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Forwarded from ๐–ฌ๐–พ๐–ฝ๐—‚๐–ผ๐–บ๐—… ๐–ต๐–บ๐—…๐—…๐–พ๐—’แต‰โฟแตˆ-ยฒโฐยฒโถ (ุนูŽู€ู€ู„ูู€ู€ูŠ ุงู„ู€ู€ุฏู‘ูŽุฑูŽุงุฌูู€ู€ูŠ)
โญ•๏ธุœ
ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ RA ูˆุดฺฏุฏ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ู… ู…ู‡ู…ุงุงุงุงุงุช ุฌุฏู‹ุง

Adalimumab โžก๏ธ weekly
or every other week

Certolizumab โžก๏ธ every 2 w

Etanercept โžก๏ธ once weekly

Golimumab โžก๏ธ once a month

Infliximab โžก๏ธ every 8 w

Abatacept โžก๏ธ every 4 w

Rituximab โžก๏ธ every 16โ€“24 w

Tocilizumab โžก๏ธ every 2 w
also IV every 4 w

Sarilumab โžก๏ธ every 2 w

#phamra_theroy@MedicalValley2
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Forwarded from ๐–ฌ๐–พ๐–ฝ๐—‚๐–ผ๐–บ๐—… ๐–ต๐–บ๐—…๐—…๐–พ๐—’แต‰โฟแตˆ-ยฒโฐยฒโถ (ุนูŽู€ู€ู„ูู€ู€ูŠ ุงู„ู€ู€ุฏู‘ูŽุฑูŽุงุฌูู€ู€ูŠ)
โญ•๏ธุœ
ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ bisphosphonates ู„ุนู„ุงุฌ OP ูˆุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุญุธุงุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง

"Alendronate"
if oral tab โฉ daily or weekly
if effervescent โฉ weekly

"Ibandronate"
if oral tab โฉ daily or monthly
if intravenous โฉ every 3 month

"Risedronate"
if oral tab โฉ daily,weekly, or monthly
if oral delayed-release tab โฉ weekly

"Zoledronic acid"
intravenous โฉ yearly

โšก๏ธ ูƒู„ู‡ู… ู„ุงุฒู… ุฃุฎุฐู‡ู… ูˆูŠ ู…ุงุก ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ุง ุญู„ูŠุจ ูˆู„ุง ูƒู‡ูˆุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุนุตูŠุฑ ..
โบ๏ธู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ูฆ-ูจ ุงูˆู†ุต ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุญุฏูˆุฏ 180-240 ู…ู„
โบ๏ธูŠู†ูˆุฎุฐูˆู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุจู†ุต ุณุงุนุฉ (ุนุฏุง Ibandronate ุจุณุงุนุฉ)
โบ๏ธูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุชูƒุนุฏ ุงูˆ ุชูˆูƒู ู…ุฏุฉ ู†ุต ุณุงุนุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ(ุนุฏุง Ibandronate ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุณุงุนุฉ)

โœจุฅุณุชุซู†ุงุก ุจุณูŠุท ูู‚ุท
Risedronate delayed release tab
๐Ÿ”ขูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฃู‚ู„ ุดูŠ ูค ุงูˆู†ุต ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูŠุนู†ูŠ 120 ู…ู„ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง
๐Ÿ”ขูˆูŠู†ูˆุฎุฐ ุจุนุฏ ูˆุฌุจุฉ ุงู„ูุทูˆุฑ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ

1 ounce = 30ml


#phamra_theroy@MedicalValley2
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Forwarded from ๐–ฌ๐–พ๐–ฝ๐—‚๐–ผ๐–บ๐—… ๐–ต๐–บ๐—…๐—…๐–พ๐—’แต‰โฟแตˆ-ยฒโฐยฒโถ (ุนูŽู€ู€ู„ูู€ู€ูŠ ุงู„ู€ู€ุฏู‘ูŽุฑูŽุงุฌูู€ู€ูŠ)
#๏ธโƒฃุฃู‡ู… ู…ุง ุจฺ†ุงุจุชุฑ 4๏ธโƒฃ ุชฺฏุฏุฑ ุชุนุชู…ุฏู‡ ูˆุชุนุชุจุฑู‡ ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ู„ู‚ุฑุงูŠุชูƒ ๐Ÿ’€๐Ÿ’€๐Ÿ’€๐Ÿ’€

ุจุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุฐุงูƒุฑ ุชุนุฑูŠูุงุช ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฌู† ูู„ุงุฒู… ุชุนุฑูู‡ู†
Osteoporosis
ูŠุชู…ูŠุฒ ุงู†ูˆ ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนุธู… ุชู‚ู„ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ุนุธู…ูŠ ู‡ุด ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ู„ูƒุณุฑ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฑุงุญ ุฃฺฏุฏุฑ ุงุชุญุฑูƒ
ูˆูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุจุนุฏ ุณู† ุงู„ูŠุฃุณ
ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ูƒุจุงุฑ ุจุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ุจูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠู†
๏ปฟ
Paget disease
ูŠุชู…ูŠุฒ ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„ุนุธู… ุฑุงุญ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู†ุธู… ูˆู…ุชูˆุณุน ูˆุดูƒู„ู‡ ู…ุฎุฑุจุท
ูˆูŠุฎุชู„ู ุนู† OP ุงู†ูˆ ูŠุตูŠุจ ุนุธุงู… ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ
ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุฃู„ู… ูˆุชุดูˆู‡ุงุช ูˆูƒุณูˆุฑ
๏ปฟ
Osteomalacia
ู‡ูˆ ุชู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุนุธู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนุธู… ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ูŠู†
ูˆุณุจุจู‡ ู†ู‚ุต ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† D
ูˆู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู†ูุณู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูˆูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ ุงู„ูƒุณุงุญ rickets
๏ปฟ
prevention of OP
ุญุชู‰ ุฃู‚ู„ู„ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุธู… ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุจุนุฏ ุณู† ุงู„ูŠุฃุณ
๐Ÿ›‘ู„ุงุฒู… ุชุงูƒู„ ุจุงู„ูˆุฌุจุฉ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ vit. D,Ca ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุงููŠ
๐Ÿ›‘ุชุณูˆูŠ ุชู…ุงุฑูŠู†
๐Ÿ›‘ุชูˆู‚ู ุชุฏุฎูŠู†
๐Ÿ›‘ุชู‚ู„ู„ ุงุณุชู‡ู„ุงูƒ ูƒุญูˆู„
ุงู„ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู†ู‚ุต ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู†ุทูˆู‡:

๐Ÿ˜€Calcium carbonate
ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดุงุฆุน ูˆู…ูˆ ุบุงู„ูŠ ูˆูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰
40% ca element
ูˆู„ุงุฒู… ูŠู†ูˆุฎุฐ ูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ ุนู„ู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ุชุตุงุต

๐Ÿ˜„calcium citrate
21% ca element
ูˆุนุงุฏูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ุงูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃูƒู„
โš ๏ธู…ู…ู†ูˆุน ูŠู†ูˆุฎุฐ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ูˆูŠ
iron , thyroid replacement, fluoroquinolone , Tetracycline

ุงู„ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู†ู‚ุต vit.D ูŠู†ุทูˆู‡:
ergocalciferol (D2)
cholecalciferol (D3)


Treatment of OP
ุฃูˆู„ ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ูˆู‡ู…ุฉ
๐Ÿ’€bisphosphonates

Risedronate,Alendronate,Zoledronic acid
ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนูŠู† ุจูƒู…ุฉ ุฃุฑุฒ
preferred agent for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis

ู‡ุฐู† ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ู…ุซู„ :
etidronate, Ibandronate, pamidroante, tiludronate
ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุนู„ุงุฌ :
OP, Paget disease, bone metastasis, hypercalcemia of malignancy

๐Ÿ’กุœM.O.A : ุชุฑุชุจุท ุจู€ hydroxyapitate crystals ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ุนุธุงู… ูˆุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† osteoclast ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† bone loss ูˆ fructure

โš ๏ธู…ู…ู†ูˆุน ุฃู†ุทูŠ ู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ูˆ ูŠู†ุทุฑุญ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰
โœ”๏ธ ุงู„ู…ุง ูŠฺฏุฏุฑ ูŠุงุฎุฐ ุงู„ู€ oral ุฃู†ุทูŠ IV ุณูˆุงุก
Zoledronic acid , Ibandronate are alternative
๐Ÿ”˜ุฃู‡ู… A.E : ูŠุณูˆูŠ ู‡ูˆุงูŠ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุจุงู„ู…ุนุฏุฉ ู…ุซู„
esophagitis, esophageal ulcer
ูˆุญุชู‰ ุฃุญู„ู‡ุง ุงูˆ ุงู‚ู„ู„ู‡ุง ุงู†ุตุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูˆุงูƒู ู…ู† ูŠุงุฎุฐ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ

