hypernatremai causing hypotension and
edema

The extracellular fluid (ECF) contains large amounts of

The interstitial fluid contains large amounts of potassium,magnesium and phosphate ions-

Hypernatremia: can be due to

The symptoms of hypernatremai

Sodium reabsorption in the

homeostasis means maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment

Cl is responsible for maintaining normal hydration and osmotic pressure

Na- K pump : during transmission of the nerve impulse, K leaves the cell and Na enters the cell

Hypokalemia : causes changes in

• Hyperkalemia: is occur during certain
types of kidney damage.

Chloride ion has pharmacological activity

The principle function of CL- ion is as .

hyperchloremia may be due to:

Hypophosphatemia can be due to exept.

The concentration of chloride is 104mEq/l in ecl, and 4 mEq/l in icl

chloride which almost completely
absorbed from the

About 99% of body calcium is found in ECL