🇳🇴 VIDKUN QUISLING
July 1887 – October 1945

Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling was born on July 18, 1887, in Fyresdal, Telemark, Norway. His father, Jon Lauritz Qvisling, was a church pastor and genealogist. He enrolled in the Norwegian Military Academy in 1905, excelling in his studies and graduating with distinction. In 1911, he joined the army and served in the General Staff.

During the 1920s, Quisling worked in the Norwegian diplomatic mission in the Soviet Union, participating in humanitarian aid projects. From 1931 to 1933, he served as Norway’s Minister of Defense under the Agrarian Party government. On May 13, 1933, he co-founded the fascist-leaning Nasjonal Samling (National Unity) party with Johan Bernhard Hjort. However, the party failed to gain significant electoral success.

On April 9, 1940, during Germany’s invasion of Norway, Quisling attempted to seize power through a radio coup, but his effort was unsuccessful. On February 1, 1942, he was appointed Minister President with German approval and collaborated with the occupying forces throughout the war. His administration participated in the persecution and deportation of Jews in Norway.

After the war, Quisling was arrested and tried for treason, murder, and other crimes. He was found guilty on all charges and sentenced to death. On October 24, 1945, he was executed by firing squad at Akershus Fortress in Oslo.

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🇳🇴 ALBERT VILJAM HAGELIN
April 1881 – May 1946

Albert Viljam Hagelin was born on April 24, 1881, in Bergen, Norway. His father, Harald Joachim Hagelin, was a jeweler whose family had migrated from Sweden to Norway in the early 18th century. His mother, Gerd Anna Hedvig Eleonore Meyer, was of Danish descent. In 1900, Hagelin moved to Germany, where he studied architecture at Dresden Technical University. Encouraged by Nina Grieg, he also pursued music and performed in opera roles in Berlin and Dresden.

Hagelin lived in Germany for nearly 40 years, engaging in various business activities. In 1912, he married the daughter of a Bremen-based import company owner and expanded his wealth through stock market speculation, coffee trading, art dealing, and hotel management. After his wife’s passing in 1935, he married her cousin, Gertrud Gudrun Eckstein, in 1936.

In 1939, Hagelin returned to Norway and joined Nasjonal Samling (NS), the fascist party led by Vidkun Quisling. That same year, he helped arrange Quisling’s meetings with Adolf Hitler. Following Germany’s invasion of Norway on April 9, 1940, Hagelin was appointed Minister of Trade and Supplies in Quisling’s provisional government. On September 25, 1940, he became Minister of the Interior, a role he continued under Quisling’s “national government” from February 1, 1942. He played a significant role in restructuring local administrations and aligning public governance with German interests.

After World War II, Hagelin was tried for treason and sentenced to death. On May 25, 1946, he was executed by firing squad at Akershus Fortress in Oslo.

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🇩🇪 GERDY TROOST
March 1904 – January 2003

Gerhardine “Gerdy” Troost was born on March 3, 1904, in Stuttgart. Her father, Johannes Andresen, was an architect. After completing her education, she worked in her father’s firm and met architect Paul Ludwig Troost in 1923. In 1924, she moved to Munich, and in 1925, they got married. Through her husband, she met Adolf Hitler in 1930 and joined the NSDAP in 1932.

After Paul Ludwig Troost’s death in 1934, Gerdy Troost took over his architectural and design firm, working alongside his former associate Leonhard Gall. During this period, she oversaw projects such as the construction of the Haus der Kunst, the redesign of Königsplatz, and the erection of the Ehrentempel memorials. Additionally, she was responsible for the interior renovations of Hitler’s official and private residences, including the Old Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Berghof in Obersalzberg, and his Munich apartment.

Troost remained a key architectural and design consultant within Hitler’s circle until the end of the war. In 1943, she received a 100,000 Reichsmark donation from Hitler. During the denazification process after World War II, she was classified as “less responsible,” fined 500 DM, and banned from practicing her profession for 10 years. After this period, she resumed her work and lived in Schützing, near Lake Chiemsee in Upper Bavaria.

Gerdy Troost passed away on January 30, 2003, at the age of 98 in Bad Reichenhall. The cause of death was not specified.

