مهمات كلش بخصوص مادة الصناعية الرابع



Non-thermal Methods (Cold sterilization
Aseptic processing
FORMULATIONSO ophthalmic Preparation
@ppharma9
MECHANISMS OF FILTRATION
Barrel Type Continuous Mixer
Batch mixing



https://t.me/ppharma9

spray drying?😏

Drying heat-sensitive materials, changing the physical form of materials, and encapsulating

materials can spray dryers handle?
Fluid materials🤪


stage of freeze drying does sublimation occur?
pre freez😉



Which drying method is most suitable for drying heat-sensitive materials?
Freeze❤️

Here is the content you provided, organized and presented in English only:


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Non-Thermal Drying Methods

Expression

Extraction

Absorption

Adsorption

Desiccation



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Psychrometry Basics

Psychrometry determines vapor concentration and carrying capacity of gas.

Water vapor in a gas = humidity.

CDE curve = saturation humidity = 100% RH.

FCA = 78 grains water/pound dry air.

Dew point (60°F) = temperature at which air is fully saturated.

GK = 50% relative humidity.

Wet-bulb temperature = equilibrium between heat and moisture transfer; measured by a thermometer with a wet wick.

Dry-bulb temperature = actual air temperature; measured by a standard thermometer.



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Drying Theory

Based on heat and mass transfer.

Driving force for heat transfer = temperature differential.



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Evaporation & Diffusion Rates

Rate of evaporation:


Rate of diffusion:


Heat transfer methods: convection, radiation, conduction.



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How to Increase Drying Rate

Convection: increase air flow rate, raise inlet air temperature.

Radiation: increase radiation rate.

Conduction: reduce material thickness.

Air velocity: increase to boost mass transfer coefficient.

Dehumidification: lower RH to increase humidity gradient.



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Moisture Expression in Solids

Based on wet weight or dry weight.

LOD (Loss on Drying) = (wet weight) * 100%

MC (Moisture Content) = (dry weight) * 100%



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Drying Phases

Initial (A-B): Heating = Cooling

Point B: Surface moisture only

Constant Rate (B-C): Evaporation = Diffusion

Critical Moisture (C): Dry spots appear; drying rate drops

First Falling Rate (C-D): Drying slows down

Second Critical Point (D): Diffusion-limited drying

Second Falling Rate (D-E): Rapid drop in drying rate

Equilibrium Moisture (E): Zero drying rate; temp and moisture constant



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Solids Drying

Crystalline solids: Easy to dry

Amorphous solids: Hard to dry

Dryers classified by heat transfer method or sample handling



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Drying Methods & Applications

Turbo vs. Tunnel: Turbo is faster due to continuous exposure to air.

Partially suspended in gas stream: Fluidized

Used for granular materials: Fluidized

Granules in fluidized bed are neither wet nor dry: Prevent cracking

Produces spherical, free-flowing particles: Fluidized

High and uniform drying rate: Fluidized (uniform heat exposure)

Used for fluids: Spray drying

Spray dryin, Congealing : penumatic dryer

For heat-sensitive materials; used in tablets & capsules: Spray drying

For taste masking & sustained-release: Chilling spray

High speed & temperature, short time: Flash Dryers

Uses lyophilization/sublimation: Freeze drying

Used for plasma, blood, vaccines: Freeze drying


Flash dryer: It consists of Freez +microwave
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Freeze Drying Details

Pre-freezing: Avoid foam formation

Rotary pumps: Reduce pressure

Primary drying: Remove unbound water via sublimation (latent heat)

Secondary drying: Remove bound water



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Microwave Drying

Converts energy to internal heat

Offers rapid heat and drying

Turns moisture into vapor (not liquid)

Does not depend on mass concentration gradients or slow liquid diffusion
__


Static_Bed
tray
bulk motion no particles movement
exposed surface

--#drying


🙂‍↔️👇🏻

A) Static-Bed System Dryers (Tray)
b) Moving-Bed System Dryers (Turbo-Tray)
C) Fluidized-Bed System Dryers
D) Pneumatic dryers It consists of 🙂‍↔️👇
Spray congealing
Flash Dryers
Spray Drye



مهمات

Fluidized bed dryer has --------than static bed dryer.
A- Rapid heat and mass transfe


non movement of the solid particles

Tray dryer

🔹الأرقام اللي تخص جابتر الميلنك والدراينك

🔸Coarse / size large 20-mesh

🔸intermediate / 20-200mesh
(74-840) micron

🔸Fine for particles /smaller than 200 - mesh

🔸Hammer mill used for
granulation (16-mesh) ,miling crystalline (120-mesh)

🔸Cutter mill

Horizontal rotor with 2 to 12 knives
Turning from 200 to 900

🔸Roller mile / two to five smooth roller

Two cylindrical rolls mounted horizontally

🔸Hammer Miill / using high speed rotor(10.000 rpm )
Size reduction of 20-40

🔸Fluid energy mill
At pressure of 100 to 150 pound per square inch (psi)

🔸Moisture content/more than 5%water hinder comminution and produce a sticky mass
🔸Greater than 50% / slurry or
fluid suspension

🔹جابتر الدراينك

🔺Moving bed system / rotating slowly at ( 0.1 to 1.0 ) rpm

🔺Flash dryer / velocity 3000-6000 at temperature / 300-1300 air stream

🔺Pre - freezing below or at -20 C
#drying
#milling

هسه نجي نحچي شلون نختار الفلتر المناسب!
أول شي راح احدد الهدف من هايه العملية
. *يا اما انريد sterilizing filtration
هنا لازم تكون size مالت pore 0.2
*يا اما انريد clarification
هنا لتزم نستخدم
* plate and frame filter *woven-fiber filter.

زين هسه شلون راح نختار حجم pore

هنا لازم يكون size مالت proe أصغر من أصغر particle نريد نزيلها .

شلون راح احسب filtration surface area
*filter medium
*pore size
*required flow rate
*pressure differentials

هسه اذ كانت viscosity مالت liquid تختلف عن viscosity مالت water شنو راح اسوي!
راح اقسم water flow rate ع viscosity مالت liquid
ليش انسوي هيج
ع مود نحصل ع approximate intial flow rate لل liquid

ب pharmaceutical requirement ما راح نستخدم نوع واحد من filter ليش
صيدلي الصناعي لازم يحقق شنو
يحقق balance بين شنو
*filter media
*equipment capabilities
*slurry characteristics
*quality specification for the final product
ومرات راح نستخدم batch filter وراح يكون يا اما
*surface
*depth filtration

FILTER SELECTION

هذا درخ طلاب
كله مهم ووزاري
كل اله وعملهه
والمن تستخدم