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ุฃุฏููุฉ RA ูุดฺฏุฏ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูู ู ูู ุงุงุงุงุงุช ุฌุฏูุง
Adalimumab
or every other week
Certolizumab
Etanercept
Golimumab
Infliximab
Abatacept
Rituximab
Tocilizumab
also IV every 4 w
Sarilumab
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ุฃุฏููุฉ bisphosphonates ูุนูุงุฌ OP ูุฃูู ุงูู ูุงุญุธุงุช ุนูููุง
"Alendronate"
if oral tab
if effervescent
"Ibandronate"
if oral tab
if intravenous
"Risedronate"
if oral tab
if oral delayed-release tab
"Zoledronic acid"
intravenous
Risedronate delayed release tab
1 ounce = 30ml
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๐พ๐แตโฟแต-ยฒโฐยฒโถ (ุนูููููููู ุงูููุฏููุฑูุงุฌูููู)
ุจุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ุฐุงูุฑ ุชุนุฑููุงุช ู ู ูู ูุฌู ููุงุฒู ุชุนุฑููู
Osteoporosis
ูุชู ูุฒ ุงูู ูุชูุฉ ุงูุนุธู ุชูู ููููู ุงููููู ุงูุนุธู ู ูุด ุจุงูุชุงูู ูููู ุนุฑุถุฉ ูููุณุฑ ููุฐูู ู ุฑุงุญ ุฃฺฏุฏุฑ ุงุชุญุฑู๏ปฟ
ููุตูุฑ ุนูุฏ ุงููุณุงุก ุจุนุฏ ุณู ุงููุฃุณ
ูุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงููุจุงุฑ ุจุงูุนู ุฑ ุจููุง ุงูุฌูุณูู
Paget disease
ูุชู ูุฒ ุงูู ุงูุนุธู ุฑุงุญ ูููู ุบูุฑ ู ูุธู ูู ุชูุณุน ูุดููู ู ุฎุฑุจุท๏ปฟ
ููุฎุชูู ุนู OP ุงูู ูุตูุจ ุนุธุงู ููููุฉ
ููููู ุงูู ุฑูุถ ูุนุงูู ู ู ุฃูู ูุชุดููุงุช ููุณูุฑ
Osteomalacia
ูู ุชููู ุงูุนุธู ูุนูู ุงูุนุธู ูุตูุฑ ููู๏ปฟ
ูุณุจุจู ููุต ููุชุงู ูู D
ููู ูุฐุง ููุณู ุงููู ูุตูุฑ ุนูุฏ ุงูุฃุทูุงู ููุณู ูู ุงููุณุงุญ rickets
prevention of OP
ุญุชู ุฃููู ุงุญุชู ุงููุฉ ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ุงูุนุธู ุนูุฏ ุงููุณุงุก ุจุนุฏ ุณู ุงููุฃุณ๐ ูุงุฒู ุชุงูู ุจุงููุฌุจุฉ ุชุญุชูู vit. D,Ca ุจุดูู ูุงูู๐ ุชุณูู ุชู ุงุฑูู๐ ุชููู ุชุฏุฎูู๐ ุชููู ุงุณุชููุงู ูุญูู
ุงูุนูุฏู ููุต ูุงูุณููู ู ู ูู ููุทูู:๐ Calcium carbonate
ููู ุงูุดุงุฆุน ูู ู ุบุงูู ููุญุชูู ุนูู
40% ca element
ููุงุฒู ูููุฎุฐ ูู ุงูุฃูู ุนูู ูุฏ ุงูุฃู ุชุตุงุต๐ calcium citrate
21% ca element
ูุนุงุฏู ูุจู ุงู ุจุนุฏ ุงูุฃููโ ๏ธ ู ู ููุน ูููุฎุฐ ุงููุงูุณููู ูู
iron , thyroid replacement, fluoroquinolone , Tetracycline
ุงูุนูุฏู ููุต vit.D ููุทูู:
ergocalciferol (D2)
cholecalciferol (D3)
Treatment of OP
ุฃูู ุนุงุฆูุฉ ููู ุฉ๐ bisphosphonates
Risedronate,Alendronate,Zoledronic acid
ู ุฌู ูุนูู ุจูู ุฉ ุฃุฑุฒ
preferred agent for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
ูุฐู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ูุจููุฉ ุงูุนุงุฆูุฉ ู ุซู :
