Here is the content you provided, organized and presented in English only:


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Non-Thermal Drying Methods

Expression

Extraction

Absorption

Adsorption

Desiccation



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Psychrometry Basics

Psychrometry determines vapor concentration and carrying capacity of gas.

Water vapor in a gas = humidity.

CDE curve = saturation humidity = 100% RH.

FCA = 78 grains water/pound dry air.

Dew point (60°F) = temperature at which air is fully saturated.

GK = 50% relative humidity.

Wet-bulb temperature = equilibrium between heat and moisture transfer; measured by a thermometer with a wet wick.

Dry-bulb temperature = actual air temperature; measured by a standard thermometer.



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Drying Theory

Based on heat and mass transfer.

Driving force for heat transfer = temperature differential.



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Evaporation & Diffusion Rates

Rate of evaporation:


Rate of diffusion:


Heat transfer methods: convection, radiation, conduction.



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How to Increase Drying Rate

Convection: increase air flow rate, raise inlet air temperature.

Radiation: increase radiation rate.

Conduction: reduce material thickness.

Air velocity: increase to boost mass transfer coefficient.

Dehumidification: lower RH to increase humidity gradient.



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Moisture Expression in Solids

Based on wet weight or dry weight.

LOD (Loss on Drying) = (wet weight) * 100%

MC (Moisture Content) = (dry weight) * 100%



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Drying Phases

Initial (A-B): Heating = Cooling

Point B: Surface moisture only

Constant Rate (B-C): Evaporation = Diffusion

Critical Moisture (C): Dry spots appear; drying rate drops

First Falling Rate (C-D): Drying slows down

Second Critical Point (D): Diffusion-limited drying

Second Falling Rate (D-E): Rapid drop in drying rate

Equilibrium Moisture (E): Zero drying rate; temp and moisture constant



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Solids Drying

Crystalline solids: Easy to dry

Amorphous solids: Hard to dry

Dryers classified by heat transfer method or sample handling



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Drying Methods & Applications

Turbo vs. Tunnel: Turbo is faster due to continuous exposure to air.

Partially suspended in gas stream: Fluidized

Used for granular materials: Fluidized

Granules in fluidized bed are neither wet nor dry: Prevent cracking

Produces spherical, free-flowing particles: Fluidized

High and uniform drying rate: Fluidized (uniform heat exposure)

Used for fluids: Spray drying

Spray dryin, Congealing : penumatic dryer

For heat-sensitive materials; used in tablets & capsules: Spray drying

For taste masking & sustained-release: Chilling spray

High speed & temperature, short time: Flash Dryers

Uses lyophilization/sublimation: Freeze drying

Used for plasma, blood, vaccines: Freeze drying


Flash dryer: It consists of Freez +microwave
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Freeze Drying Details

Pre-freezing: Avoid foam formation

Rotary pumps: Reduce pressure

Primary drying: Remove unbound water via sublimation (latent heat)

Secondary drying: Remove bound water



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Microwave Drying

Converts energy to internal heat

Offers rapid heat and drying

Turns moisture into vapor (not liquid)

Does not depend on mass concentration gradients or slow liquid diffusion
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Static_Bed
tray
bulk motion no particles movement
exposed surface

--#drying


🙂‍↔️👇🏻

A) Static-Bed System Dryers (Tray)
b) Moving-Bed System Dryers (Turbo-Tray)
C) Fluidized-Bed System Dryers
D) Pneumatic dryers It consists of 🙂‍↔️👇
Spray congealing
Flash Dryers
Spray Drye



مهمات

Fluidized bed dryer has --------than static bed dryer.
A- Rapid heat and mass transfe


non movement of the solid particles

Tray dryer

🔹الأرقام اللي تخص جابتر الميلنك والدراينك

🔸Coarse / size large 20-mesh

🔸intermediate / 20-200mesh
(74-840) micron

🔸Fine for particles /smaller than 200 - mesh

🔸Hammer mill used for
granulation (16-mesh) ,miling crystalline (120-mesh)

🔸Cutter mill

Horizontal rotor with 2 to 12 knives
Turning from 200 to 900

🔸Roller mile / two to five smooth roller

Two cylindrical rolls mounted horizontally

🔸Hammer Miill / using high speed rotor(10.000 rpm )
Size reduction of 20-40

🔸Fluid energy mill
At pressure of 100 to 150 pound per square inch (psi)

🔸Moisture content/more than 5%water hinder comminution and produce a sticky mass
🔸Greater than 50% / slurry or
fluid suspension

🔹جابتر الدراينك

🔺Moving bed system / rotating slowly at ( 0.1 to 1.0 ) rpm

🔺Flash dryer / velocity 3000-6000 at temperature / 300-1300 air stream

🔺Pre - freezing below or at -20 C
#drying
#milling

هسه نجي نحچي شلون نختار الفلتر المناسب!
أول شي راح احدد الهدف من هايه العملية
. *يا اما انريد sterilizing filtration
هنا لازم تكون size مالت pore 0.2
*يا اما انريد clarification
هنا لتزم نستخدم
* plate and frame filter *woven-fiber filter.

