‏ڪل ما ترجوهُ آتٍ ، إنَّ خيرَ اللهِ مقبل🦋✨️

ال side effects المميزة من NSAID إلى Diabetes

Salicylism (mild toxicity of salicylate ) →mental confusion , dizziness,
tinnitus, hyperventilation confusion ,



Severe toxicity of salicylate → Restlessness, delirium, hallucinations, convulsions, coma , respiratory and metabolic acidosis, respiratory failure




Methotrexate → acute pneumonia-like syndrome, Cytopenias , mucusal ulceration



Hydroxychloroquine → skin discolouration+ eruption



Leflunomide →flu-like syndrome , weight loss , alopecia, hypokalemia



Sulfasalazine → leukopenia



Adalimumab → agranulocytosis


Abatacept → upper respiratory infection


Tocilizumab+ sarilumab → hyperlipidemia, neutropenia, hypertension



Colchicine → myopathy, neutropenia, aplastic anemia, {alopecia( also hydroxychloroquine)}



Biosphonates → osteonecrosis of jaw , atypical femur fracture ,



Denosumab → Hypocalcemia , also osteonecrosis of jaw , atypical femur fracture ,


Relaxofene → leg cramps, venous thromboembolism



Teriparatide , abaloparide → hypercalcaemia , orthostatic hypotension, osteosarcoma

https://t.me/Quizpharmcy

#Antiinflammation
#DMARDs

هو اكو نمط ديجيبون منه الي هو يذكرون جملة least likely يعني ميصير ننطي
او يكول poor choice
ذني كلمتين بدل except او بدل should not give

يارب نجاوب😪

#صناعية
#filtartion
#mixing
#milling
#sterile
#sterilization
#clarification
#drying

DRYING

شنو الطرق الي تكون Non-thermal اجفف بيها المادة ؟

expression - extraction- absorption-adsorption-desiccation


💠Psychrometry determines = vapor concentration and carrying capacity of gas

💠water vapor in a gas = humidity of the gas.

💠CDE curve = saturation humidity = 100% RH

💠FCA = 78 grains water/pound dry air

💠Dew point C (60°F) = temperature at which air becomes completely saturated with moisture

💠GK = 50% relative humidity

💠wet –bulb temperature= equilibrium of heat transfer between air-liquid.

💠Wet-bulb temperature= measured by thermometer (bulb is covered by wick saturated with water).

💠Dry-bulb temperature= actual air temperature= measured by ordinary thermometer.

💠Theory of dry = heat and mass transfer

💠driving force for heat transfer = temperature differential.


💠rate of evaporation = dW/dϴ=q/ƛ

💠rate of diffusion = dW/dϴ=k A(Hs-Hg)

💠rate of heat transfer include = convection,
radiation and conduction

شلون اسرع معدل التجفيف ؟

- convection= increasing the air flow rate and by raising the inlet air temperature.

- rate of radiation

-rate of conduction = increased by reducing the thickness

-Increasing the air velocity= increasing
the coefficient of mass

- Dehumidifying= increase the humidity differential = low relative humidity

شلون اعبر عن الرطوبة بالمادة الصلبة ؟

ج/ wet weight or dry-weight.

💠LOD = wet weight * 100%

💠MC = dry-weight * 100%

💠initial = A-B , Heating rate=Cooling rate

💠temperature stabilized = B= moisture film at the surface

💠constant rate= BC , Evaporation rate= Diffusion rate

💠critical moisture content= C = no more moisture is replaced and dry spot appears = Drying rate falls off


💠first falling rate = C-D= Drying falls steadily

💠second critical point=D= Drying rate
depends on diffusion rate

💠second falling rate = D-E = drying rate falls rapidly.

💠equilibrium moisture = E + drying rate=Zero + temperature and moisture content remain constant.