โค๏ธ ู†ู†ุตุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจุฃุฎุฐ ุฑุงุญุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ durg holiday ูˆุฎุงุตุฉ
ุจุนุฏ ูฅ ุณู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู€ oral
ุงูˆ ูฃ ุณู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… Zoledronic
ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ุทูˆู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุณูˆูŠู„ูŠ ุชู†ุฎุฑ ุจุงู„ููƒ ุงูˆ ูƒุณุฑ ุจุงู„ุญูˆุถ ูˆู‡ุฐู† ู†ุงุฏุฑุงุช ุจุณ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑู†

๐Ÿ’€Denosumab
๐Ÿ’กุœM.O.A : ูŠุฑุชุจุท ุจุฑุณุชุจุฑ ุฅุณู…ู‡ ุฑุงู†ูƒู„ RANKL
receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand
ูˆูŠุซุจุท osteoclast ุชูƒูˆู†ู‘ู‹ุง ูˆูˆุธูŠูุฉู‹
โœ”๏ธู…ูุถู„ ู„ู„ู€
postmenopausal Osteoporosis in women at high risk of fracture
๐Ÿ”˜ูŠุนุทู‰ SC ูƒู„ ูฆ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ
โœ… ูŠุนุชุจุฑ first line ู…ุซู„ ู…ฺฏู„ู†ุง ุจุนู„ุงุฌ PM-OP with high risk of fracture
๐Ÿ”˜ุฃู‡ู… A.E : ุœhypocalcemia
๏ปฟ
๐Ÿ’€Parathyroid agents
ุฏูˆุงุฆูŠู†
Teriparatide like PTH
Abaloparatide like PTHrP

๐Ÿ’กุœM.O.A: ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุชุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ุจู‚ูŠุฉ
ู‡ูˆ ุงู†ูˆ ุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู… bone formation ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชุญูุฒ osteoblast ูˆุชุฒูŠุฏ bone strength
๐Ÿ”˜ุฃู‡ู… A.E : ุœhypercalcemia, orthoststic hypotension
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ osteosarcoma in rats๐Ÿฆซ

โœ”๏ธู„ุง ูŠู†ุตุญ ุจุงู„ุฃุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุณู†ุชูŠู†

๐Ÿ’€Selective estrogen receptor modulator
ุงู„ุฃุณุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ุจู€ ุชุซุจูŠุท osteoclast ูˆุชู†ุดูŠุท osteoblast ูู‚ู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ูˆุฎุงุตุฉ Postmenopausal ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ osteoclast ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ bone loss ุงุฐุง ู…ุง ุชุนุงู„ุฌุช

โบ๏ธู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู†ุทูŠ estrogen supplements ุจุณ ู…ุง ุจูŠ ููˆุงุฆุฏ ู„ุฃู† ูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฑุณุจุชุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุฌุณู… ููŠุญูุฒ ุฑุณุจุชุฑุงุช bone,breast,uterus
ูู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุณูˆูŠู„ูŠ ูƒุงู†ุณุฑ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูุถู„
โœ”๏ธRaloxifene
ู‡ูˆ SERM
๐Ÿ’กุœM.O.A : ูŠุดุชุบู„ agonist ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุธู…
ูˆ antagonist ุนู„ู‰ breast, uterus
ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุณูˆูŠู„ูŠ ูƒุงู†ุณุฑ
โบ๏ธูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุจุฏูŠู„ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูุดู„ ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ bis ุงูˆ deno
๐Ÿ”˜ุฃู‡ู… A.E :ุœ hot flash, leg cramp , venous thromboembolism
๏ปฟ
๐Ÿ’€ Calcitonin
โบ๏ธุœ ูŠุนุงู„ุฌ OP ู„ู„ู†ุณุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑู„ู‡ุง ุฃู‚ู„ ุดูŠ ูฅ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู…ู† ูˆุตู„ุช Postmenopausal
โบ๏ธุœ ูŠู‚ู„ู„ bone resorption
โบ๏ธ ุœุฃู‚ู„ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ
โบ๏ธ ุœุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุตู‰ ุจู‡ ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ
๐Ÿ”˜ุœ ูŠูˆุฎุฐ intranasal ุจุฎุงุฎ ุจุงู„ุฃู†ู
๐Ÿ”˜ุœ ุฃู‡ู… A.E : ุœrhinitis ูˆ nasal symptoms
ุงูƒูŠุฏ ู„ุฃู† ุขู†ู‡ ุฌุงูŠ ุฃุฎุฐู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃู†ู
๏ปฟ
๐Ÿ”ฅุฅุฐุง ุฃุฌุงูƒ ูƒูŠุณ ุนู† OP ูˆุฑุงุฏ 1st line ฺฏุจู„ ููƒุฑ ุจุงู„ู€ bis
ุจุณ ุฅุฐุง ฺ†ุงู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ ูƒุณุฑ ุฃูˆ ู‡ุณุชุฑูŠ ูƒุณูˆุฑ ููƒุฑ ุจู€ Denosumab ุงูˆ Parathyroid agents


