أما طريقة تشخيص ال 2 type يكون صعب لان اعراضه خفيفة بسبب الhyperglycwmia
تكون mild ولكن بعد مرور سنوات راح يصير عنده micro and macrovasular complication وغالبا ما يكونون عدهم زياده بالوزن 💚.

هاي معلومات عامه خلصت وعليها تقريب ٤ اسئله وزاري🫥

التشخيص

HbA1C > 6.5%

!!FPG > 125

OGTT > 200

Random (SMBG) > 200



اما target


HbA1C <7

FPG <130

PPG <180

انواع الانسولين🫥

مختصر السكر نوع type one




طريقة الاعطاء مال انسولين نقسم الجرعة 50% لل Basal insulin و 50% للbolus insulin

اما بطريقه intensive insuiln regimens يكون حقنه واحده long acting insulin
هنا مااستخدم NPH و3حقن من bouls insulin
Short or rapid action


بطريقة ال Standard insulin تكون حقنتين ، الحقنة الوحدة تحتوي

NPH + Short or Rapid acting

اذا ما وصلنا للتاركت مال PPG اقل من 180 هنا راح نضيف Amyline analog كمساعد


نقيس السكر دائما بال SMBG او CGM

اعراض نزول السكر ما يبين او مكاعد يوصل المريض للتاركت نستخدم CGM افضل


اذا الشخص صار عنده نزول بالسكر من جوا ال 70 لل 55 نستخدمله

15 gram of fast-acting carbohydrates

وترجع نقيس و را ربع ساعة اذا ما وصل لل 70 نرجع ننطي 15 غرام ثانية.



الشخص صار عنده نزول بالسكر اقل من 55 او اغمى عليه ننطي

IV glucose or glucagon

ومن ننطي ننيمه على جانب و ننزل راسه حتى من يتقيئ ما يختنق. 🥲🥲🥲.

#صناعيةنظري ملخص الاجهزة بجابتر ال milling

Cutter mill

Mechanism of milling: cutting

Uses: For fibrous materials

Note: Close system

Roller mill

Mechanism of milling: compression and shearing action and attrition in some rollers

Uses: For ointments, pastes and suspensions by attrition mechanism

Hammer mill

Mechanism of milling: Impact

Uses: For dry materials, wet filter cakes, ointments, slurries and granulation

Notes:

- Close system

- Produce irregular shape not free flowable

Ball mill

Mechanism of milling: At low speed attrition at high speed impact

Uses: Wet and dry milling
Sterile milling of ophthalmic and parenteral products
Milling of hard and abrasive materials

Note: It’s batch or continuous operation but mostly batch

Fluid energy mill

Mechanism of milling: Attrition

Uses: For powder below few micrometers

مُلخص چابتر #mixing

Fluid mixing

1) Impellers:

A) Propellers

Example: solution

Type of flow: primarily axial but tangential flow also can occur

Note: They are most effective when they run at high speeds in liquids of relatively low viscosity

B) Turbines

Example: suspensions, emulsions

Type of flow: radial, tangential and axial

Note: Used for fluids of 1000 times viscous.
Vortexing occurs commonly in turbines

C) Paddles

Example: Ointment

Type of flow: Primarily tangential but axial and radial can also occurs

Note: Run at low speeds of 50 rpm or less.
Can also use for semisolids

2) Air jets

Note: The liquids must be of low viscosity, non foaming, non volatile and non reactive with the gas

3) Fluid jets

Note: They behave like propellers and they have axial flow but not tangential flow

Kneaders for semi-solids (pastes)

1) Sigma-blade-mixer

Note: Can be use for solids mixing
Have counter rotating blades
The blades rotates tangentially with speed ratio of about 2:1
Effective in distribution of particles as well as de-aggregation

2) Planetary mixer

Note: Have double rotation reduces dead zones and avoid vortex formation
Can also use for solids