etidronate, Ibandronate, pamidroante, tiludronate
ุชุณุชุฎุฏู ูู ุนูุงุฌ :
OP, Paget disease, bone metastasis, hypercalcemia of malignancy๐ก ุM.O.A : ุชุฑุชุจุท ุจู hydroxyapitate crystals ุงูู ูุฌูุฏ ุจุงูุนุธุงู ูุชููู ู ู osteoclast ุจุงูุชุงูู ุชููู ู ู bone loss ู fructureโ ๏ธ ู ู ููุน ุฃูุทู ูู ุฑุถู ุงูููู ูุฃู ูู ููุทุฑุญ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงููููโ๏ธ ุงูู ุง ฺูฏุฏุฑ ูุงุฎุฐ ุงูู oral ุฃูุทู IV ุณูุงุก
Zoledronic acid , Ibandronate are alternative๐ ุฃูู A.E : ูุณูู ููุงู ู ุดุงูู ุจุงูู ุนุฏุฉ ู ุซู
esophagitis, esophageal ulcer
ูุญุชู ุฃุญููุง ุงู ุงููููุง ุงูุตุญ ุงูู ุฑูุถ ูุจูู ูุงูู ู ู ูุงุฎุฐ ูุงู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉโค๏ธ ููุตุญ ุงูู ุฑูุถ ุจุฃุฎุฐ ุฑุงุญุฉ ู ู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ durg holiday ูุฎุงุตุฉ
ุจุนุฏ ูฅ ุณููู ู ู ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู ุงูู oral
ุงู ูฃ ุณููู ู ู ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู Zoledronic
ูุฃู ุงูุฃุณุชุฎุฏุงู ุงูู ุทูู ู ู ูู ูุณูููู ุชูุฎุฑ ุจุงููู ุงู ูุณุฑ ุจุงูุญูุถ ููุฐู ูุงุฏุฑุงุช ุจุณ ู ู ูู ูุตูุฑู
๏ปฟ๐ก ุM.O.A : ูุฑุชุจุท ุจุฑุณุชุจุฑ ุฅุณู ู ุฑุงููู RANKL
receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand
ููุซุจุท osteoclast ุชูููููุง ููุธููุฉูโ๏ธ ู ูุถู ููู
postmenopausal Osteoporosis in women at high risk of fracture๐ ูุนุทู SC ูู ูฆ ุฃุดูุฑโ ูุนุชุจุฑ first line ู ุซู ู ฺฏููุง ุจุนูุงุฌ PM-OP with high risk of fracture๐ ุฃูู A.E : ุhypocalcemia
ุฏูุงุฆูู
Teriparatide like PTH
Abaloparatide like PTHrP๐ก ุM.O.A: ูุงู ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ุชุฎุชูู ุนู ุงูุจููุฉ
ูู ุงูู ุชุดุชุบู ุนูู ุชููู ุงูุนุธุงู bone formation ุจุงูุชุงูู ุชุญูุฒ osteoblast ูุชุฒูุฏ bone strength๐ ุฃูู A.E : ุhypercalcemia, orthoststic hypotension
ููุฐูู osteosarcoma in rats๐ฆซ โ๏ธ ูุง ููุตุญ ุจุงูุฃุณุชุฎุฏุงู ูุฃูุซุฑ ู ู ุณูุชูู
ุงูุฃุณุชุฑูุฌูู ููุนุจ ุฏูุฑ ู ูู ุจู ุชุซุจูุท osteoclast ูุชูุดูุท osteoblast ูููุฉ ูุฐุง ุงููุฑู ูู ุนูุฏ ุงููุณุงุก ูุฎุงุตุฉ Postmenopausal ูุคุฏู ุงูู ุฒูุงุฏุฉ osteoclast ูู ู ูู ูุคุฏู ุงูู bone loss ุงุฐุง ู ุง ุชุนุงูุฌุช๏ปฟโบ๏ธ ู ู ูู ุฃูุทู estrogen supplements ุจุณ ู ุง ุจู ููุงุฆุฏ ูุฃู ูุดุชุบู ุนูู ูู ุงูุฑุณุจุชุฑุงุช ุงูู ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุจุงูุฌุณู ููุญูุฒ ุฑุณุจุชุฑุงุช bone,breast,uterus
ูู ู ูู ูุณูููู ูุงูุณุฑ ูุฐูู ุบูุฑ ู ูุถูโ๏ธ Raloxifene
ูู SERM๐ก ุM.O.A : ูุดุชุบู agonist ุนูู ุงูุนุธู