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Forwarded from ๐–ฌ๐–พ๐–ฝ๐—‚๐–ผ๐–บ๐—… ๐–ต๐–บ๐—…๐—…๐–พ๐—’แต‰โฟแตˆ-ยฒโฐยฒโถ (ุนูŽู€ู€ู„ูู€ู€ูŠ ุงู„ู€ู€ุฏู‘ูŽุฑูŽุงุฌูู€ู€ูŠ)
๐Ÿ”ค๐Ÿ”ค๐Ÿ”ค๐Ÿ”ค๐Ÿ”ค๐Ÿ”ค๐Ÿ”ค๐Ÿ”ค

๐Ÿ’กInsulins

1๏ธโƒฃShort acting

โบ๏ธRegular insulin

2๏ธโƒฃRapid acting

โบ๏ธLispro
โบ๏ธAspart
โบ๏ธGlulisine
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ู… ู„ุฒูƒุฉ ุจุณุงุน ู†ุฎู„ูŠู‡ุง
l,as,g

3๏ธโƒฃIntermediate acting insulin

โบ๏ธNeutral prostamine Hagedorn (NPH)
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ุจูŠ N ูŠุนู†ูŠ Not speed,Not solw

4๏ธโƒฃLong acting insulin

โบ๏ธDetemir
โบ๏ธDegludec
โบ๏ธGlargine
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ู… determine ุงูˆ delayed ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุทูˆู„ูˆู†

5๏ธโƒฃInsulin Combination

โบ๏ธ70% NPH โž• 30% Regular
โบ๏ธ50% NPH โž• 50% Regular
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ : ู„ุงุฒู… NPH ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ

๐Ÿ’กSynthetic amylin analog

โบ๏ธPramilintide
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ amilin ูŠุดุจู‡ amylin

๐Ÿ’กGLP1 receptor agonist

โบ๏ธAlbiglutide
โบ๏ธDulaglutide
โบ๏ธExenatide
โบ๏ธLiraglutide
โบ๏ธLixisenatide
โบ๏ธSemaglutide
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ูƒู„ู‡ู… ูŠู†ุชู‡ูˆู† ุจู€ glutide ุนุฏุง
ู„ูƒุฒุฒ lixis ูˆุงุณุชุงู† extan
ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠฺ†
GLP1 = Glu-Tide

๐Ÿ’กOral hypoglycemic drugs

1โƒฃSulfonylureas

๐Ÿ”˜Glipizide
๐Ÿ”˜Glyburide
๐Ÿ”˜Glimepiride
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ูƒู„ู‡ู… ูŠู†ุชู‡ูˆู† ุจู€ ide
ุชุฐูƒุฑ ุจุฃูŠุฏูŠ ุงุฎู„ูŠ ุจูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุณู„ููˆู† ู…ุงู„ ู†ุฑูƒู„ูŠุฉ

2โƒฃGlinides

๐Ÿ”˜Repaglinide
๐Ÿ”˜Nateglinide
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ูƒู„ู‡ู… ูŠู†ุชู‡ูˆู† ุจู€ glinide
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ

3โƒฃBiguanides

๐Ÿ”˜Meformin
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุญุฏู‡ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† big ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ

4โƒฃThiazolidinediones

๐Ÿ”˜Pioglitazone
๐Ÿ”˜Rosiglitazone
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ : ูƒู„ู‡ู… ูŠู†ุชู‡ูˆู† ุจู€ glitazone
ูˆูŠุญุชูˆูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ azo ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ Thiazo

