10 LINEAR QUESTIONS ON DAMS
1. Which river is associated with the Srisailam Dam, located in Andhra Pradesh/Telangana?
Answer: Krishna River
2. In which state is the Sardar Sarovar Dam, built on the Narmada River, located?
Answer: Gujarat
3. The Bhakra Dam, a major hydroelectric project, is constructed on which river?
Answer: Sutlej River
4. Which dam in Jammu and Kashmir is built on the Jhelum River?
Answer: Uri Dam
5. On which river is the Maithon Dam located in Jharkhand?
Answer: Barakar River
6. The Tungabhadra Dam is a joint venture between which two states?
Answer: Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
7. Which river is associated with the Idukki Dam in Kerala?
Answer: Periyar River
8. The Gandhi Sagar Dam is located in Madhya Pradesh on which river?
Answer: Chambal River
9. Hirakud Dam, one of the longest dams in the world, is situated on which river in Odisha?
Answer: Mahanadi River
10. In which state is the Tehri Dam, one of India's tallest dams, located?
Answer: Uttarakhand
1. Which river is associated with the Srisailam Dam, located in Andhra Pradesh/Telangana?
Answer: Krishna River
2. In which state is the Sardar Sarovar Dam, built on the Narmada River, located?
Answer: Gujarat
3. The Bhakra Dam, a major hydroelectric project, is constructed on which river?
Answer: Sutlej River
4. Which dam in Jammu and Kashmir is built on the Jhelum River?
Answer: Uri Dam
5. On which river is the Maithon Dam located in Jharkhand?
Answer: Barakar River
6. The Tungabhadra Dam is a joint venture between which two states?
Answer: Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
7. Which river is associated with the Idukki Dam in Kerala?
Answer: Periyar River
8. The Gandhi Sagar Dam is located in Madhya Pradesh on which river?
Answer: Chambal River
9. Hirakud Dam, one of the longest dams in the world, is situated on which river in Odisha?
Answer: Mahanadi River
10. In which state is the Tehri Dam, one of India's tallest dams, located?
Answer: Uttarakhand
Current Affairs - 23 March 2026 (UPSC)
1. Political / Governance
1.1 UPSC IFoS 2025 Personality Test Schedule Released:
The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) officially released the Personality Test Schedule for the Indian Forest Service (IFoS) Examination 2025 on March 23, 2026. Interviews are scheduled to commence from April 6, 2026, and conclude on April 15, 2026.
1.2 EVM-VVPAT Randomization for April 2026 Assembly Elections:
The Election Commission of India has completed the first stage of EVM-VVPAT randomization across Assam, Kerala, and Puducherry. This process is in preparation for the upcoming Assembly elections scheduled for April 2026. Randomization is a two-stage, software-driven process used to allocate voting machines to various constituencies and polling stations to ensure fairness.
1.3 Supreme Court on Mandatory Voting:
The Supreme Court of India recently raised concerns regarding mandatory voting during a poll-related hearing, coinciding with the announcement of the 2026 Assembly election schedule by the Election Commission. The right to vote in India is a statutory right, not a fundamental right.
1.4 National DMF Summit 2026:
The Ministry of Mines organized the National DMF Summit 2026, which is being held on March 23–24, 2026, at the SCOPE Convention Centre in New Delhi. The summit focuses on improving the utilization of District Mineral Foundation (DMF) funds in mining-affected regions, bringing together policymakers, administrators, and experts.
2. Economic / Business
2.1 Credit Guarantee Scheme for Microfinance Institutions-2.0 (CGSMFI-2.0):
The Government of India has launched the CGSMFI-2.0, a specialized credit guarantee framework designed to inject ₹20,000 crore into the microfinance sector. Under this scheme, the government provides a guarantee to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs) against potential losses from microfinance loans, aiming to enhance financial inclusion and support the microfinance sector.
2.2 Outlay for PM-KUSUM Scheme Doubled:
In the 2026–27 Budget, the outlay for the PM-KUSUM scheme has nearly doubled to ₹5,000 crore. This move is accompanied by the government's consideration of a National Agri-photovoltaics Mission, aiming to achieve 10 GW of capacity. This initiative positions Agri-photovoltaics (agriPV) as a primary solution to India's land-use conflict between food security and renewable energy targets.