ู antagonist ุนูู breast, uterus
ุจุงูุชุงูู ู ุง ูุณูููู ูุงูุณุฑโบ๏ธ ูุนุชุจุฑ ุจุฏูู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ูุดู ุจููุฉ ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ู ุซู bis ุงู deno๐ ุฃูู A.E :ุ hot flash, leg cramp , venous thromboembolism
๏ปฟโบ๏ธ ุ ูุนุงูุฌ OP ูููุณุงุก ุงููู ุตุงุฑููุง ุฃูู ุดู ูฅ ุณููุงุช ู ู ูุตูุช Postmenopausalโบ๏ธ ุ ูููู bone resorptionโบ๏ธ ุุฃูู ูุนุงููุฉ ู ู ุจููุฉ ุงูุฃุฏููุฉโบ๏ธ ุุบูุฑ ู ูุตู ุจู ููุชุฑุฉ ุทูููุฉ๐ ุ ููุฎุฐ intranasal ุจุฎุงุฎ ุจุงูุฃูู๐ ุ ุฃูู A.E : ุrhinitis ู nasal symptoms
ุงููุฏ ูุฃู ุขูู ุฌุงู ุฃุฎุฐู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูุฃูู
ุจุณ ุฅุฐุง ฺุงู ุนูุฏู ูุณุฑ ุฃู ูุณุชุฑู ูุณูุฑ ููุฑ ุจู Denosumab ุงู Parathyroid agents
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๐พ๐แตโฟแต-ยฒโฐยฒโถ (ุนูููููููู ุงูููุฏููุฑูุงุฌูููู)
1๏ธโฃ Short acting
2๏ธโฃ Rapid acting
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ุชุฎูููู ูุฒูุฉ ุจุณุงุน ูุฎูููุง
l,as,g
3๏ธโฃ Intermediate acting insulin
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ุจู N ูุนูู Not speed,Not solw
4๏ธโฃ Long acting insulin
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ุชุฎูููู determine ุงู delayed ูุนูู ูุทูููู
5๏ธโฃ Insulin Combination
ูุงุนุฏุฉ : ูุงุฒู NPH ู ูุฌูุฏ
๐ก Synthetic amylin analog
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ูุญุชูู ุนูู amilin ูุดุจู amylin
๐ก GLP1 receptor agonist
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ูููู ููุชููู ุจู glutide ุนุฏุง
ููุฒุฒ lixis ูุงุณุชุงู extan
ุชุฎูููุง ฺูู
GLP1 = Glu-Tide
1โฃ Sulfonylureas
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ูููู ููุชููู ุจู ide
ุชุฐูุฑ ุจุฃูุฏู ุงุฎูู ุจููุง ุงูุณูููู ู ุงู ูุฑูููุฉ
2โฃ Glinides
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ูููู ููุชููู ุจู glinide
ููุณ ุงูุนุงุฆูุฉ
3โฃ Biguanides
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ูู ูุฐุง ูุญุฏู ููููู big ุงูุนุงุฆูุฉ
4โฃ Thiazolidinediones
ูุงุนุฏุฉ : ูููู ููุชููู ุจู glitazone
ููุญุชููู ุนูู azo ูุนูู ู ู ุนุงุฆูุฉ Thiazo
5โฃ Alpha -glucosidase inhibitors
ูุงุนุฏุฉ : ุชุฎูููู "ูุงุฑุจูููุฏุฑุงุช" ููุดุชุบููู ุนูู ุงูุฒูู ุงููููููุณุฏูุฒ
6โฃ DPP4 inhibitors
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ูููู ููุชููู ุจู gliptin
ุฑุงุญ ูุณูู ูุฏูู glip ููู ุฏุจุจ DPP
7โฃ SGLT2 inhibitors
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ูููู ููุชููู ุจู gliflozin