5โƒฃAlpha -glucosidase inhibitors

๐Ÿ”˜Acarbose
๐Ÿ”˜Miglitol
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ : ุชุฎู„ูŠู‡ู… "ูƒุงุฑุจูˆู‡ูŠุฏุฑุงุช" ููŠุดุชุบู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูƒูˆุณุฏูŠุฒ

6โƒฃDPP4 inhibitors

๐Ÿ”˜Alogliptin
๐Ÿ”˜Linagliptin
๐Ÿ”˜Saxagliptin
๐Ÿ”˜Sitaglitptin
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ูƒู„ู‡ู… ูŠู†ุชู‡ูˆู† ุจู€ gliptin
ุฑุงุญ ู†ุณูˆูŠ ูุฏูŠูˆ glip ู„ู„ู€ ุฏุจุจ DPP

7โƒฃSGLT2 inhibitors

๐Ÿ”˜Canagliflozin
๐Ÿ”˜Dapagliflozin
๐Ÿ”˜Empagliflozin
๐Ÿ”˜Ertugliflozin
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ูƒู„ู‡ู… ูŠู†ุชู‡ูˆู† ุจู€ gliflozin
ุจูŠู‡ู… flo ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุทู„ุนูˆู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูˆู„

8โƒฃDopamine agonist 

๐Ÿ”˜Bromocriptin
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ุงู„ุฏูˆุจุงู…ูŠู† ู„ู„ุฏู…ุงุบ
ู‡ุณุฉ ู…ุงู„ ูƒุฑูŠุจ ูˆููˆูƒุงู‡ ู…ุจุฑูˆุด

9โƒฃBile acid sequestrant

๐Ÿ”˜Colesvelam
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ: ู…ู† ุฅุณู…ู‡ cole ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ ูƒูˆู„ุณุชุฑูˆู„ ููŠุฑุชุจุท ุจุงู„ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุตูุฑุงูˆูŠุฉ

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ู…ูู„ุฎุต ู„ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ุงู‡ู… ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช DM โœ…

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Forwarded from ๐–ฌ๐–พ๐–ฝ๐—‚๐–ผ๐–บ๐—… ๐–ต๐–บ๐—…๐—…๐–พ๐—’แต‰โฟแตˆ-ยฒโฐยฒโถ (ุนูŽู€ู€ู„ูู€ู€ูŠ ุงู„ู€ู€ุฏู‘ูŽุฑูŽุงุฌูู€ู€ูŠ)
๐Ÿ”ฅุญุฑุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุดุจุงุจูƒ ู…ุง ุชุญูุธ ู‡ุงู„ุจูˆุณุช

very ร—10ยนโตโฐ important

1๏ธโƒฃCisplatin
๐ŸŸ Ototoxicity
๐ŸŸ Nephrotoxdcity
๐ŸŸ Nausea/vomiting

2๏ธโƒฃ Cytarabine
๐ŸŸกChemical conjunctivitis

3๏ธโƒฃ bleomycin / busulfan
๐Ÿ›‘pulmonary toxicity

4๏ธโƒฃ cyclophosphamide/ifosfamide
๐Ÿ”ตHemorrhaglc cystitis

5๏ธโƒฃ doxorubicin/daunorubicin
๐Ÿ›‘Cardiotoxicity

6๏ธโƒฃ oxyaliplatin/vincristine/taxine
๐Ÿ›‘peripheral neuropathy

7๏ธโƒฃ Irinotecan
๐Ÿ”˜diarrhea

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Note s4 pinned ยซ#๏ธโƒฃ ุฃู‡ู… ู…ุง ุจฺ†ุงุจุชุฑ 1๏ธโƒฃ ุชฺฏุฏุฑ ุชุนุชู…ุฏู‡ ูˆุชุนุชุจุฑู‡ ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ู„ู‚ุฑุงูŠุชูƒ ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ : NSAIDs ฺ†ุงุจุชุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ูˆุฏุฑุฌุชู‡ ุฒูŠู†ุฉ ูุญุงูˆู„ ู„ุง ุชุชุฑูƒู‡ ุฑุงุญ ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุฃฺฏู„ูƒ ุดู†ูˆ ุชู‚ุฑุฉ ูˆุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ูˆุฑุงุญ ุฃฺฏู„ูƒ ุงุฑุฌุน ู„ู„ู…ู„ุฒู…ุฉ ุชู‚ุฑุฉ ู‡ุงู„ุดูŠ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุชุตูŠุฑ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ๐Ÿ›‘prostaglandin: "ูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† eicosanoids" ู…ู‡ู…โ€ฆยป
ฺชู„ ู…ุง ุชุฑุฌูˆู‡ู ุขุชู ุŒ ุฅู†ูŽู‘ ุฎูŠุฑูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ู ู…ู‚ุจู„๐Ÿฆ‹โœจ๏ธ
Forwarded from Note s4
ุงู„ side effects ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู† NSAID ุฅู„ู‰ Diabetes