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🇩🇪 VERENA WAGNER LAFFERENTZ
December 1920 - April 2019

Verena Wagner Lafferentz was born on December 2, 1920, in Bayreuth, Germany. She was the granddaughter of the famous composer Richard Wagner and the daughter of Siegfried and Winifred Wagner. She spent her childhood in Bayreuth and attended a rural school in Obernkirchen.

In 1943, she married Bodo Lafferentz, a member of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party and an SS-Obersturmbannführer. The couple had five children. After World War II, Verena Wagner did not take on an active role in the arts but occasionally participated in events honoring her grandfather’s legacy, including the Bayreuth Festival.

She spent her later years in Überlingen, Germany, where she passed away on April 19, 2019, at the age of 98. The cause of death was not disclosed.

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🇧🇬 BORIS III
January 1894 - August 1943

Boris III was born on January 30, 1894, in Sofia, Bulgaria. His father was Ferdinand I, and his mother was Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma. Although his parents were Catholic, he was raised Orthodox for political reasons.

After graduating from the Sofia Military School at a young age, Boris participated in the Balkan Wars and served as a liaison officer in the Bulgarian Army’s General Staff during World War I on the Macedonian Front. He was promoted to colonel in 1916 and general in 1918.

On October 4, 1918, following the abdication of his father, Ferdinand I, Boris III became the King of Bulgaria. During his reign, he married Princess Giovanna of Italy in 1930, strengthening relations between Bulgaria and Italy. In 1934, a military coup took place in Bulgaria, but Boris soon regained control, appointing Georgi Kyoseivanov as prime minister in 1935 and effectively establishing an absolute monarchy.

During World War II, Bulgaria joined the Axis Powers in March 1941, allowing German troops to pass through its territory. However, Boris resisted pressure to declare war on the Soviet Union, striving to maintain Bulgaria’s independence.

On August 28, 1943, shortly after meeting with Adolf Hitler, Boris III died suddenly upon his return to Sofia. The official cause of death was reported as heart failure, but speculation about possible poisoning persists.

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🇩🇪 KARL LITZMANN
January 1850 – May 1936

Karl Litzmann was born on January 22, 1850, in Neuglobsow, Stechlin, Brandenburg, Germany. He began his military career in 1867 in Berlin and participated in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. He was promoted to colonel in 1895 and to major general (Generalmajor) in 1898. From 1902 to 1905, he served as the director of the Prussian War Academy (Kriegsakademie). In 1905, he was forced into early retirement due to disagreements with the Great General Staff.

With the outbreak of World War I, Litzmann was recalled to active service and appointed commander of the 3rd Guards Division (3. Garde-Division). He gained fame for his victory against Russian forces near Brzeziny, Poland, earning the title “Lion of Brzeziny.” For his military achievements, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite on November 29, 1914, with Oak Leaves added on August 18, 1915. Despite these honors, he declined an aristocratic title offered by the German Emperor.

Following Germany’s defeat in 1918, Litzmann opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the Weimar Republic, aligning himself with nationalist circles. In 1929, he joined the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) and the Sturmabteilung (SA). In 1932, he was elected to the Prussian State Parliament and, as the oldest member of the Reichstag, delivered the opening speech. During this speech, he criticized Reich President Paul von Hindenburg and advocated for Adolf Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor.

In 1933, he was appointed a member of the Prussian State Council by Hermann Göring, a position he held until his death. Karl Litzmann passed away on May 28, 1936, in Neuglobsow. His funeral was conducted with state honors.

In 1939, following the German administration’s occupation of Poland, the cities of Łódź and Brzeziny were renamed “Litzmannstadt” and “Löwenstadt” in his honor. After World War II, these cities reverted to their original Polish names.

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🇩🇪 FRANZ PFEFFER VON SALOMON
February 1888 – April 1968

Franz Pfeffer von Salomon was born on February 19, 1888, in Düsseldorf, Germany. He served in the German army during World War I and later joined the paramilitary Freikorps movement. In the 1920s, he became a member of the NSDAP and one of Adolf Hitler’s loyal supporters.

