صح كثرت الأسئلة 😅 بس لاحظت أن حتى بعض الأمسيكيوات تبي حفظ كيف الشورت فحتساعدكم ان شاء الله على كل حال~
و تقدروا تختصروهن أو تشوفوا المهم بالنسبة لكم و ان شاء الله نلقوا نفس الأسئلة اللي قريناها~

من الخاص:
بنقولك في blood دكتورة قالت مرات تجيب شورت نوت مقارنه بين heparin و warfarin

وال CNS جزئية دكتورة نيروز قالت استخدامات فقط ي اما استخدامات Benzodiazepin أو استخدامات المورفين بسسسس قالت مش هنجيب شورت نوت غيرهن
قالت ال side effect مهمات مع ذكر السبب يعني ممكن تجي explain why

MOA of sitagliptin (SN)

شكرا لكل من دز و نبه عالنقاط المهمة في ميزان حسناتكم 🙏🏻🤍

ANTIVIRAL (SN)

❕write MOA of acyclovir?*
(require 3 phosphorylation steps)
1. inhibits viral DNA synthesis
2. competitive inhibitor with deoxy GTP for viral DNA polymerase
3. bind to template (irreversible) > chain termination

❕write MOA and A/E of zidovudine?
▫️converted to triphosphate by thymidine kinase
▫️incorporate into chain of viral DNA > chain termination
1. myelosuppresion
2. headache insomnia anxiety
3. hyperpigmentation of nail - myopathy

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ANTIFUNGAL (SN)

❕write MOA of amphotericin B?*
1. binds to ergosterol and alters permeability by forming pores
2. allows leakage of ions > cell death

❕list A/E of amphotericin B?**
1. fever chills
2. renal impairment (due to decrease GFR)
3. hypotension (shock with hypokalemia)
4. anemia (due to reduced erythropoietin production)

*pharmacokinetics of fluconazole* mcq مهم

*imidazoles & triazoles* مهم الفروقات بيناتهن

❕list A/E of griseofulvin?
1. headache vomiting diarrhea
2. photosensitivity peripheral neuritis
3. hepatotoxicity
4. coumarin anticoagulant activity altered

ANTICANCER (SN)

❕write MOA of alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide)?*
1. work by covalent binding of alkyl group to guanine
2. cross link DNA in intra strand & inter strand manner > interrupt DNA replication

❕write MOA of cytotoxic antibiotics (doxorubicin)?*
1. intercalate with DNA base pairs causing breakage of DNA
2. inhibit enzyme topoisomerase II > damage - apoptosis

❕write MOA of trastuzumab?*
1. binds to HER2 > inhibit signaling + activation
2. activate ADCC

❕list A/E of anticancer drugs?**
1. bome marrow suppression
2. damages lining of the mouth and intestines > bacteria enter blood
3. nausea vomiting
4. temporary hair loss
5. rashes - sterility
6. peripheral neuropathy - ototoxicity
7. tumor lysis syndrome > arrhythmia - seizures - acute kidney failure - death

EXPLAIN PART

CNS

❗explain why BZDs cause antergrade amnesia?
▫️b/c events are not transformed from short term memory to long term memory

❗explain why long acting BZDs are not used in sleep disorders?
▫️to prevent day time sedation

❗explain why barbiturates cause more hangover?
▫️b/c marked reduction in REM - stage 3, 4 NREM

❗explain why barbiturates CI in acute intermittent porphyria?
▫️b/c increase heme synthesis

❗explain why methadone and buprenorphine are used in detoxification of addicts?
▫️b/c it has lower dependance and abuse potential - long duration of action

❗explain why pethedine is preferred during labor?
▫️b/c it has less respiratory depression in neonates and does not delay labor

❗explain why pethedine should not be used in chronic pain?
▫️b/c less potent rapid and shorter duration

❗explain why fentanyl is preferred in anaesthesia?
▫️b/c strong analgesic and sedation in preanesthesia
induce and maintain anesthesia

❗explain why remifentanyl induces less ventilatory depression than morphine?
▫️b/c ultra short acting metabolized by blood and tissue esterase