Salicylism (mild toxicity of salicylate ) โ†’mental confusion , dizziness,
tinnitus, hyperventilation confusion ,



Severe toxicity of salicylate โ†’ Restlessness, delirium, hallucinations, convulsions, coma , respiratory and metabolic acidosis, respiratory failure




Methotrexate โ†’ acute pneumonia-like syndrome, Cytopenias , mucusal ulceration



Hydroxychloroquine โ†’ skin discolouration+ eruption



Leflunomide โ†’flu-like syndrome , weight loss , alopecia, hypokalemia



Sulfasalazine โ†’ leukopenia



Adalimumab โ†’ agranulocytosis


Abatacept โ†’ upper respiratory infection


Tocilizumab+ sarilumab โ†’ hyperlipidemia, neutropenia, hypertension



Colchicine โ†’ myopathy, neutropenia, aplastic anemia, {alopecia( also hydroxychloroquine)}



Biosphonates โ†’ osteonecrosis of jaw , atypical femur fracture ,



Denosumab โ†’ Hypocalcemia , also osteonecrosis of jaw , atypical femur fracture ,


Relaxofene โ†’ leg cramps, venous thromboembolism



Teriparatide , abaloparide โ†’ hypercalcaemia , orthostatic hypotension, osteosarcoma

https://t.me/Quizpharmcy

#Antiinflammation
#DMARDs
ู‡ูˆ ุงูƒูˆ ู†ู…ุท ุฏูŠุฌูŠุจูˆู† ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุฐูƒุฑูˆู† ุฌู…ู„ุฉ least likely ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู†ู†ุทูŠ
ุงูˆ ูŠูƒูˆู„ poor choice
ุฐู†ูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู† ุจุฏู„ except ุงูˆ ุจุฏู„ should not give
ูŠุงุฑุจ ู†ุฌุงูˆุจ๐Ÿ˜ช
โค2
Note s4 pinned ยซ#ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ #filtartion #mixing #milling #sterile #sterilization #clarification #dryingยป
DRYING


ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† Non-thermal ุงุฌูู ุจูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุŸ

expression - extraction- absorption-adsorption-desiccation


๐Ÿ’ Psychrometry determines = vapor concentration and carrying capacity of gas

๐Ÿ’ water vapor in a gas = humidity of the gas.

๐Ÿ’ CDE curve = saturation humidity = 100% RH

๐Ÿ’ FCA = 78 grains water/pound dry air

๐Ÿ’ Dew point C (60ยฐF) = temperature at which air becomes completely saturated with moisture

๐Ÿ’ GK = 50% relative humidity

๐Ÿ’ wet โ€“bulb temperature= equilibrium of heat transfer between air-liquid.

๐Ÿ’ Wet-bulb temperature= measured by thermometer (bulb is covered by wick saturated with water).

๐Ÿ’ Dry-bulb temperature= actual air temperature= measured by ordinary thermometer.

๐Ÿ’ Theory of dry = heat and mass transfer

๐Ÿ’ driving force for heat transfer = temperature differential.


๐Ÿ’ rate of evaporation = dW/dฯด=q/ฦ›

๐Ÿ’ rate of diffusion = dW/dฯด=k A(Hs-Hg)

๐Ÿ’ rate of heat transfer include = convection,
radiation and conduction

ุดู„ูˆู† ุงุณุฑุน ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฌููŠู ุŸ

- convection= increasing the air flow rate and by raising the inlet air temperature.

- rate of radiation

-rate of conduction = increased by reducing the thickness

-Increasing the air velocity= increasing
the coefficient of mass

- Dehumidifying= increase the humidity differential = low relative humidity



ุดู„ูˆู† ุงุนุจุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุฑุทูˆุจุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉ ุŸ

ุฌ/ wet weight or dry-weight.