💠crystalline solids = easily drying

💠amorphous solids = difficult drying

💠Dryers can be classified based on = method of heat transfer or method of sample
handling

ليش turbo يكون اسرع من tunnel ؟

ج/ لان راح يتعرض بشكل continuous للهواء

ياطريقة تكون partially suspended in the gas stream ؟

Fluidized

ياطريقة استعملها لل granular ؟

Fluidized

ليش granules بطريقة Fluidized تكون لاجافة ولارطبة ؟

ج/ علمود اتجنب cracking

ياطريقة تنطيني جزيئات تكون spherical free- flowing ؟

Fluidized

ليش طريقة Fluidized تنطيني معدل تجفيف عالي وثابت ؟

لان كل اسطح الجزيئات راح تكون معرضة للحرارة بشكل موحد يعني محاطة بالحرارة بكل مكان

ياطريقة استخدمها لل fluid؟

Spray

ياطريقة تفيدني للمواد الحساسة للحرارة وتفيدني بصناعة tab و capsule ؟

Spray

ياطريقة استخدمها حتى اخفي الطعم المر و اصنع sustained-release ؟

Chilling spray

ياطريقة استخدم بيها سرعة وحرارة عالية حيل وتكون short-time ؟

Flash Dryers

ياطريقة استخدم بيها lyophilization, or sublimation ؟

Freeze

ياطريقة استخدمها للبلازما والدم واللقاحات؟

Freeze

ليش اسوي Pre-freezing ؟

حتى اتجنب تكوين الرغوه

ليش استعمل Rotary pumps بطريقة الفريز ؟

علمو اقلل الضغط

ياستيج احول بيها latent heat بالتسامي إلى بخار واتخلص من unbound water؟

Primary drying

ياستيج اتخلص بي من bound water ؟

Secondary drying

ياطريقة استخدم بيها energy وتتحول إلى internal heat ؟

Microwave

ياطريقة تنطيني rapid heat transfer و rapid drying ؟

Microwave

ياطريقة تكون بيها الرطوبة vapor بدل liquid ؟

Microwave

على شنو مايعتمد Microwave؟

mass concentration gradients or on slow liquid diffusion rate

Membrane Ultrafiltration section of Chapter 4: Clarification:


---

Membrane Ultrafiltration – MCQs

Q1: What type of separation does ultrafiltration perform?
A. Thermal separation
B. Molecular separation
C. Density separation
D. Electrical separation
Answer: B


---

Q2: Ultrafiltration membranes primarily retain:
A. Ions
B. Particulates
C. Macromolecules
D. Water
Answer: C


---

Q3: Which of the following passes through an ultrafiltration membrane?
A. Proteins
B. Macromolecules
C. Solvent and small molecules
D. Bacteria
Answer: C


---

Q4: What is a key difference between microfiltration and ultrafiltration?
A. Ultrafiltration is less selective
B. Microfiltration removes molecules
C. Ultrafiltration removes bacteria
D. Microfiltration removes particulates, ultrafiltration separates molecules
Answer: D


---

Q5: The separation ability of ultrafiltration membranes is determined by:
A. Filter thickness
B. Surface tension
C. Molecular weight cut-off
D. Pore density
Answer: C


---

Q6: Which of the following is not retained by an ultrafiltration membrane?
A. Immunoglobulins
B. Proteins
C. Viruses
D. Water
Answer: D


---

Q7: Which method is used to apply pressure in ultrafiltration?
A. Centrifugal force
B. Hydraulic press
C. External pump pressure
D. Thermal gradient
Answer: C


---

Q8: What is one of the most important pharmaceutical uses of ultrafiltration?
A. Water purification
B. Removal of color
C. Removal of pyrogens
D. Extraction of oils
Answer: C


---

Q9: Ultrafiltration is particularly suitable for:
A. Non-polar solvents
B. Heat-labile products
C. Dry powders
D. Oil-based formulations
Answer: B


---

Q10: In pharmaceutical applications, ultrafiltration is used to recover:
A. Alcohols and acids
B. Sugars and salts
C. Antibiotics and hormones
D. Glass beads and pigments
Answer: C


---

Q11: Ultrafiltration can separate two solutes based on:
A. Their melting point
B. Their boiling point
C. Their molecular size
D. Their solubility in water
Answer: C


---

Q12: Which of the following is not an application of ultrafiltration?
A. Separation of cells
B. Clarification of solutions
C. Removal of particles >10 μm
D. Recovery of vitamins
Answer: C



---

Q14: Which type of molecules are held back by ultrafiltration membranes?
A. Small solvent molecules
B. Gases
C. Macromolecules
D. Ions
Answer: C