❗explain why naltrexone is used in management of chronic opioid toxicity while naloxone is used in acute?
▫️b/c naltrexone: decrease craving for opioids after weeks
naloxone: works within 2 min only

❗explain why morphine CI with BPH?
▫️b/c cause urine retention

❗explain why morphine CI in bilary colic?
▫️b/c cause contraction of the gall and constriction of sphinctor

❗explain why NO used in combination with oxygen?
▫️b/c it moves quickly and retard oxygen uptake during recovery causing diffusional hypoxia

❗explain why local anesthetic less effective when they are injected into infected tissues?
▫️b/c low PH favors charged form with less neutral base available for diffusion across membrane

❗explain why epinephrine is added to LA?
▫️b/c it's VC > increase duration and reduce systemic absorption and toxicity

❗epenpherine should not be administrated in areas as fingers and toes?
▫️b/c it may cause ischemia - necrosis

❗explain why allergy to one type of ester means allergy to all?
▫️because PABA is the allergic metabolite produced by all esters

❗explain why monotherapy is preferred in anti epileptic drugs?
▫️b/c they are either enzyme inducers or enzyme inhibitors

❗explain why use of phenytoin is limited?
▫️due to: 1. irregular bioavailability
2. saturation kinetics unpredictable serum lvl.
3. drug interaction if combined

❗explain why barbiturates and BZDs are not 1st choice agents in ttt of epilepsy?
▫️due to sedation and tolerance

❗explain how optimization of L-dopa therapy could be achieved by it's combination with peripheral dopa carboxylase inhibitors?
▫️b/c does not cross BBB > increase lvl. of dopamine and decrease peripheral side effects

❗Levodopa cause fluctuation in response (on - off phenomena)?
1. decrease sensitivity of D receptors
2. fluctuation in L-dopa plasma (short half life)
* corrected by giving drug holidays (3-21 days)

❗explain why pyridoxine should be avoided in parkinsonism pt. using L-dopa?
▫️b/c vit. B6 enhance activity of dopa decarboxylase and increase peripheral metabolism of L-dopa

❗explain why low protein diet is advised in parkinson?
▫️b/c protein to interfere with how levodopa is absorbed on the body

❗explain why non ergot DA agonist (pramipexil) are preferable to ergots in ttt of parkinson?
▫️b/c ergot alkaloids cause VC - urine retraction and stim. central D receptor

❗explain why lithium not used with loop diuretics?
▫️b/c it competes with Na for tubular reabsorption
Na depletion > increase lithium reabsorption > increase serum lithium > toxicity

❗TCAs and antidepressants should be used cautiosly in bipolar disorder?
▫️b/c antidepressants may cause a switch to manic behaviour

ENDOCRINE (explain why)

❗️explain why long acting insulin not used?
▫️due to delayed onset (no control PP hyperglycemia) and long duration (hypoglycemia)

❗️explain why oral hypoglycemics not used with type I DM?
▫️b/c depends on presence of functioning Beta cells

❗️explain why insulin release decreased when hypokalemia?
▫️b/c it needs K for depolarization

❗️explain why sulfonylurea increase insulin release?
▫️b/c close ATP sensitive K ch.

❗️explain why in severe renal - liver ds. stress - pregnancy insulin and not oral antidiabetics must be used?
▫️b/c oral hypoglycemics are not approved by the FDA (teratogenic)
▫️b/c is removed from circulation by liver and kidney

❗️explain why metformin is CI in renal - liver failure and in severe hypoxia?
▫️b/c 1. it acc. increase risk of lactic acidosis
2. hepatic metabolism of lactic acid is impaired
3. lactic acidosis reduces drug elimination or reduces tissue oxygenation

❗️explain why miglitol cause inflammatory bowel ds.?
▫️b/c acc. of undigested carb. which may cause gas and distention

-------------------------------------------------
❗️explain why methimazole is prefered to propylthiouracil for ttt hyperthyroidism?
▫️b/c it has lower risk of serious liver injury and can be administered once daily

❗️explain why propylthiouracil is preferred to methimazole during pregnancy?
▫️b/c more strongly protein bound crosses placenta less readily

❗️explain why iodide should not be used alone and for long period?
▫️because the gland will escape from the iodide block in 2-8 weeks