๐Ÿ’ LOD = wet weight * 100%

๐Ÿ’ MC = dry-weight * 100%

๐Ÿ’ initial = A-B , Heating rate=Cooling rate

๐Ÿ’ temperature stabilized = B= moisture film at the surface

๐Ÿ’ constant rate= BC , Evaporation rate= Diffusion rate

๐Ÿ’ critical moisture content= C = no more moisture is replaced and dry spot appears = Drying rate falls off


๐Ÿ’ first falling rate = C-D= Drying falls steadily

๐Ÿ’ second critical point=D= Drying rate
depends on diffusion rate

๐Ÿ’ second falling rate = D-E = drying rate falls rapidly.

๐Ÿ’ equilibrium moisture = E + drying rate=Zero + temperature and moisture content remain constant.


๐Ÿ’ crystalline solids = easily drying

๐Ÿ’ amorphous solids = difficult drying

๐Ÿ’ Dryers can be classified based on = method of heat transfer or method of sample
handling


ู„ูŠุด turbo ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุณุฑุน ู…ู† tunnel ุŸ

ุฌ/ ู„ุงู† ุฑุงุญ ูŠุชุนุฑุถ ุจุดูƒู„ continuous ู„ู„ู‡ูˆุงุก


ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† partially suspended in the gas stream ุŸ

Fluidized

ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุณุชุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ู„ู„ granular ุŸ

Fluidized

ู„ูŠุด granules ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ Fluidized ุชูƒูˆู† ู„ุงุฌุงูุฉ ูˆู„ุงุฑุทุจุฉ ุŸ

ุฌ/ ุนู„ู…ูˆุฏ ุงุชุฌู†ุจ cracking

ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชู†ุทูŠู†ูŠ ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุชูƒูˆู† spherical free- flowing ุŸ

Fluidized

ู„ูŠุด ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ Fluidized ุชู†ุทูŠู†ูŠ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุชุฌููŠู ุนุงู„ูŠ ูˆุซุงุจุช ุŸ

ู„ุงู† ูƒู„ ุงุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุฑุงุญ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ูˆุญุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ุจุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†


ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ู„ fluidุŸ

Spray

ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชููŠุฏู†ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุญุณุงุณุฉ ู„ู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูˆุชููŠุฏู†ูŠ ุจุตู†ุงุนุฉ tab ูˆ capsule ุŸ

Spray

ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ุญุชู‰ ุงุฎููŠ ุงู„ุทุนู… ุงู„ู…ุฑ ูˆ ุงุตู†ุน sustained-release ุŸ

Chilling spray

ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจูŠู‡ุง ุณุฑุนุฉ ูˆุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุญูŠู„ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† short-time ุŸ

Flash Dryers


ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจูŠู‡ุง lyophilization, or sublimation ุŸ

Freeze

ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุง ูˆุงู„ุฏู… ูˆุงู„ู„ู‚ุงุญุงุชุŸ

Freeze

ู„ูŠุด ุงุณูˆูŠ Pre-freezing ุŸ

ุญุชู‰ ุงุชุฌู†ุจ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุบูˆู‡

ู„ูŠุด ุงุณุชุนู…ู„ Rotary pumps ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูุฑูŠุฒ ุŸ

ุนู„ู…ูˆ ุงู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„ุถุบุท

ูŠุงุณุชูŠุฌ ุงุญูˆู„ ุจูŠู‡ุง latent heat ุจุงู„ุชุณุงู…ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุฎุงุฑ ูˆุงุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† unbound waterุŸ

Primary drying

ูŠุงุณุชูŠุฌ ุงุชุฎู„ุต ุจูŠ ู…ู† bound water ุŸ

Secondary drying


ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจูŠู‡ุง energy ูˆุชุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ internal heat ุŸ

Microwave

ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชู†ุทูŠู†ูŠ rapid heat transfer ูˆ rapid drying ุŸ

Microwave

ูŠุงุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ุจูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฑุทูˆุจุฉ vapor ุจุฏู„ liquid ุŸ

Microwave

ุนู„ู‰ ุดู†ูˆ ู…ุงูŠุนุชู…ุฏ MicrowaveุŸ


mass concentration gradients or on slow liquid diffusion rate
Membrane Ultrafiltration section of Chapter 4: Clarification:


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Membrane Ultrafiltration โ€“ MCQs

Q1: What type of separation does ultrafiltration perform?
A. Thermal separation
B. Molecular separation
C. Density separation
D. Electrical separation
Answer: B