---

Q15: What is a common use of ultrafiltration before using conventional recovery techniques?
A. Increase pressure
B. Remove pyrogens
C. Remove low-molecular-weight contaminants
D. Add preservatives
Answer: b
#clarification

Clarification:



Integrity Testing – MCQs

Q1: What is the main purpose of integrity testing in filtration systems?
A. To improve the flavor of the filtrate
B. To test filter weight
C. To verify functional performance and detect failures
D. To accelerate filtration speed
Answer: C


---

Q2: Integrity testing is especially important for:
A. Water purification
B. Crystallization steps
C. Sterilization filtration
D. Solvent evaporation
Answer: C


---

Q3: What type of test is the integrity test considered?
A. Destructive
B. Non-repeatable
C. Nondestructive
D. Mechanical
Answer: C


---

Q4: What does the bubble point test directly measure?
A. Filter thickness
B. Largest pore size in the filter
C. Pressure loss in tubing
D. Amount of filtrate
Answer: B


---

Q5: Failure to maintain the rated pressure during the bubble point test indicates:
A. Proper sealing
B. Strong membrane
C. Inefficient membrane or improper assembly
D. Faster filtration
Answer: C


---

Q6: The diffusion test is most appropriate for which type of system?
A. Manual filters
B. Low-pressure filters
C. High-volume, multi-cartridge systems
D. Household filters
Answer: C


---

Q7: What does the diffusion test measure?
A. Temperature drop
B. Color change in filtrate
C. Volume of air passing through a wet filter
D. Number of particles in filtrate
Answer: C

#clarification
---

أشياء مهمة بال #mixing

Ficks low of diffusion:
Diffusion depend on viscosity and size of molecules diffusio

Danckwert describe degree of mixing (quality of randomnes or goodness of mixing)
عن طريق شنو وصفهن؟!
Scale and intensity of segregation
النتيجة وشدة الفصل
Scale expressed عبرو عنهة بطريقتين
Linear=average diameter of lump
Volume =average lump volume

💜اما شدة فتقيس variation in composition

اكو أشياء انتبهوا عليهة ب air jet

*intimate mixing generated by air jet

* عندة draft tube

Fluid jet :
يستخدمون بي nozzles


Continuous mixing:
يكون غير منقطع uninterrupted و يستخدم للكميات الكبيرة large volume. صفحة ١٥

#لمن عدنة سائل low viscosity او مقدار اللزوجة حوالي 10 poise

نستخدم air jet و fluid jet و high speed impeller المقصود ال propeller هذا الحجي لمن عدنة mono phase .صفحة ١٨



#اما بحالة polyphase
اذا low viscosity نحتاج high shear و هذا شي نحققة لمن نمرر سائل ب orifice تحت ضغط عالي او عن طريق تحريك سائل بسرعة ويكون ب contact وية سطح الالة

اما بحالة high viscous fluid مثل ointment ف efficiently dispersed يتحقق عن طريق shearing action of 2 surface نحطهم ب close proximity ونحركهم بسرع مختلفة different velocities
الألة الي نستخدمهة لل high viscous بحالة polyphase ال paddles mixer لان reduce globule size و induce sufficient circulation of material to ensure efficiently mixing. صفحة ١٩


اما في حالة عندي solid liquid system مثل العجينة paste or dough نستخدم العجانات kneaders خصوصا sigma blade mixer or.
heavy arm.صفحة ٢٠


Planetary mixer
ميزة مالتة double rotation ف reduce dead zone و avoid vortex formation. صفحة ٢١


Mulling mixer
يستخدم للمواد الي سبق مخلوطة وبيهة تكتلات بس
Suitable mixing previously مخلوطة سابقاً but containing aggregates of solid. صفحة ٢٢ اول ٣ اسطر


Roller mills
يستخدم لمن عدنة small volume of liquid كمية قليلة من سائل تحتاج mixed وية large quantity of solid. صفحة ٢٤ اول سطر تابع للroller mill


اذا نريد precision blending مزج دقيق نستخدم twin shell و double cone. هاي المعلومة بصفحة ٣٣ اول سطرين


الأجهزة الي نستخدمهة لفك ال agglomerates تحتاج high shear (intensification) هاي المعلومة بصفحة ٣٣ اخر ٣ اسطر