2.3 RBI's Liquidity Management:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) infused over ₹25,000 crore of liquidity into the banking system through a 3-day variable rate repo (VRR) auction. This follows a prior infusion of ₹3.50 lakh crore through open market purchase (OMO) of government securities since January 2026, demonstrating RBI's active role in managing banking system liquidity.
2.4 Anti-Dumping Investigations:
The Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, has launched anti-dumping investigations into the alleged dumping of ethyl chloroformate from China. Additionally, a separate investigation has been opened into imports of hexamine from China, Russia, and the United Arab Emirates. These duties aim to protect domestic industries from unfair pricing practices by foreign exporters.
3. International Relations
3.1 Iran War Escalation and Diego Garcia Island:
The U.K. condemned a "reckless Iranian ballistic missile attack" targeting the joint U.K.–U.S. military base on Diego Garcia. This incident marks a significant escalation in the 2026 Iran war. Diego Garcia Island is a tropical atoll hosting a critical overseas military base.
3.2 West Asia Crisis and India's Energy Dependence:
The ongoing West Asia crisis has disrupted energy supplies globally, highlighting India's heavy dependence on imported gas. This situation has revived discussions on past pipeline projects such as the Iran–Pakistan–India (IPI) and Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) pipelines, which were designed to transport natural gas to India.
1. Political / Governance
1.1 UPSC IFoS 2025 Personality Test Schedule Released:
The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) officially released the Personality Test Schedule for the Indian Forest Service (IFoS) Examination 2025 on March 23, 2026. Interviews are scheduled to commence from April 6, 2026, and conclude on April 15, 2026.
1.2 EVM-VVPAT Randomization for April 2026 Assembly Elections:
The Election Commission of India has completed the first stage of EVM-VVPAT randomization across Assam, Kerala, and Puducherry. This process is in preparation for the upcoming Assembly elections scheduled for April 2026. Randomization is a two-stage, software-driven process used to allocate voting machines to various constituencies and polling stations to ensure fairness.
1.3 Supreme Court on Mandatory Voting:
The Supreme Court of India recently raised concerns regarding mandatory voting during a poll-related hearing, coinciding with the announcement of the 2026 Assembly election schedule by the Election Commission. The right to vote in India is a statutory right, not a fundamental right.
1.4 National DMF Summit 2026:
The Ministry of Mines organized the National DMF Summit 2026, which is being held on March 23–24, 2026, at the SCOPE Convention Centre in New Delhi. The summit focuses on improving the utilization of District Mineral Foundation (DMF) funds in mining-affected regions, bringing together policymakers, administrators, and experts.
2. Economic / Business
2.1 Credit Guarantee Scheme for Microfinance Institutions-2.0 (CGSMFI-2.0):
The Government of India has launched the CGSMFI-2.0, a specialized credit guarantee framework designed to inject ₹20,000 crore into the microfinance sector. Under this scheme, the government provides a guarantee to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs) against potential losses from microfinance loans, aiming to enhance financial inclusion and support the microfinance sector.
2.2 Outlay for PM-KUSUM Scheme Doubled:
In the 2026–27 Budget, the outlay for the PM-KUSUM scheme has nearly doubled to ₹5,000 crore. This move is accompanied by the government's consideration of a National Agri-photovoltaics Mission, aiming to achieve 10 GW of capacity. This initiative positions Agri-photovoltaics (agriPV) as a primary solution to India's land-use conflict between food security and renewable energy targets.
2.3 RBI's Liquidity Management:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) infused over ₹25,000 crore of liquidity into the banking system through a 3-day variable rate repo (VRR) auction. This follows a prior infusion of ₹3.50 lakh crore through open market purchase (OMO) of government securities since January 2026, demonstrating RBI's active role in managing banking system liquidity.