ุจููู flo ูุนูู ูุทูุนูู ุงูุณูุฑ ู ุน ุงูุจูู
8โฃ Dopamine agonist
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ุงูุฏูุจุงู ูู ููุฏู ุงุบ
ูุณุฉ ู ุงู ูุฑูุจ ููููุงู ู ุจุฑูุด
9โฃ Bile acid sequestrant
ูุงุนุฏุฉ: ู ู ุฅุณู ู cole ูุนูู ุชุฎููู ูููุณุชุฑูู ููุฑุชุจุท ุจุงููููุงุช ุงูุตูุฑุงููุฉ
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Forwarded from ๐ฌ๐พ๐ฝ๐๐ผ๐บ๐
๐ต๐บ๐
๐
๐พ๐แตโฟแต-ยฒโฐยฒโถ (ุนููุง)
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Forwarded from ๐ฌ๐พ๐ฝ๐๐ผ๐บ๐
๐ต๐บ๐
๐
๐พ๐แตโฟแต-ยฒโฐยฒโถ (ุนูููููููู ุงูููุฏููุฑูุงุฌูููู)
very ร10ยนโตโฐ important
#phamra_theroy@MedicalValley2
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Note s4 pinned ยซ#๏ธโฃ ุฃูู
ู
ุง ุจฺุงุจุชุฑ 1๏ธโฃ ุชฺฏุฏุฑ ุชุนุชู
ุฏู ูุชุนุชุจุฑู ู
ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ููุฑุงูุชู ู
ูุงุญุธุฉ : NSAIDs ฺุงุจุชุฑ ู
ูู
ูุฏุฑุฌุชู ุฒููุฉ ูุญุงูู ูุง ุชุชุฑูู ุฑุงุญ ุฃุญุงูู ุฃฺฏูู ุดูู ุชูุฑุฉ ูุดูู ุงูู
ูู
ูุฑุงุญ ุฃฺฏูู ุงุฑุฌุน ููู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุชูุฑุฉ ูุงูุดู ูุฃู ุงูุฑุณุงูุฉ ุชุตูุฑ ุทูููุฉ ๐ prostaglandin: "ูุณู
ููุง ุจุนุถ ุงูุฃุญูุงู eicosanoids" ู
ูู
โฆยป
Forwarded from {ุฃููุง ุจูุฐูููุฑู ุงูููููู ุชูุทูู
ูุฆูููู ุงูููููููุจู}
ฺชู ู
ุง ุชุฑุฌููู ุขุชู ุ ุฅููู ุฎูุฑู ุงูููู ู
ูุจู๐ฆโจ๏ธ
Forwarded from Note s4
ุงู side effects ุงูู ู ูุฒุฉ ู ู NSAID ุฅูู Diabetes
Salicylism (mild toxicity of salicylate ) โmental confusion , dizziness,
tinnitus, hyperventilation confusion ,
Severe toxicity of salicylate โ Restlessness, delirium, hallucinations, convulsions, coma , respiratory and metabolic acidosis, respiratory failure
Methotrexate โ acute pneumonia-like syndrome, Cytopenias , mucusal ulceration
Hydroxychloroquine โ skin discolouration+ eruption
Leflunomide โflu-like syndrome , weight loss , alopecia, hypokalemia
Sulfasalazine โ leukopenia
Adalimumab โ agranulocytosis
Abatacept โ upper respiratory infection
Tocilizumab+ sarilumab โ hyperlipidemia, neutropenia, hypertension
Colchicine โ myopathy, neutropenia, aplastic anemia, {alopecia( also hydroxychloroquine)}
Biosphonates โ osteonecrosis of jaw , atypical femur fracture ,
Denosumab โ Hypocalcemia , also osteonecrosis of jaw , atypical femur fracture ,
Relaxofene โ leg cramps, venous thromboembolism
Teriparatide , abaloparide โ hypercalcaemia , orthostatic hypotension, osteosarcoma
https://t.me/Quizpharmcy
#Antiinflammation
#DMARDs