هذا الجدول مهم

أشياء مهمة ب #milling

💜Hooks law (stress direct proportional to strain)

♥️Youngs modulus (slope of linear portion expressesيعبر عن stiffnes or softness مال مواد صلبة بوحدة dynes per centmeter)

اذن من يجيبلي امسكيو انو dyne/(cm) 2شنو تقيس؟!!!! اكلة softness or stiffnes of solid


هذا stress-strain يصير non linear مو خطي عند ال yield point
#شنو فائدة ال yield point ➡️تقيس مقاومة تغير بالشكل resistance to permanent deformation

ب greater stress نوصل لمرحلة
irreversible plastic deformation
يعني المادة بعد مترجع لاصلهة elastic لا حتبقة ثابتة plastic
من يجي امسكيو ب greater stress شيصير نكلة irreversible plastic deformation

اخر شي عدنة ال area under curve
هاي تعبر عن represent ➡️energy of fracture
Measure تقيس ➡️impact stength of material قوة تأثر المادة يعني بشنو حتتأثر

Filtration – Sterile/Aseptic Operations:


---

1. Why is filtration used in sterile pharmaceutical operations?
A. To improve color and taste
B. To reduce viscosity
C. To clarify and sterilize heat-labile solutions
D. To dissolve active ingredients
Answer: C


---

2. What is the typical porosity rating for membrane filters used in sterile filtrations?
A. 1.0 μm
B. 0.8 μm
C. 0.45 or 0.2 μm
D. 0.05 μm
Answer: C


---

3. Why is a pre-filter used before membrane filtration?
A. To reduce cost
B. To speed up the filtration
C. To remove colloidal matter and extend filter life
D. To heat the solution
Answer: C


---

4. When does the FDA allow the use of 0.45 μm filters in sterile filtration?
A. For all intravenous solutions
B. Only for dry powder formulations
C. For colloidal solutions where 0.2 μm filters clog rapidly
D. For solutions containing alcohol
Answer: C


---

5. Which types of products may be directly filtered through membranes without pre-treatment?
A. Protein-rich emulsions
B. Heat-labile oils
C. Ophthalmic and intravenous aqueous solutions
D. Powder suspensions
Answer: C


---

6. What is the main purpose of centrifugation or conventional filtration before membrane filtration of some liquids?
A. To sterilize the solution completely
B. To increase the temperature
C. To remove gross contamination
D. To mix the solution thoroughly
Answer: C


---

7. What type of filtration process is preferred for sterile filtration to avoid contamination?
A. Gravity filtration
B. Vacuum filtration
C. Pressure filtration
D. Magnetic filtration
Answer: C


---

8. What is a risk of using vacuum in sterile filtration?
A. It causes membrane melting
B. It can pull bacteria in through leaky joints
C. It reduces porosity
D. It blocks air flow
Answer: B




9. What is a key challenge when selecting filters for sterile operations?
A. Availability of plastic housings
B. Temperature control
C. The sterility requirement imposes strict limitations
D. pH variation in solutions
Answer: C


---

10. Why do membrane filters clog rapidly at 0.2 or 0.45 μm porosity?
A. Because they absorb moisture
B. Due to large pore size
C. Due to fine particulate and colloidal matter
D. Because they are too thin
Answer: C


---

11. In serial filtration, which unit must be sterile?
A. All units must be sterile
B. Only the first unit
C. Only the final unit
D. Sterility is not required
Answer: C


---

12. What increases the reliability of the total sterile filtration process?
A. Adding preservatives
B. High-speed stirring
C. Minimal contamination in prior steps
D. Using thicker membranes
Answer: C


---

13. What gases are commonly filtered in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
A. Oxygen and helium
B. Hydrogen and methane
C. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide
D. Ammonia and sulfur dioxide
Answer: C


---

14. Why should filtration be placed as close as possible to the point of use or final packaging?
A. To reduce the need for electricity
B. To simplify documentation
C. To minimize contamination risk
D. To increase viscosity
Answer: C

15. What kind of formulations require pre-treatment like centrifugation before sterile filtration?
A. Simple sugar solutions
B. Aqueous eye drops
C. Heat-labile oils and protein-containing liquids
D. Alcohol-based disinfectants
Answer: C


---#clarification 😭👇👇🫀💔