3) Mulling mixers

Note: Efficient for deaggregation of particles not for distribution

4) Roller mills

Note: Composed of hard, abrasion-resistant material

Solid mixing

Batch

1) Tumblers/ blenders

Note: Most common type is twin- shell blender
Mechanism of mixing is bulk transport and shear
Depends on speed of rotation

2) Agitator mixer

example Ribbon mixer

Note: Contain helical blades
Contain stationary container don’t depend on gravity
Use for wetted solids in sticky or plastic state

Continuous mixers

1) Barrel type

Note: The material mixed under tumbling motion

2) Zig-zag blender

Note: Consist of V shaped blenders connected in series

Blendex

Note: Used for both continuous and batch mixing for solids without particle size reduction and heat generation

⚪️ Mixing :

🔵Positive: spontaneous, irreversible
Eg: two gases or two miscible liquids .

⚪️Negative: more difficult to form & maintain
Eg: two phase systems: emulsion , suspension , cream .

🔵Neutral: mixing ❌ , de mixing ❌
Unless no external energy input.
Eg: powders , pastes , ointments.

🔴Mechanisms ;
_ bulk transport
_ turbulent mixing
_laminar mixing
_molecular diffusion.

🔵Equipment:
1⃣ tank or container
2⃣supplying energy
3⃣ vessels, baffles , vanes and duct .

For liquid material :
🦋Impeller classified as
1⃣propellers
2⃣turbines
3⃣paddles


🔴Flow patterns :
1⃣radial
2⃣Axial or longitudinal
3⃣tangential

🩵propellers :
_Multithreaded screw
_Three blades commonly
_pitch approximately equal to diameter.
_ low viscosity liquid
_Tangential & axial flow



🩵turbines :
_Don't have constant pitch
_90° angle
_radial (centrifugal action) , turbines (axial discharge).
_Use for 1000 time viscous fluids .


🩵Paddles:
_ Low speeds 50 rpm
_Their blades have ⬆️surface area.
_For viscous liquid & semisolids
_Tangential & axial & radial



💙continuous mixer :
Tube or chamber
For good mixing: vanes , baffles , screws , grind .

💙Kneaders :

1⃣Sigma blade mixer
2⃣Planetary
ثنينهم ح يستخدمون لل عندهم cohesive or adhesive عاليةة
🦋Planetary
⬇️Dead zones
❌Vortex formation



3⃣Mulling mixer : shearing, smearing, blending , kneading.

4⃣Rolling mills.

🔵low Viscosity :
_ generate a high degree of turbulence.
_viscosity of approximately 10 poises
_These requirements are satisfied by airjets, fluid jets, and the high-speed propellers .


⚪️Intermediate viscosity:
_emulsion + suspension
_ Use of laminar + molecular diffusion .


🔵High viscosity:
_ointment
_By shear action of two surfaces & different velocities
_Achived by paddle mixers

🔵Sigma blade & Muller mixer ues for thicker pastes & plastic masses.

⚪️Agitators mixer
Eg : Rabbon mixer

🔵continuous mixer for solids
Eg : barrel & zig _ zag

السلام عليكم
اريد ملخصات مثل هاي لباقي الجابترات اذا عدكم يا ريت تدزولي
طالع دور ثاني بالصناعية ومحتاج مثل هيج ملخصات كلش....

محاضرة الـــــSterilization
معدلة .. مترجمة .. موضحة .. عليها ملاحظات (ما بين الــ"") ..
تفيد الذين درسوا على دكتور احمد هاشم) ..
مع حدود الــــ19 سؤال أُجتذرت من محاضرات د احمد هاشم و وباقي الأسئلة من دكتورنا ..

نسألكم الدعاء ..
وفقكم الله .. وخفف عنكم

محاضرة الـــــMilling
معدلة .. مترجمة .. موضحة ..
مع 50 سؤال .. وسيتم رفع كل ما نجده من اسئلة من الجامعات الاخرى في التعليقات ان شاء الله ..

نسألكم الدعاء ..
وفقكم الله ..

شغلات مهمه بالـmixing تكدرون تراجعونها هنا