Forwarded from ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐โ๏ธ (ุนูุจูุฏุงููู)
ูู ุงูู ูู
ุท ุฏูุฌูุจูู ู
ูู ุงูู ูู ูุฐูุฑูู ุฌู
ูุฉ least likely ูุนูู ู
ูุตูุฑ ููุทู
ุงู ูููู poor choice
ุฐูู ููู ุชูู ุจุฏู except ุงู ุจุฏู should not give
ุงู ูููู poor choice
ุฐูู ููู ุชูู ุจุฏู except ุงู ุจุฏู should not give
โค1๐1
Forwarded from Organic ๐๐งช.
DRYING
ุดูู ุงูุทุฑู ุงูู ุชููู Non-thermal ุงุฌูู ุจููุง ุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ุ
expression - extraction- absorption-adsorption-desiccation
๐ Psychrometry determines = vapor concentration and carrying capacity of gas
๐ water vapor in a gas = humidity of the gas.
๐ CDE curve = saturation humidity = 100% RH
๐ FCA = 78 grains water/pound dry air
๐ Dew point C (60ยฐF) = temperature at which air becomes completely saturated with moisture
๐ GK = 50% relative humidity
๐ wet โbulb temperature= equilibrium of heat transfer between air-liquid.
๐ Wet-bulb temperature= measured by thermometer (bulb is covered by wick saturated with water).
๐ Dry-bulb temperature= actual air temperature= measured by ordinary thermometer.
๐ Theory of dry = heat and mass transfer
๐ driving force for heat transfer = temperature differential.
๐ rate of evaporation = dW/dฯด=q/ฦ
๐ rate of diffusion = dW/dฯด=k A(Hs-Hg)
๐ rate of heat transfer include = convection,
radiation and conduction
ุดููู ุงุณุฑุน ู ุนุฏู ุงูุชุฌููู ุ
- convection= increasing the air flow rate and by raising the inlet air temperature.
- rate of radiation
-rate of conduction = increased by reducing the thickness
-Increasing the air velocity= increasing
the coefficient of mass
- Dehumidifying= increase the humidity differential = low relative humidity
ุดููู ุงุนุจุฑ ุนู ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉ ุจุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุตูุจุฉ ุ
ุฌ/ wet weight or dry-weight.
๐ LOD = wet weight * 100%
๐ MC = dry-weight * 100%
๐ initial = A-B , Heating rate=Cooling rate
๐ temperature stabilized = B= moisture film at the surface
๐ constant rate= BC , Evaporation rate= Diffusion rate
๐ critical moisture content= C = no more moisture is replaced and dry spot appears = Drying rate falls off
๐ first falling rate = C-D= Drying falls steadily
๐ second critical point=D= Drying rate
depends on diffusion rate
๐ second falling rate = D-E = drying rate falls rapidly.
๐ equilibrium moisture = E + drying rate=Zero + temperature and moisture content remain constant.