In 1926, Hitler appointed him as the first leader of the SA, the party’s paramilitary wing. Pfeffer von Salomon organized the SA to strengthen the party’s influence through street demonstrations and violent confrontations. However, in 1930, he was dismissed from his position after a disagreement with Hitler, and Ernst Röhm took his place.

After the NSDAP came to power, Pfeffer von Salomon distanced himself from politics. He did not play a significant role during or after World War II. He passed away on April 12, 1968, in West Germany.

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🇩🇪 WALTER VON REICHENAU
October 1884 – January 1942

Walter von Reichenau was born on October 8, 1884, in Karlsruhe, Germany, into a Prussian aristocratic family. He began his military career in 1903 with the Imperial German Army and served in various positions during World War I. After the war, he remained in the Reichswehr and steadily rose through the ranks.

Following the rise of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) in 1933, Reichenau became known for his ideological alignment with the regime. He was promoted to general in 1935 and given command of the 10th Army in 1938. He played key roles in the invasions of Poland and France, but he is most notably remembered as the commander of the 6th Army during Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union.

Reichenau was a staunch supporter of National Socialist ideology and actively encouraged its integration into the Wehrmacht.

Although he was considered for the position of Chief of the General Staff, Reichenau suffered a stroke in early 1942 during a front-line visit. He died of a heart attack on January 17, 1942, while being flown back to Germany.

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🇩🇪 MARTIN BORMANN
June 1900 – May 1945

Martin Bormann was born on June 17, 1900, in Halberstadt, located in the German Empire. Initially trained in agriculture, Bormann served briefly in World War I and later became involved with right-wing paramilitary groups during the turbulent postwar years. In 1927, he joined the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), and by the early 1930s, he had become a key figure within the party’s administrative apparatus.

Bormann rose to prominence as the chief of staff to Rudolf Hess and eventually became one of Adolf Hitler’s closest aides. In 1943, after Hess’s flight to the United Kingdom, Bormann assumed greater influence as the head of the NS Party Chancellery. He managed access to Hitler, controlled internal party matters, and wielded immense bureaucratic power within the Third Reich.

Following Hitler’s suicide on April 30, 1945, Bormann attempted to flee Berlin. For many years, his fate was uncertain, leading to speculation about his possible escape. However, it was later confirmed that he died on May 2, 1945, near the Lehrter station in Berlin, likely by suicide while trying to avoid capture by Soviet forces. His remains were discovered and identified in 1972.

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🇩🇪 HERMANN ESSER
July 1900 – February 1981

Hermann Esser was born on July 29, 1900, in Röhrmoos, in the Kingdom of Bavaria, part of the German Empire. He was one of the early members of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) and became one of Adolf Hitler’s close associates during the party’s formative years in the 1920s.

Initially working as a journalist, Esser used his writing to promote the party’s propaganda. He became known for his extreme rhetoric and played a significant role in shaping the NSDAP’s early messaging. Esser participated in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 and was briefly imprisoned alongside other party leaders. Despite some temporary fallings-out with Hitler, he remained a member of the inner circle.

After the NSDAP came to power in 1933, Esser held several official roles, including serving as a member of the Reichstag and as State Secretary for Propaganda under Joseph Goebbels for a time. However, his influence declined in the later years of the regime, and he did not play a central role in the wartime leadership.

After World War II, Esser was arrested and sentenced to prison during the denazification process. He lived a relatively quiet life after his release and died on February 7, 1981, in Munich, West Germany.

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NAMES AND BIOGRAPHIES LIST

It has been sorted in alphabetical order, including the countries.