2.4 Anti-Dumping Investigations:
The Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, has launched anti-dumping investigations into the alleged dumping of ethyl chloroformate from China. Additionally, a separate investigation has been opened into imports of hexamine from China, Russia, and the United Arab Emirates. These duties aim to protect domestic industries from unfair pricing practices by foreign exporters.
3. International Relations
3.1 Iran War Escalation and Diego Garcia Island:
The U.K. condemned a "reckless Iranian ballistic missile attack" targeting the joint U.K.–U.S. military base on Diego Garcia. This incident marks a significant escalation in the 2026 Iran war. Diego Garcia Island is a tropical atoll hosting a critical overseas military base.
3.2 West Asia Crisis and India's Energy Dependence:
The ongoing West Asia crisis has disrupted energy supplies globally, highlighting India's heavy dependence on imported gas. This situation has revived discussions on past pipeline projects such as the Iran–Pakistan–India (IPI) and Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) pipelines, which were designed to transport natural gas to India.
3.3 India's BRICS Presidency in 2026:
India assumed the BRICS Presidency in 2026 under the theme "Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability," placing Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) at the forefront of the bloc's agenda. The expansion into BRICS+ and the 2025 BRICS Rio de Janeiro Declaration emphasize a shift towards deep-tech collaboration, governance, and technology transfer. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, UAE, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran) now represents about 49.5% of the global population and 40% of global GDP.
4. Science & Technology
4.1 Agri-photovoltaics (agriPV) and National Agri-photovoltaics Mission:
The government is considering a National Agri-photovoltaics Mission to achieve 10 GW of capacity, with a doubled outlay for the PM-KUSUM scheme in the 2026–27 Budget. This initiative aims to integrate solar power generation with agricultural activities, addressing land-use conflicts and promoting sustainable energy.
5. Sports
5.1 ICC Player of the Month February 2026:
Pakistan opener Sahibzada Farhan was announced as the ICC Men’s Player of the Month for February 2026, following his outstanding performance as the highest run-scorer in the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026. India’s pace bowler Arundhati Reddy was named ICC Women’s Player of the Month for February 2026 for her key role in India’s historic T20I series win against Australia.
5.2 Youngest T20I Centurion:
Rwanda's 15-year-old cricketer Fanny Utagushimaninde made history by becoming the youngest centurion in Women’s T20 International cricket. She scored an unbeaten 111 runs off 65 balls against Ghana in the Nigeria Invitational Tournament.
5.3 Khelo India Tribal Games 2026:
The Khelo India Tribal Games 2026 are set to begin on March 25 in Chhattisgarh, continuing until April 3. The event will be hosted across Raipur, Jagdalpur, and Surguja, bringing together over 6,000 participants, including 2,300 athletes. This initiative promotes tribal sports and culture.
5.4 LeBron James NBA Record:
LeBron James broke the NBA record for most regular season games played, appearing in his 1,612th game for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Orlando Magic on March 22, 2026. This milestone surpasses the previous record of 1,611 games held by Robert Parish since 1997.
6. Environment & Climate
6.1 Chambal River Environmental Flows:
The Ministry of Environment has directed the Central Water Commission (CWC) to ensure environmental flows in the Chambal River. This directive aims to protect the endangered Ganges River Dolphin. The Chambal River is a perennial, rain-fed river in central and northern India, forming a vital part of the greater Gangetic basin.
7. Social Issues
7.1 Abortion Law in India:
The Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark judgment permitting a woman to terminate her 30-week pregnancy. This ruling, led by Justice B.V. Nagarathna, prioritizes reproductive autonomy over fetal viability and sets a significant precedent by allowing termination beyond the 24-week statutory limit under specific circumstances.
7.2 Sarhul Festival 2026:
The President of India extended greetings on the Sarhul Festival 2026 on March 22. This sacred occasion for Adivasi communities, especially in Jharkhand and nearby regions, marks the beginning of a new agricultural season and reflects a deep bond between humans and nature, devoted to the worship of nature.