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Q2: Ultrafiltration membranes primarily retain:
A. Ions
B. Particulates
C. Macromolecules
D. Water
Answer: C


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Q3: Which of the following passes through an ultrafiltration membrane?
A. Proteins
B. Macromolecules
C. Solvent and small molecules
D. Bacteria
Answer: C


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Q4: What is a key difference between microfiltration and ultrafiltration?
A. Ultrafiltration is less selective
B. Microfiltration removes molecules
C. Ultrafiltration removes bacteria
D. Microfiltration removes particulates, ultrafiltration separates molecules
Answer: D


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Q5: The separation ability of ultrafiltration membranes is determined by:
A. Filter thickness
B. Surface tension
C. Molecular weight cut-off
D. Pore density
Answer: C


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Q6: Which of the following is not retained by an ultrafiltration membrane?
A. Immunoglobulins
B. Proteins
C. Viruses
D. Water
Answer: D


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Q7: Which method is used to apply pressure in ultrafiltration?
A. Centrifugal force
B. Hydraulic press
C. External pump pressure
D. Thermal gradient
Answer: C


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Q8: What is one of the most important pharmaceutical uses of ultrafiltration?
A. Water purification
B. Removal of color
C. Removal of pyrogens
D. Extraction of oils
Answer: C


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Q9: Ultrafiltration is particularly suitable for:
A. Non-polar solvents
B. Heat-labile products
C. Dry powders
D. Oil-based formulations
Answer: B


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Q10: In pharmaceutical applications, ultrafiltration is used to recover:
A. Alcohols and acids
B. Sugars and salts
C. Antibiotics and hormones
D. Glass beads and pigments
Answer: C


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Q11: Ultrafiltration can separate two solutes based on:
A. Their melting point
B. Their boiling point
C. Their molecular size
D. Their solubility in water
Answer: C


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Q12: Which of the following is not an application of ultrafiltration?
A. Separation of cells
B. Clarification of solutions
C. Removal of particles >10 ฮผm
D. Recovery of vitamins
Answer: C



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Q14: Which type of molecules are held back by ultrafiltration membranes?
A. Small solvent molecules
B. Gases
C. Macromolecules
D. Ions
Answer: C


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Q15: What is a common use of ultrafiltration before using conventional recovery techniques?
A. Increase pressure
B. Remove pyrogens
C. Remove low-molecular-weight contaminants
D. Add preservatives
Answer: b
#clarification
โคโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ2
Clarification:



Integrity Testing โ€“ MCQs

Q1: What is the main purpose of integrity testing in filtration systems?
A. To improve the flavor of the filtrate
B. To test filter weight
C. To verify functional performance and detect failures
D. To accelerate filtration speed
Answer: C


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Q2: Integrity testing is especially important for:
A. Water purification
B. Crystallization steps
C. Sterilization filtration
D. Solvent evaporation
Answer: C


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Q3: What type of test is the integrity test considered?
A. Destructive
B. Non-repeatable
C. Nondestructive
D. Mechanical
Answer: C


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Q4: What does the bubble point test directly measure?
A. Filter thickness
B. Largest pore size in the filter
C. Pressure loss in tubing
D. Amount of filtrate
Answer: B


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Q5: Failure to maintain the rated pressure during the bubble point test indicates:
A. Proper sealing
B. Strong membrane
C. Inefficient membrane or improper assembly
D. Faster filtration
Answer: C


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Q6: The diffusion test is most appropriate for which type of system?
A. Manual filters
B. Low-pressure filters
C. High-volume, multi-cartridge systems
D. Household filters
Answer: C


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Q7: What does the diffusion test measure?
A. Temperature drop
B. Color change in filtrate
C. Volume of air passing through a wet filter
D. Number of particles in filtrate
Answer: C

#clarification
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ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุจุงู„ #mixing
Ficks low of diffusion:
Diffusion depend on viscosity and size of molecules diffusio
Danckwert describe degree of mixing (quality of randomnes or goodness of mixing)
ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุดู†ูˆ ูˆุตูู‡ู†ุŸ!
Scale and intensity of segregation
ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ูˆุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ูุตู„
Scale expressed ุนุจุฑูˆ ุนู†ู‡ุฉ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุชูŠู†
Linear=average diameter of lump
Volume =average lump volume

๐Ÿ’œุงู…ุง ุดุฏุฉ ูุชู‚ูŠุณ variation in composition