🇧🇬BULGARIAN
Boris III

🇫🇷FRENCH
Philippe Pétain

🇫🇮FIN
Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim

🇩🇪GERMAN
🤚Reichsführer Adolf Hitler
Adolf Galland
Adolf Wagner
Albert Kesselring
Albert Reich
Baldur von Schirach
Curt Von Ulrich
Dietrich Klagges
Emmy “Sonnemann” Göring
Erhard Milch
Erich von Manstein
Ernst Röhm
Erwin Rommel
Ferdinand Porsche
Franz Pfeffer von Salomon
Franz von Papen
Friedrich Hossbach
Fritz Todt
Gerd von Rundstedt
Gerhardine “Gerdy” Troost
Gerret Korsemann
Hans von Seeckt
Heinrich Hoffman
Heinrich Knirr
Hermann Esser
Hermann Göring
Hjalmar Schachtd
Hugo Sperrle
Johanna Wolf
Josef Sepp Janko
Josef Thorak
Julius Heinrich Dorpmüller
Julius Schaub
Julius Streicher
Karl Litzmann
Martin Bormann
Max Amann
Max Bastian
Otto Skorzeny
Robert Ley
Verena Wagner Lafferentz
Victoria Melita
Viktor Lutze
Walter von Reichenau
Walther von Brauchitsch
Werner Freiherr von Fritsch
Werner von Blomberg
Wilhelm Keitel

🇮🇹ITALIAN
Alberto Vassallo di Torregrossa
Victor Emmanuel III

🇯🇵JAPANESE
Hiroshi Oshima

🇳🇴NORWEGIAN
Albert Viljam Hagelin
Vidkun Quisling

🇪🇸SPANISH
Francisco Franco

🇹🇷TURK
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

You can click on the names to obtain information about the individuals and access the content shared about them below the description (Related Contents).

It will be continuously updated.

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🇩🇪 ALBERT KESSELRING
November 1885 – July 1960

Albert Kesselring was born on November 30, 1885, in Marktsteft, Bavaria, in the German Empire. He initially served in the Imperial German Army during World War I and later joined the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) in the 1930s. Rising quickly through the ranks, he became one of the most prominent military leaders in Germany during the Second World War.

Kesselring held various high-command positions within the Luftwaffe and the Wehrmacht. He played a major role in the invasions of France and the Low Countries and later commanded German forces in the Mediterranean theatre, including North Africa and Italy. His strategic defense of the Italian peninsula earned him recognition for his military skill, particularly in difficult terrain under constant Allied pressure.

After the war, Kesselring was tried by a British military court for war crimes related to civilian massacres in Italy and was sentenced to death in 1947. The sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment, and he was released on health grounds in 1952.

Albert Kesselring died on July 16, 1960, in Bad Nauheim, West Germany, due to a heart attack.

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🇩🇪 ERHARD MILCH
March 1892 – January 1972

Erhard Milch was born in Wilhelmshaven, Germany, in March 1892. He began his military career in the German Army during World War I and later transferred to the newly formed Luftstreitkräfte (German Air Service). After the war, he worked in civil aviation and became a key figure in the development of German air transport.

In the early 1930s, Milch joined the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Reich Aviation Ministry), where he played a central role in the reconstruction of German air power. He became a close associate of Hermann Göring and was instrumental in organizing the Luftwaffe. Milch was appointed Inspector General of the Luftwaffe and later Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) during World War II.

He oversaw aircraft production and logistics, striving to increase output despite resource shortages and Allied bombings. Milch was also involved in the use of forced labor in the aviation industry, which became a major issue during the post-war trials.

After Germany’s defeat, he was arrested and tried at the Ministries Trial (one of the Nuremberg follow-up trials), where he was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1947, but his sentence was later commuted to 15 years, and he was released in 1954.

Erhard Milch died in January 1972 in Düsseldorf.

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🇩🇪 HUGO SPERRLE
February 1885 – April 1953

Hugo Sperrle was born on 7 February 1885 in Ludwigsburg, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, part of the German Empire. He pursued a military career early on, joining the Imperial German Army in 1903. During World War I, he transferred to the air service, laying the foundation for his later role in military aviation.

Sperrle became a prominent commander in the Luftwaffe, the German air force, during the interwar period and the era of the Third Reich. He played a significant role during the Spanish Civil War as the commander of the Condor Legion, a unit composed of volunteers from the Luftwaffe and the German Army sent to support Francisco Franco. His leadership there helped him rise further in the Luftwaffe hierarchy.

During World War II, Sperrle commanded Luftflotte 3 (Air Fleet 3), which was heavily involved in the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain. As a senior officer, he was responsible for directing major bombing campaigns, particularly in Western Europe. However, his influence declined in the later years of the war, and he was eventually retired in 1944.