-------------------------------------------------
❗️explain why natural sex hormones are not used clinically?
▫️b/c it undergoes 1st pass metabolism

❗️explain why rifampicin decreases the efficact of oral contraceptives?
▫️b/c it is a hepatic inducer increase metabolism of contraceptives

❗️explain why contraceptives fail when use antibiotics?
▫️b/c antibiotics kill bacteria and estrogen is hydrolyzed in intestine by bacteria so decrease it's effect

❗️explain why progestins are added to oestrogen in contraceptive pills?
▫️b/c together decrease endometrium glycogen as to discourage implantation and make cervical mucus
or Unopposed Estrogen predisposes to Endometrial Carcinoma

-------------------------------------------------
❗️explain why steroids are used in stress - cerebral edema - hypercalcemia?
▫️b/c prevents acute adrenal crisis

▫️decrease swelling - hotness - pain

▫️decrease Ca in bl. - bone by decrease activation of vit. D in liver

❗️why not give NSAIDs with glucocorticoids?
▫️to avoid peltic ulcer

❗️mouth wash after each steroid inhalation?
▫️to prevent candidiasis

-------------------------------------------------
❗️explain why bisphosphonates (alendronate) is taken while sitting & with full glass of water?
▫️b/c cause gastric and esophageal irritation

ASTHMA (explain why)

❗explain why SABA agonists are 1st choice bronchodilators?
▫️rapidly effective safe inexpensive

❗explain why inhaled LABA have to be combined with corticosteroids and not to be given alone as controllers?
▫️b/c their anti inf. effect is insignificant and bronchodilator effect mask progressive asthma severity (+mortality)

❗explain the use of adrenaline in bronchial asthma and why it's replaced by selective beta 2?
▫️b/c short duration
▫️non selective: a) beta 1 effect > tachy
b) alpha effect > increase BP

❗explain advantage of tiotropium over ipratopium?
▫️not ass. with tolerance

❗explain why theophylline is considered 2nd line drug in asthma?
▫️b/c 1. require drug monitoring
2. narrow safety margin
3. drug interactions

❗explain why leukotriene antagonists are drug of choice for control of aspirin induced asthma?
▫️due to LTs production from arachidonic acid through LOX pathway following blockade of COX by aspirin

❗explain why LT antagonist are preffered in children?
▫️b/c it's oral easier than inhalation and well tolerated

❗explain why status asthmaticus is refractory to the usual line of ttt?
▫️due to down regulation of beta R - mucous plug -acidosis

GIT (explain why)

❗proton pump inhibitors have short half life acid inhibition last up to 24 hours?
▫️b/c of irreversible inactivation of the proton pump at least 18 hrs for synthesis of new H/K ATPase

❗explain why Al hydroxide and Mg are most commonly used antacid?
▫️no CO2 release or systemic alkalosis
▫️used combined to neutrilize effects of each other

❗explain why antacids should be cautiously used in elderly & renal impairment?
▫️chelate phosphates > induce osteomalacia encephalopathy Alzheimer cns depression

❗explain why misoprostol is rarely used?
▫️b/c it needs frequent stim. (4 times daily)

❗antacids should not be given within 2 hrs of doses?
▫️b/c effect absorption of other drugs by binding or increasing gastric PH

ANTIFUNGAL (explain why)

❗amphotericin B is selective in fungicidal effect?
▫️b/c it diff. b/w lipid composition of fungi and mammalian

❗drug interaction is less common with fluconazole?
▫️b/c has the least effect of all azole on hepatic enzyme interaction

❗nystatin is limited to topical ttt only?
▫️b/c narrow spectrum and no absorption from GIT

ان شاء الله كملت تنزيل جزئية الشورت نوت و الإكسبلاين اللي بعد الجزئي~
إكسبلاين CVS نزلتها مسبقا في القناة مثبت مع اهم نقاطها~

يفضل الantibiotic في نقاط مهمة نزلتها زميلتنا في قناتها بارك الله فيها 👇

أهم نقاط ال antibiotic ⁉️⁉️💡💡🧠

تركيزات الجامعة والمهم في ال Antibiotics ❤️.