8. Defense & Security
8.1 Stealth Frigate 'Taragiri' Commissioning:
The Indian Navy is scheduled to commission the stealth frigate ‘Taragiri (F41)’ on April 3, 2026, at Visakhapatnam. This event marks a major milestone in India’s push towards Aatmanirbhar Bharat and indigenous naval capability under Project 17A. Taragiri is designed with advanced stealth features and combat capabilities.
India assumed the BRICS Presidency in 2026 under the theme "Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability," placing Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) at the forefront of the bloc's agenda. The expansion into BRICS+ and the 2025 BRICS Rio de Janeiro Declaration emphasize a shift towards deep-tech collaboration, governance, and technology transfer. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, UAE, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran) now represents about 49.5% of the global population and 40% of global GDP.
4. Science & Technology
4.1 Agri-photovoltaics (agriPV) and National Agri-photovoltaics Mission:
The government is considering a National Agri-photovoltaics Mission to achieve 10 GW of capacity, with a doubled outlay for the PM-KUSUM scheme in the 2026–27 Budget. This initiative aims to integrate solar power generation with agricultural activities, addressing land-use conflicts and promoting sustainable energy.
5. Sports
5.1 ICC Player of the Month February 2026:
Pakistan opener Sahibzada Farhan was announced as the ICC Men’s Player of the Month for February 2026, following his outstanding performance as the highest run-scorer in the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026. India’s pace bowler Arundhati Reddy was named ICC Women’s Player of the Month for February 2026 for her key role in India’s historic T20I series win against Australia.
5.2 Youngest T20I Centurion:
Rwanda's 15-year-old cricketer Fanny Utagushimaninde made history by becoming the youngest centurion in Women’s T20 International cricket. She scored an unbeaten 111 runs off 65 balls against Ghana in the Nigeria Invitational Tournament.
5.3 Khelo India Tribal Games 2026:
The Khelo India Tribal Games 2026 are set to begin on March 25 in Chhattisgarh, continuing until April 3. The event will be hosted across Raipur, Jagdalpur, and Surguja, bringing together over 6,000 participants, including 2,300 athletes. This initiative promotes tribal sports and culture.
5.4 LeBron James NBA Record:
LeBron James broke the NBA record for most regular season games played, appearing in his 1,612th game for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Orlando Magic on March 22, 2026. This milestone surpasses the previous record of 1,611 games held by Robert Parish since 1997.
6. Environment & Climate
6.1 Chambal River Environmental Flows:
The Ministry of Environment has directed the Central Water Commission (CWC) to ensure environmental flows in the Chambal River. This directive aims to protect the endangered Ganges River Dolphin. The Chambal River is a perennial, rain-fed river in central and northern India, forming a vital part of the greater Gangetic basin.
7. Social Issues
7.1 Abortion Law in India:
The Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark judgment permitting a woman to terminate her 30-week pregnancy. This ruling, led by Justice B.V. Nagarathna, prioritizes reproductive autonomy over fetal viability and sets a significant precedent by allowing termination beyond the 24-week statutory limit under specific circumstances.
7.2 Sarhul Festival 2026:
The President of India extended greetings on the Sarhul Festival 2026 on March 22. This sacred occasion for Adivasi communities, especially in Jharkhand and nearby regions, marks the beginning of a new agricultural season and reflects a deep bond between humans and nature, devoted to the worship of nature.
8. Defense & Security
8.1 Stealth Frigate 'Taragiri' Commissioning:
The Indian Navy is scheduled to commission the stealth frigate ‘Taragiri (F41)’ on April 3, 2026, at Visakhapatnam. This event marks a major milestone in India’s push towards Aatmanirbhar Bharat and indigenous naval capability under Project 17A. Taragiri is designed with advanced stealth features and combat capabilities.
❤1
*🌱Living Organisms & Their Surroundings – Quick Revision Notes on General Science*
1. What is Life?
Basic unit of life: Cell
All organisms are made of cells capable of independent functions.
Known species: ~ 1.7–1.8 million
Scientific naming system:
Based on standardized rules like International Code for Botanical Nomenclature
Requires proper identification.
2. Environment
Definition: Surroundings affecting living organisms.