زين هسه شلون راح نختار حجم pore

هنا لازم يكون size مالت proe أصغر من أصغر particle نريد نزيلها .

شلون راح احسب filtration surface area
*filter medium
*pore size
*required flow rate
*pressure differentials

هسه اذ كانت viscosity مالت liquid تختلف عن viscosity مالت water شنو راح اسوي!
راح اقسم water flow rate ع viscosity مالت liquid
ليش انسوي هيج
ع مود نحصل ع approximate intial flow rate لل liquid

ب pharmaceutical requirement ما راح نستخدم نوع واحد من filter ليش
صيدلي الصناعي لازم يحقق شنو
يحقق balance بين شنو
*filter media
*equipment capabilities
*slurry characteristics
*quality specification for the final product
ومرات راح نستخدم batch filter وراح يكون يا اما
*surface
*depth filtration

FILTER SELECTION

هذا درخ طلاب
كله مهم ووزاري
كل اله وعملهه
والمن تستخدم

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Sterile Products – Pharmacy Questions (English Only)

1. Which materials are used as chelating agents?


2. Which materials are used as antioxidants (blocking type)?


3. At what pH is atropine stable?


4. What is the droplet size range of an emulsion?


5. What are the methods used to prepare a depot formulation?


6. List materials used as protein stabilizers.


7. What is the maximum volume allowed for:

Intramuscular (IM) injection?

Intraspinal injection?



8. What are the factors affecting drug absorption?


9. Why can't suspensions be given intravenously (IV)?


10. Which dosage forms must be isotonic?


11. Which dosage forms are not required to be pyrogen-free?


12. What is the particle size of a suspension?


13. Which type of glass has the highest chemical resistance?


14. Which type of glass is used for dry powder packaging?


15. Which dosage forms require a leak test?


16. What are the symptoms of exposure to pyrogens? (Common exam question)


17. Which filter is used for strong alcoholic solutions? (Common exam question)


18. Which filter is used for weak alcoholic, oily, and aqueous solutions?


19. What is the standard (stock) test for sterile products?


20. Which dosage forms do not require a leak test?


21. Which has more resistance: glass or plastic?


22. What tests are used to evaluate the resistance of glass?


23. What are the properties of plastics used in packaging?


24. Name non-electrolyte substances used to make solutions isotonic.


25. Which materials are used as synergistic antioxidants?


26. What is the solvent used for testosterone?


27. Testosterone K1 is stable with what?


28. What are the properties required in ophthalmic preparations?


29. Which dosage forms are not absorbed?


30. What are the disadvantages of using glass containers?




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#sterile

Q47: How do sigma-blade mixers operate? 🌚

A: They use counter-rotating blades that knead and shear high-viscosity masses.

Q48: What is unique about a planetary mixer? 🥹

A: Double rotation — element rotates around the container and itself, reducing dead
zones.
Q49: What type of mixing do
mulling mixers provide?🙂‍↔️

A: Kneading, shearing, smearing, and blending, resulting in uniform physical and
chemical structure.

Q50: What is the limitation of mulling mixers? 🙂

A: They are inefficient at uniformly distributing particles in the whole mass.

Roller Mills
Q51: How do roller mills work in mixing? ☝🏻

A: Material passes between rollers rotating at different rates, causing crushing and
shearing.

Q52: Which roller mill type is preferred? 💪
A: Three-roller mills.

Q53: What happens when a small amount of liquid is mixed with a large amount of
solid? 👻

A: The liquid coats the particles; if sticking occurs, paste mixers are used.

Q54: What type of equipment is used if solids remain free-flowing? 🐛

A: Solids mixing equipment.🫂

مهمات ال Mixing ، سويناها بطريقة ال Flash cards
هذه الطريقه عالميه ب قرايه معتمده ب UK and USA تسهل عليكم حفظ الماده وفهمها بسرعه
+
الملف يحوي اسئله مرشحه و وزاريه مهمات جداً

منا ذني