardiac sphincter

#Causes_of_achalasia
- 1ry 👉🏻 idiopathic
- 2ry 👉🏻 diabetic 👇🏻
والذي يعمل مشاكل في الاعصاب
- Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi

#Treatment
- myotomy
- balloon dilatation

#Endoscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 esophageal varices

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 esophageal varices


#The_black_arrow
Inflammatory cells infiltration ( Neutrophiles )

#The_white_arrow
Hemorragia

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Herpes esophagitis


#The_white_arrow
Ulceration that have a brown red base

⭕️ NOTE
These ulcerations have a “punched-out” appearance

#Clinical_features
- dysphagia
- rarely causes bleeding or obstruction

#Endoscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 candida Esophagitis


#The_white_arrow
grayish white pseudomembrane or plaque

#Clinical_features
- dysphagia
- odynophagia
- rarely cause hemorrhage or obstruction

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Candida esophagitis


#The_white_arrow
Tan yellow plaques

#The_black_arrows
- mucosa is
- erythematous
- edematous
- ulcerated or friable ("cottage cheese" esophagus)

#Gross

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Barretts esophagus


#The_white_arrows
Island of reddish metaplastic mucosa

metaplastic 👉🏻 from squamous to columnar

#The_causes
Chronic GERD


⭕️ NOTE
Ulceration may occur with bleeding and pain ; inflammation with stricture may ensue.

A
#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Normal esophagus

#The_white_arrow
normal white squamous mucosa

B
#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Barretts esophagus

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Barretts esophagus


#The_black_arrow
columnar epithelium ( abnormal )

#The_white_arrows
goblet cells in the columnar mucosa

#The_blue_arrow
Squamous epithelium ( normal )

#Microscopic

#Diagnosis 👉🏻 Barretts esophagus


#The_blue_arrow
columnar epithelium ( abnormal )

#The_green_arrow
goblet cells

#The_black_arrow
Squamous epithelium ( normal )