A. Biotic Components (Living)
Producers
Green plants (photosynthesis)
Consumers
Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores
Decomposers
Bacteria & fungi
Role: Mineralization, natural cleaning
Detritivores
Example: Earthworms
Convert organic matter → humus
B. Abiotic Components (Non-Living)
1. Temperature
Range: Below 0°C to >50°C
Affects distribution & physiology
Types of animals:
Poikilotherms: Cold-blooded (fish, amphibians)
Homotherms: Warm-blooded (birds, mammals)
2. Water (Precipitation)
Plant types:
Xerophytes → Dry (cactus)
Mesophytes → Moderate
Hydrophytes → Aquatic
Aquatic animals:
Stenohaline → Narrow salinity range
Euryhaline → Wide salinity range
3. Sunlight
Essential for photosynthesis
Animal activity:
Nocturnal → Night
Diurnal → Day
Vesperal → Evening
Auroral → Morning
Plants:
Sciophytes → Shade
Heliophytes → Sunlight
Water zones:
Littoral → Light reaches bottom
Limnetic → Open water
4. Soil (Edaphic Factors)
Soil Type Crops
Sandy Poor fertility
Clayey Pots
Loam/Alluvial Wheat, rice
Black soil Cotton
Gravel Tea, coffee
Coastal Coconut, palm
3. Ecology
Study of organism-environment interactions
Term coined by Ernst Haeckel
4. Ecological Hierarchy
Order:
Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biome → Biosphere
Ecosystem coined by Arthur Tansley
5. Population Interactions
Interaction Description Example
Competition Same/different species Plants for sunlight
Predation Predator kills prey Lion–deer
Parasitism Parasite harms host Tapeworm
Commensalism One benefits Shark–sucker fish
Mutualism Both benefit Lichen
6. Adaptations
A. Behavioral
Hibernation → Winter sleep
Aestivation → Summer sleep
Diapause → Suspended development
B. Structural
Camouflage → Blend with environment
Mimicry → Resemble other species
Echolocation → Navigation via sound
7. Population Dynamics
Population Size Depends On:
Birth rate
Death rate
Immigration
Emigration
Age Structure:
Pre-reproductive
Reproductive
Post-reproductive
Population Shapes:
Expanding → Triangle
Stable → Bell
Declining → Urn
Growth Curves:
J-curve → Exponential
S-curve → Sigmoid (carrying capacity)
8. Environmental Issues
1. Anthropogenic Ecosystems
Man-made: aquariums, gardens
2. Biomagnification
Toxic substances increase at higher trophic levels
Examples:
DDT → Eggshell thinning
Mercury → Minamata disease
3. Biodiversity Loss (Evil Quartet)
Habitat loss & fragmentation
Invasive species
Co-extinction
Overexploitation
1. What is Life?
Basic unit of life: Cell
All organisms are made of cells capable of independent functions.
Known species: ~ 1.7–1.8 million
Scientific naming system:
Based on standardized rules like International Code for Botanical Nomenclature
Requires proper identification.
2. Environment
Definition: Surroundings affecting living organisms.