๐ crystalline solids = easily drying
๐ amorphous solids = difficult drying
๐ Dryers can be classified based on = method of heat transfer or method of sample
handling
ููุด turbo ูููู ุงุณุฑุน ู ู tunnel ุ
ุฌ/ ูุงู ุฑุงุญ ูุชุนุฑุถ ุจุดูู continuous ููููุงุก
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุชููู partially suspended in the gas stream ุ
Fluidized
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุงุณุชุนู ููุง ูู granular ุ
Fluidized
ููุด granules ุจุทุฑููุฉ Fluidized ุชููู ูุงุฌุงูุฉ ููุงุฑุทุจุฉ ุ
ุฌ/ ุนูู ูุฏ ุงุชุฌูุจ cracking
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุชูุทููู ุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุชููู spherical free- flowing ุ
Fluidized
ููุด ุทุฑููุฉ Fluidized ุชูุทููู ู ุนุฏู ุชุฌููู ุนุงูู ูุซุงุจุช ุ
ูุงู ูู ุงุณุทุญ ุงูุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุฑุงุญ ุชููู ู ุนุฑุถุฉ ููุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจุดูู ู ูุญุฏ ูุนูู ู ุญุงุทุฉ ุจุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจูู ู ูุงู
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู ูุง ูู fluidุ
Spray
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุชููุฏูู ููู ูุงุฏ ุงูุญุณุงุณุฉ ููุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูุชููุฏูู ุจุตูุงุนุฉ tab ู capsule ุ
Spray
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู ูุง ุญุชู ุงุฎูู ุงูุทุนู ุงูู ุฑ ู ุงุตูุน sustained-release ุ
Chilling spray
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู ุจููุง ุณุฑุนุฉ ูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุนุงููุฉ ุญูู ูุชููู short-time ุ
Flash Dryers
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู ุจููุง lyophilization, or sublimation ุ
Freeze
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู ูุง ููุจูุงุฒู ุง ูุงูุฏู ูุงูููุงุญุงุชุ
Freeze
ููุด ุงุณูู Pre-freezing ุ
ุญุชู ุงุชุฌูุจ ุชูููู ุงูุฑุบูู
ููุด ุงุณุชุนู ู Rotary pumps ุจุทุฑููุฉ ุงููุฑูุฒ ุ
ุนูู ู ุงููู ุงูุถุบุท
ูุงุณุชูุฌ ุงุญูู ุจููุง latent heat ุจุงูุชุณุงู ู ุฅูู ุจุฎุงุฑ ูุงุชุฎูุต ู ู unbound waterุ
Primary drying
ูุงุณุชูุฌ ุงุชุฎูุต ุจู ู ู bound water ุ
Secondary drying
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู ุจููุง energy ูุชุชุญูู ุฅูู internal heat ุ
Microwave
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุชูุทููู rapid heat transfer ู rapid drying ุ
Microwave
ูุงุทุฑููุฉ ุชููู ุจููุง ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉ vapor ุจุฏู liquid ุ
Microwave
ุนูู ุดูู ู ุงูุนุชู ุฏ Microwaveุ
mass concentration gradients or on slow liquid diffusion rate
Membrane Ultrafiltration section of Chapter 4: Clarification:
---
Membrane Ultrafiltration โ MCQs
Q1: What type of separation does ultrafiltration perform?
A. Thermal separation
B. Molecular separation
C. Density separation
D. Electrical separation
Answer: B
---
Q2: Ultrafiltration membranes primarily retain:
A. Ions
B. Particulates
C. Macromolecules
D. Water
Answer: C
---
Q3: Which of the following passes through an ultrafiltration membrane?
A. Proteins
B. Macromolecules
C. Solvent and small molecules
D. Bacteria
Answer: C
---
Q4: What is a key difference between microfiltration and ultrafiltration?
A. Ultrafiltration is less selective
B. Microfiltration removes molecules
C. Ultrafiltration removes bacteria
D. Microfiltration removes particulates, ultrafiltration separates molecules
Answer: D
---
Q5: The separation ability of ultrafiltration membranes is determined by:
A. Filter thickness
B. Surface tension
C. Molecular weight cut-off
D. Pore density
Answer: C
---
Q6: Which of the following is not retained by an ultrafiltration membrane?