After the war, Sperrle was captured by Allied forces and tried at the High Command Trial in Nuremberg for war crimes, but he was acquitted in 1948.

Hugo Sperrle died of natural causes on 2 April 1953 in Munich, West Germany.

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🇩🇪 JOSEF THORAK
1889 – February 1952

Josef Thorak was born in Salzburg, Austria, in 1889. He studied sculpture in Vienna and Berlin, where he developed a monumental style that emphasized muscular, idealized human figures. In the 1930s, Thorak became one of the leading sculptors of the Third Reich, alongside Arno Breker. His works, often colossal in scale, were used to express the ideological and aesthetic values of the NSDAP regime, symbolizing strength, unity, and heroism.

Thorak received many prestigious commissions during this period, including statues for the 1937 Paris World Exhibition and architectural collaborations with Albert Speer. Despite his association with the regime, he continued working after the war, though his reputation was significantly affected.

He died in February 1952 in Bavaria, reportedly from a heart condition.

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🇹🇷 MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK
1881 – 10 November 1938
“Father of the Turks,
The Founder of Modern Turkey”

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in 1881 in Thessaloniki, then a city within the Ottoman Empire. He began his education at a traditional neighborhood school and later enrolled in the modern Şemsi Efendi School. Recognized early for his military talents, he went on to study at the Monastir Military High School and later at the Ottoman Military Academy in Istanbul, graduating in 1905 with the rank of Staff Captain.

During his military career, he served in the Italo-Turkish War and the Balkan Wars. In World War I, he gained widespread respect for his leadership, especially at the Gallipoli front. After the Ottoman Empire accepted defeat and allowed the occupation of the country, Atatürk opposed this submission. On May 19, 1919, he landed in Samsun and launched the Turkish War of Independence. Through his strategic brilliance and the sacrifices of the nation, the struggle culminated in the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Atatürk as its first President.

Atatürk was not only a military commander but also a visionary statesman. He introduced the Latin alphabet, granted women the right to vote and be elected, modernized the education system, abolished the caliphate, and established a secular state — aiming to cleanse the nation of political Islamists and secretive organizations. His reforms in law, society, and dress were decisive and modernizing. These were not exaggerated, but practical and impactful changes that transformed Turkish society. He revived a nation that was exhausted and on the verge of collapse. Later, these reforms attracted the attention of other post-war leaders like Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, who praised Atatürk and found inspiration in his achievements. In German media, the rise of Hitler’s Germany was even compared to that of Kemalist Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk died of cirrhosis on November 10, 1938, at 9:05 a.m. in Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul.

He left behind a modern and independent Turkey shaped by the spirit of national sovereignty. Through his leadership, vision, and unwavering belief in his people, he remains a respected figure across the world, honored by people of all races and religions.

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Condolences of World Leaders and important figures on the death of Atatürk
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🇩🇪 HANS VON SEECKT
April 1866 – December 1936

Hans von Seeckt was born on April 22, 1866, in Schleswig, then part of the Kingdom of Prussia. Coming from a military family, he pursued a career in the German Army, rising steadily through the ranks.

During World War I, Seeckt served in various senior staff roles, most notably as the chief of staff of the Ottoman Army Group commanded by German General Erich von Falkenhayn. His organizational talent and understanding of modern warfare became more evident in the postwar years, when he played a crucial role in shaping the future of the German military.

Appointed as the head of the Reichswehr (the German army) from 1920 to 1926, Seeckt was instrumental in rebuilding and restructuring the German armed forces within the limitations set by the Treaty of Versailles. He emphasized professional training, tactical innovation, and tight organizational control, laying the groundwork for the army’s later development. Seeckt also maintained the army’s political neutrality during the early years of the Weimar Republic, although he kept strong nationalist views privately.

After retiring from the army, he briefly entered politics and served as a member of the Reichstag. He later traveled to China, where he worked as a military advisor to Chiang Kai-shek between 1933 and 1935.

Hans von Seeckt died on December 27, 1936, in Berlin due to a heart attack.