A. Biotic Components (Living)
Producers
Green plants (photosynthesis)
Consumers
Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores
Decomposers
Bacteria & fungi
Role: Mineralization, natural cleaning
Detritivores
Example: Earthworms
Convert organic matter → humus
B. Abiotic Components (Non-Living)
1. Temperature
Range: Below 0°C to >50°C
Affects distribution & physiology
Types of animals:
Poikilotherms: Cold-blooded (fish, amphibians)
Homotherms: Warm-blooded (birds, mammals)
2. Water (Precipitation)
Plant types:
Xerophytes → Dry (cactus)
Mesophytes → Moderate
Hydrophytes → Aquatic
Aquatic animals:
Stenohaline → Narrow salinity range
Euryhaline → Wide salinity range
3. Sunlight
Essential for photosynthesis
Animal activity:
Nocturnal → Night
Diurnal → Day
Vesperal → Evening
Auroral → Morning
Plants:
Sciophytes → Shade
Heliophytes → Sunlight
Water zones:
Littoral → Light reaches bottom
Limnetic → Open water
4. Soil (Edaphic Factors)
Soil Type Crops
Sandy Poor fertility
Clayey Pots
Loam/Alluvial Wheat, rice
Black soil Cotton
Gravel Tea, coffee
Coastal Coconut, palm
3. Ecology
Study of organism-environment interactions
Term coined by Ernst Haeckel
4. Ecological Hierarchy
Order:
Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biome → Biosphere
Ecosystem coined by Arthur Tansley
5. Population Interactions
Interaction Description Example
Competition Same/different species Plants for sunlight
Predation Predator kills prey Lion–deer
Parasitism Parasite harms host Tapeworm
Commensalism One benefits Shark–sucker fish
Mutualism Both benefit Lichen
6. Adaptations
A. Behavioral
Hibernation → Winter sleep
Aestivation → Summer sleep
Diapause → Suspended development
B. Structural
Camouflage → Blend with environment
Mimicry → Resemble other species
Echolocation → Navigation via sound
7. Population Dynamics
Population Size Depends On:
Birth rate
Death rate
Immigration
Emigration
Age Structure:
Pre-reproductive
Reproductive
Post-reproductive
Population Shapes:
Expanding → Triangle
Stable → Bell
Declining → Urn
Growth Curves:
J-curve → Exponential
S-curve → Sigmoid (carrying capacity)
8. Environmental Issues
1. Anthropogenic Ecosystems
Man-made: aquariums, gardens
2. Biomagnification
Toxic substances increase at higher trophic levels
Examples:
DDT → Eggshell thinning
Mercury → Minamata disease
3. Biodiversity Loss (Evil Quartet)
Habitat loss & fragmentation
Invasive species
Co-extinction
Overexploitation
📚 Attention Students! Boost Your Exam Preparation 🚀
We have launched a WhatsApp Channel to help students prepare smarter with the power of AI 💡
👉 What you’ll get daily:
✅ Important Bits (APPSC / Group-1 / Group-2 / RRB)
✅ NCERT Short Notes & One-liners
✅ Daily Current Affairs (easy to understand)
✅ Mind Maps & Quick Revision सामग्री
✅ Practice Questions & Model Tests
🤖 Special Feature – AI-powered content
→ Simple and easy explanations
→ Exam-focused material
→ Saves your time and boosts your score
📈 Don’t miss daily updates – join now!
🔗 Join Here: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vb7KWCO7tkj70oFu1y2T
📢 Share with your friends – let’s grow and succeed together!
We have launched a WhatsApp Channel to help students prepare smarter with the power of AI 💡
👉 What you’ll get daily:
✅ Important Bits (APPSC / Group-1 / Group-2 / RRB)
✅ NCERT Short Notes & One-liners
✅ Daily Current Affairs (easy to understand)
✅ Mind Maps & Quick Revision सामग्री
✅ Practice Questions & Model Tests
🤖 Special Feature – AI-powered content
→ Simple and easy explanations
→ Exam-focused material
→ Saves your time and boosts your score
📈 Don’t miss daily updates – join now!
🔗 Join Here: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vb7KWCO7tkj70oFu1y2T
📢 Share with your friends – let’s grow and succeed together!
❤2
Current Affairs – 24 March 2026
🏛 Political / Governance
Delhi's Green Budget 2026-27 Unveiled
Delhi Chief Minister Rekha Gupta presented the Budget 2026-27 on March 24, 2026, with a financial outlay of ₹1,03,700 crore. This marks a 3.7% increase from the previous year. The budget is notably a "Green Budget," emphasizing environmental protection and addressing rising pollution concerns in the national capital.
GHADC Amendment on ST Certificate
The Garo Hills Autonomous District Council (GHADC) in Meghalaya passed an amendment on March 24, 2026, making the Scheduled Tribe (ST) Certificate mandatory for individuals to contest council elections. Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad Sangma announced this development, following regional tensions and controversy.
Jal Seva Aankalan Framework Operationalized
The Government of India has operationalized the 'Jal Seva Aankalan' framework under the Jal Jeevan Mission. It is a village-level assessment and monitoring system to evaluate rural tap water service delivery through community participation and digital reporting.