A. Immunoglobulins
B. Proteins
C. Viruses
D. Water
Answer: D
---
Q7: Which method is used to apply pressure in ultrafiltration?
A. Centrifugal force
B. Hydraulic press
C. External pump pressure
D. Thermal gradient
Answer: C
---
Q8: What is one of the most important pharmaceutical uses of ultrafiltration?
A. Water purification
B. Removal of color
C. Removal of pyrogens
D. Extraction of oils
Answer: C
---
Q9: Ultrafiltration is particularly suitable for:
A. Non-polar solvents
B. Heat-labile products
C. Dry powders
D. Oil-based formulations
Answer: B
---
Q10: In pharmaceutical applications, ultrafiltration is used to recover:
A. Alcohols and acids
B. Sugars and salts
C. Antibiotics and hormones
D. Glass beads and pigments
Answer: C
---
Q11: Ultrafiltration can separate two solutes based on:
A. Their melting point
B. Their boiling point
C. Their molecular size
D. Their solubility in water
Answer: C
---
Q12: Which of the following is not an application of ultrafiltration?
A. Separation of cells
B. Clarification of solutions
C. Removal of particles >10 ฮผm
D. Recovery of vitamins
Answer: C
---
Q14: Which type of molecules are held back by ultrafiltration membranes?
A. Small solvent molecules
B. Gases
C. Macromolecules
D. Ions
Answer: C
---
Q15: What is a common use of ultrafiltration before using conventional recovery techniques?
A. Increase pressure
B. Remove pyrogens
C. Remove low-molecular-weight contaminants
D. Add preservatives
Answer: b
#clarification
---
Membrane Ultrafiltration โ MCQs
Q1: What type of separation does ultrafiltration perform?
A. Thermal separation
B. Molecular separation
C. Density separation
D. Electrical separation
Answer: B
---
Q2: Ultrafiltration membranes primarily retain:
A. Ions
B. Particulates
C. Macromolecules
D. Water
Answer: C
---
Q3: Which of the following passes through an ultrafiltration membrane?
A. Proteins
B. Macromolecules
C. Solvent and small molecules
D. Bacteria
Answer: C
---
Q4: What is a key difference between microfiltration and ultrafiltration?
A. Ultrafiltration is less selective
B. Microfiltration removes molecules
C. Ultrafiltration removes bacteria
D. Microfiltration removes particulates, ultrafiltration separates molecules
Answer: D
---
Q5: The separation ability of ultrafiltration membranes is determined by:
A. Filter thickness
B. Surface tension
C. Molecular weight cut-off
D. Pore density
Answer: C
---
Q6: Which of the following is not retained by an ultrafiltration membrane?
A. Immunoglobulins
B. Proteins
C. Viruses
D. Water
Answer: D
---
Q7: Which method is used to apply pressure in ultrafiltration?
A. Centrifugal force
B. Hydraulic press
C. External pump pressure
D. Thermal gradient
Answer: C
---
Q8: What is one of the most important pharmaceutical uses of ultrafiltration?
A. Water purification
B. Removal of color
C. Removal of pyrogens
D. Extraction of oils
Answer: C
---
Q9: Ultrafiltration is particularly suitable for:
A. Non-polar solvents
B. Heat-labile products
C. Dry powders
D. Oil-based formulations
Answer: B
---
Q10: In pharmaceutical applications, ultrafiltration is used to recover:
A. Alcohols and acids
B. Sugars and salts
C. Antibiotics and hormones
D. Glass beads and pigments
Answer: C
---
Q11: Ultrafiltration can separate two solutes based on:
A. Their melting point
B. Their boiling point
C. Their molecular size
D. Their solubility in water
Answer: C
---
Q12: Which of the following is not an application of ultrafiltration?
A. Separation of cells
B. Clarification of solutions
C. Removal of particles >10 ฮผm
D. Recovery of vitamins
Answer: C
---
Q14: Which type of molecules are held back by ultrafiltration membranes?
