❇Explain why, Allopurinol is often used as an adjuvant in purine anticancer drug therapy?

Its main importance is that it prevents uric acid kidney toxicity caused by release of purines from destroyed cancer cells

❇What are the two pathways of inactivation of purine antimetabolites 6-MP, explain with structures?

Purine antimetabolites 6-MP major pathways of inactivation include S-methylation via thiopurine-S methyl- transferase (TPMT) and oxidation by the enzyme xanthine oxidase (ΧΟ) ووياه ستركجر بالملزمه ارسموا هم

❇فراغات مهمه❇
❇DNA intercalation of antineoplastic agents means
is an insertion of a planar molecule between two adjacent base pairs, and this can induce local unwinding

❇There are several mechanisms by which Antibiotics and natural products target DNA to act as antineoplastic agents including intercalation, alkylation..., and strand breakage. either directly or as a result of enzyme inhibition.

تعداد ❇
❇There are several mechanisms by which Antibiotics and natural products target DNA to act as antineoplastic agents including:

a) intercalation

b) alkylation

c) strand breakage either directly or as a result of enzyme inhibition.


❇In the case of melphalan, the two advantages of attachment of the mustard functionality to a phenylalanine moiety are

1) to reduce reactivity and increase selectivity.

2) to increase entry into cancer cells by utilization of carrier mediated uptake.

التعاريف ال 5 بالبداية مهمة

هاي العناصر مهمة ب م2

العناصر والاسباب بالبداية مهمة

Nonverbal communications are unique for three reasons.
1- First, they mirror innermost thoughts and feelings. This mirror effect is constantly at work (non-verbal communication is continuous), whether or not you are conscious of it.

2- Second, nonverbal communication is difficult, if not impossible, to “fake” during an interpersonal interaction.

3- Third, your nonverbal communication must be consistent with your verbal communication or people will be suspicious of the
intended meaning of your message. (Lack of congruence)

ممكن تجي احفظوا مختصر

❇Paralanguage

¹-Tone:can convey more meaning that actual words

2-Speedthe speed of speaking must enable the listener to understand for good communication

3-Volume

❇Body language

1-Eye contact:the maintenance of eye contact during communication may indicate an interest in the subject in western cultures


²-Facial expression he facial expression of pharmacist should be
encouraging and welcoming
او اكتبوا ها
, As well as pharmacist should be able to read the meaning of patient's facial expression"gaaing the level of comprehension and receptiveness.

❇The pharmacist must be able to:

.Understand the illness experience of the patient

• Perceive each patient’s experience as unique

• Foster a more egalitarian relationship with patients
Build a “therapeutic alliance” with patients to meet mutually understood
goals of therapy

• Develop self-awareness of personal effects on patients

• Understanding Medication Use from the Patient Perspective

اختاروا أسهل ٣

👤Key Components of Kinesics:

🔍• Varied eye contact (consistent, but not a stare)

🔍• Relaxed posture

🔍• Appropriate comfortable gestures

🔍• Frontal appearance (shoulders square to the other person)

🔍• Slight lean toward the other person

🔍• Erect body position (head up, shoulders back)

closed posture : limit the interaction with an overly talkative person
باجر يجي mcq

⭕️open stance can nonverbally communicate sincerity, respect, and empathy for another person. The classic example of an open posture is standing (or sitting) with a full- frontal appearance to the other person. As an open communicator, you should also have your legs and arms comfortably apart (not crossed) and a facial expression that expresses interest and a desire to listen as well as speak.


⭕️A closed posture occurs when you have your arms folded in front of your chest, legs crossed at the knees, head facing downward, and eyes looking away from the patient.

⭕️الفرق بين الopen وال closed

¹⁵﴿فَعَسَى اللَّهُ أَن يَأْتِيَ بِالْفَتْحِ أَوْ أَمْرٍ مِّنْ عِندِهِ﴾

⚠️ المحاضرة الثالثة (مهارات التواصل) كلش مهمة لتتركوها‼️

إذا بعدكم مبادين ابدوا ، المادة سعيها 30 ، احنا هم قبل كم ساعة بدينا ونشوف وين تصفى والله كريم

⭕️Distracting Nonverbal Communication:

👤lack of eye contact.

👤facial expression.

👤body position.

👤tone of voice.

⭕️the colors used in the pharmacy’s decor, the lighting, and the uses of space Temperature, humidity and freshness of atmosphere. are important nonverbal communication factors.

⭕️The general appearance within the pharmacy setting conveys nonverbal messages to patients. Dirt, clutter, and general untidiness carry negative nonverbal messages.

⭕️the physical characteristics of pharmacy employees also send nonverbal messages to patients. Professional staff should dress appropriately. You want to convey a friendly appearance, but you also want to convey professional competence.

🤝🏻Gesture: Hand gestures in particular are useful when emphasizing a point or to help to describe something and can greatly enhance communication and improve understanding.

فهموهم ك امسيكيو 👆🏻