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🇩🇪 WERNER FREIHERR VON FRITSCH
1880 – September 1939

Werner Freiherr von Fritsch was born on August 4, 1880, in Benrath, Germany. He pursued a military career early on and steadily rose through the ranks of the Imperial German Army and later the Reichswehr. By 1934, he became Commander-in-Chief of the German Army (Heer), making him one of the top military officials in Germany during the early years of the NSDAP regime.

Fritsch was known for his conservative and traditional Prussian military values and was initially supportive of rearmament and the regime’s nationalist aims. However, his relationship with the NSDAP leadership became strained, particularly with Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring. In 1938, he was falsely accused of homosexuality in what became known as the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair. Although he was later exonerated, the incident led to his dismissal from the army’s top command.

During the invasion of Poland in 1939, Fritsch volunteered to serve and was given a field command. On September 22, 1939, he was killed in action near Warsaw. He was reportedly inspecting front-line positions when he was shot by a Polish sniper.

His death marked the end of a career that had been both distinguished and marred by political intrigue.

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🇩🇪 FRIEDRICH HOSSBACH
1894 – September 1980

Friedrich Hossbach was born on November 22, 1894, in Unna, Germany. He was a career officer in the German Army, serving in World War I and continuing through the interwar Reichswehr. By the 1930s, he had become a key aide to Adolf Hitler, serving as his military adjutant.

Hossbach is most well known for the Hossbach Memorandum, a document he wrote on November 5, 1937, summarizing a secret meeting between Hitler and several high-ranking military and foreign policy officials. The meeting outlined Hitler’s aggressive expansionist goals, including plans to seize Austria and Czechoslovakia. This document would later be cited as important evidence of premeditated war planning during the Nuremberg Trials.

In early 1938, Hossbach fell out of favor for defending General Werner von Fritsch during the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair and was dismissed from Hitler’s personal staff. However, he remained in military service and was later promoted during World War II, eventually reaching the rank of General.

He died on September 10, 1980, in Heidelberg, West Germany.

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🇩🇪ROBERT LEY
1890 – October 1945

Robert Ley was born on February 15, 1890, in Niederbreidenbach, within the German Empire. He studied chemistry and earned a doctorate before serving as a pilot in World War I, during which he was captured and became a prisoner of war. After the war, he joined the NSDAP in 1925 and quickly rose through the ranks due to his loyalty to Adolf Hitler and his aggressive support for party ideology.

In 1933, following the National Socialist rise to power, Ley was appointed head of the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront, DAF), replacing the trade unions with a state-controlled organization. He oversaw projects like “Strength Through Joy” (Kraft durch Freude), which organized leisure activities and holidays for German workers, as part of a broader strategy to align the workforce with party goals.

Despite holding a significant position, Ley was widely criticized—even within NSDAP circles—for his corruption, alcoholism, and mismanagement. After Germany’s defeat, he was arrested by Allied forces and indicted for war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. Before his trial began, Robert Ley committed suicide in his cell on October 25, 1945.

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🇩🇪 HJALMAR SCHACHT
1877 – June 1970

Hjalmar Schacht was born on January 22, 1877, in Tingleff, then part of the German Empire (now Tinglev, Denmark). He studied economics and philosophy in Kiel, Munich, Berlin, and Paris, and earned a doctorate in political science.

Schacht began his career in banking and rose to prominence during World War I as a financial expert. After the war, he played a key role in stabilizing the German currency during the hyperinflation crisis of the early 1920s. He was appointed President of the Reichsbank in 1923 and again in 1933, shortly after the NSDAP came to power. He also served as Minister of Economics from 1934 to 1937, where he was instrumental in implementing policies that helped reduce unemployment and restore industrial production.

Although Schacht supported the early economic recovery efforts under Adolf Hitler, he increasingly opposed the regime’s militarization and antisemitic policies. He was dismissed from the Reichsbank in 1939. Later implicated in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler, Schacht was arrested and sent to concentration camps but survived the war.

After being acquitted at the Nuremberg Trials, he briefly returned to private banking. Hjalmar Schacht died on June 3, 1970, in Munich, West Germany, from natural causes.

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