💰 Economic / Business
India Growth Forecast Cut by Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs reduced India’s GDP growth forecast for 2026 to 5.9%, down from 7%, citing rising oil prices, global supply disruptions, rupee pressure, and West Asia conflict risks including the Strait of Hormuz.
Raajmarg Infra Investment Trust (RIIT) Listed on BSE
The NHAI-sponsored Raajmarg Infra Investment Trust (RIIT) was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange on March 24, 2026. It operates as an Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT), similar to a mutual fund for infrastructure assets.
Full RoDTEP Rates Restored
The Government restored full Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) rates and value caps, removing the earlier 50% restriction to support exporters amid logistics disruptions.
Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs) Capacity
The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas informed the Rajya Sabha that India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves are operating at 64% capacity. These reserves act as a buffer against global oil shocks.
🌐 International Relations
International Year of the Woman Farmer (IYWF 2026)
The United Nations designated 2026 as the International Year of the Woman Farmer. India hosted the Global Conference on Women in Agri-Food Systems (GCWAS–2026) in New Delhi to promote reforms and recognize women’s contributions to agriculture.
🔬 Science & Technology
Model Context Protocol (MCP) Launched
The Government of India launched a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server—an open-source standard enabling AI tools to connect with the e-Sankhyiki portal for direct access to verified official statistical data.
🏅 Sports
Anahat Singh Wins India Open 2026 Squash Title
Anahat Singh won her second consecutive JSW Indian Open title (March 22, 2026), defeating Hana Moataz 3-1, highlighting her rising global prominence.
🌱 Environment & Climate
WMO Warns Earth's Climate is "Flashing Red"
The World Meteorological Organization warned that Earth’s climate system is “flashing red,” with a 65-year high energy imbalance due to global warming.
World Water Day Conclave 2026
The Ministry of Jal Shakti organized the conclave (March 22, 2026) with the theme "Industry for Water."
Key highlights:
Focus on circular water economy (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
Release of major water-related censuses and National Water Data Policy 2026
Industry commitments:
Water audits by 2027
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) by 2030
50% reduction in water footprint by 2030
UN theme: "Water and Gender"
UNESCO Advice on Aghanashini–Vedavathi River-Linking Project
UNESCO advised strict adherence to World Heritage norms for the project. The Aghanashini River is one of India’s most pristine free-flowing rivers.
Chokramudi Hills Restoration
Restoration of Chokramudi hills in Kerala led to ecological revival, including return of the Nilgiri tahr and blooming of the rare Neelakurinji.
👥 Social Issues
World Tuberculosis (TB) Day 2026
Observed on March 24, commemorating Robert Koch’s discovery of TB bacteria (1882).
🏛 Political / Governance
Delhi's Green Budget 2026-27 Unveiled
Delhi Chief Minister Rekha Gupta presented the Budget 2026-27 on March 24, 2026, with a financial outlay of ₹1,03,700 crore. This marks a 3.7% increase from the previous year. The budget is notably a "Green Budget," emphasizing environmental protection and addressing rising pollution concerns in the national capital.
GHADC Amendment on ST Certificate
The Garo Hills Autonomous District Council (GHADC) in Meghalaya passed an amendment on March 24, 2026, making the Scheduled Tribe (ST) Certificate mandatory for individuals to contest council elections. Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad Sangma announced this development, following regional tensions and controversy.
Jal Seva Aankalan Framework Operationalized
The Government of India has operationalized the 'Jal Seva Aankalan' framework under the Jal Jeevan Mission. It is a village-level assessment and monitoring system to evaluate rural tap water service delivery through community participation and digital reporting.
💰 Economic / Business
India Growth Forecast Cut by Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs reduced India’s GDP growth forecast for 2026 to 5.9%, down from 7%, citing rising oil prices, global supply disruptions, rupee pressure, and West Asia conflict risks including the Strait of Hormuz.
