homeostasis means maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment

Cl is responsible for maintaining normal hydration and osmotic pressure

Na- K pump : during transmission of the nerve impulse, K leaves the cell and Na enters the cell

Hypokalemia : causes changes in

• Hyperkalemia: is occur during certain
types of kidney damage.

Chloride ion has pharmacological activity

The principle function of CL- ion is as .

hyperchloremia may be due to:

Hypophosphatemia can be due to exept.

The concentration of chloride is 104mEq/l in ecl, and 4 mEq/l in icl

chloride which almost completely
absorbed from the

About 99% of body calcium is found in ECL

Calcium is important for:

What is a successful treatment of hypercalcemia ?

About 50% of total body potassium is combined with calcium and phosphates in bones.

Hypomagnesemia is caused by such factors as :

Replacement therapy with iv fluids is required to supply normal necessity of water and electrolyte to patient who cannot take them orally.