A. Small solvent molecules
B. Gases
C. Macromolecules
D. Ions
Answer: C
---
Q15: What is a common use of ultrafiltration before using conventional recovery techniques?
A. Increase pressure
B. Remove pyrogens
C. Remove low-molecular-weight contaminants
D. Add preservatives
Answer: b
#clarification
โคโ๐ฅ2
Clarification:
Integrity Testing โ MCQs
Q1: What is the main purpose of integrity testing in filtration systems?
A. To improve the flavor of the filtrate
B. To test filter weight
C. To verify functional performance and detect failures
D. To accelerate filtration speed
Answer:C
---
Q2: Integrity testing is especially important for:
A. Water purification
B. Crystallization steps
C. Sterilization filtration
D. Solvent evaporation
Answer: C
---
Q3: What type of test is the integrity test considered?
A. Destructive
B. Non-repeatable
C. Nondestructive
D. Mechanical
Answer: C
---
Q4: What does the bubble point test directly measure?
A. Filter thickness
B. Largest pore size in the filter
C. Pressure loss in tubing
D. Amount of filtrate
Answer: B
---
Q5: Failure to maintain the rated pressure during the bubble point test indicates:
A. Proper sealing
B. Strong membrane
C. Inefficient membrane or improper assembly
D. Faster filtration
Answer: C
---
Q6: The diffusion test is most appropriate for which type of system?
A. Manual filters
B. Low-pressure filters
C. High-volume, multi-cartridge systems
D. Household filters
Answer:C
---
Q7: What does the diffusion test measure?
A. Temperature drop
B. Color change in filtrate
C. Volume of air passing through a wet filter
D. Number of particles in filtrate
Answer: C
#clarification
---
Integrity Testing โ MCQs
Q1: What is the main purpose of integrity testing in filtration systems?
A. To improve the flavor of the filtrate
B. To test filter weight
C. To verify functional performance and detect failures
D. To accelerate filtration speed
Answer:
---
Q2: Integrity testing is especially important for:
A. Water purification
B. Crystallization steps
C. Sterilization filtration
D. Solvent evaporation
Answer:
---
Q3: What type of test is the integrity test considered?
A. Destructive
B. Non-repeatable
C. Nondestructive
D. Mechanical
Answer:
---
Q4: What does the bubble point test directly measure?
A. Filter thickness
B. Largest pore size in the filter
C. Pressure loss in tubing
D. Amount of filtrate
---
Q5: Failure to maintain the rated pressure during the bubble point test indicates:
A. Proper sealing
B. Strong membrane
C. Inefficient membrane or improper assembly
D. Faster filtration
---
Q6: The diffusion test is most appropriate for which type of system?
A. Manual filters
B. Low-pressure filters
C. High-volume, multi-cartridge systems
D. Household filters
Answer:
---
Q7: What does the diffusion test measure?
A. Temperature drop
B. Color change in filtrate
C. Volume of air passing through a wet filter
D. Number of particles in filtrate
Answer: C
#clarification
---
Ficks low of diffusion:
Diffusion depend on viscosity and size of molecules diffusio
Diffusion depend on viscosity and size of molecules diffusio
Danckwert describe degree of mixing (quality of randomnes or goodness of mixing)
ุนู ุทุฑูู ุดูู ูุตูููุ!
Scale and intensity of segregation
ุงููุชูุฌุฉ ูุดุฏุฉ ุงููุตู
Scale expressed ุนุจุฑู ุนููุฉ ุจุทุฑููุชูู
Linear=average diameter of lump
Volume =average lump volume
๐ุงู ุง ุดุฏุฉ ูุชููุณ variation in composition
ุนู ุทุฑูู ุดูู ูุตูููุ!
Scale and intensity of segregation
ุงููุชูุฌุฉ ูุดุฏุฉ ุงููุตู
Scale expressed ุนุจุฑู ุนููุฉ ุจุทุฑููุชูู
Linear=average diameter of lump
Volume =average lump volume
๐ุงู ุง ุดุฏุฉ ูุชููุณ variation in composition