Raajmarg Infra Investment Trust (RIIT) Listed on BSE
The NHAI-sponsored Raajmarg Infra Investment Trust (RIIT) was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange on March 24, 2026. It operates as an Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT), similar to a mutual fund for infrastructure assets.
Full RoDTEP Rates Restored
The Government restored full Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) rates and value caps, removing the earlier 50% restriction to support exporters amid logistics disruptions.
Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs) Capacity
The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas informed the Rajya Sabha that India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves are operating at 64% capacity. These reserves act as a buffer against global oil shocks.
🌐 International Relations
International Year of the Woman Farmer (IYWF 2026)
The United Nations designated 2026 as the International Year of the Woman Farmer. India hosted the Global Conference on Women in Agri-Food Systems (GCWAS–2026) in New Delhi to promote reforms and recognize women’s contributions to agriculture.
🔬 Science & Technology
Model Context Protocol (MCP) Launched
The Government of India launched a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server—an open-source standard enabling AI tools to connect with the e-Sankhyiki portal for direct access to verified official statistical data.
🏅 Sports
Anahat Singh Wins India Open 2026 Squash Title
Anahat Singh won her second consecutive JSW Indian Open title (March 22, 2026), defeating Hana Moataz 3-1, highlighting her rising global prominence.
🌱 Environment & Climate
WMO Warns Earth's Climate is "Flashing Red"
The World Meteorological Organization warned that Earth’s climate system is “flashing red,” with a 65-year high energy imbalance due to global warming.
World Water Day Conclave 2026
The Ministry of Jal Shakti organized the conclave (March 22, 2026) with the theme "Industry for Water."
Key highlights:
Focus on circular water economy (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
Release of major water-related censuses and National Water Data Policy 2026
Industry commitments:
Water audits by 2027
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) by 2030
50% reduction in water footprint by 2030
UN theme: "Water and Gender"
UNESCO Advice on Aghanashini–Vedavathi River-Linking Project
UNESCO advised strict adherence to World Heritage norms for the project. The Aghanashini River is one of India’s most pristine free-flowing rivers.
Chokramudi Hills Restoration
Restoration of Chokramudi hills in Kerala led to ecological revival, including return of the Nilgiri tahr and blooming of the rare Neelakurinji.
👥 Social Issues
World Tuberculosis (TB) Day 2026
Observed on March 24, commemorating Robert Koch’s discovery of TB bacteria (1882).
WHO Theme: "Yes! We can End TB!"
India’s progress:
21% decline in TB incidence
92% treatment coverage (2024)
90% treatment success rate
Initiatives:
TB Mukt Bharat App
TB Mukt Urban Ward Initiative
100-day intensified campaign
Challenges:
28% of global TB deaths
~1 lakh missing cases annually
India missed its 2025 TB elimination target.
UN IGME 2025 Report on Child Mortality
The United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation report shows:
Global slowdown in child survival progress since 2015
4.9 million under-5 deaths (2024)
2.3 million newborn deaths
Severe Acute Malnutrition caused ~5% deaths
India recognized as a global exemplar
India achieved 79% decline in Under-5 Mortality Rate
🏆 Awards & Honors
Kalpana Soren Receives International Honour
Kalpana Soren received the Women Empowerment Trailblazer Award at the BRICS CCI WE Summit 2026 in New Delhi for promoting women-led development and grassroots entrepreneurship.
India’s progress:
21% decline in TB incidence
92% treatment coverage (2024)
90% treatment success rate
Initiatives:
TB Mukt Bharat App
TB Mukt Urban Ward Initiative
100-day intensified campaign
Challenges:
28% of global TB deaths
~1 lakh missing cases annually
India missed its 2025 TB elimination target.
UN IGME 2025 Report on Child Mortality
The United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation report shows:
Global slowdown in child survival progress since 2015
4.9 million under-5 deaths (2024)
2.3 million newborn deaths
Severe Acute Malnutrition caused ~5% deaths
India recognized as a global exemplar
India achieved 79% decline in Under-5 Mortality Rate
🏆 Awards & Honors
Kalpana Soren Receives International Honour
Kalpana Soren received the Women Empowerment Trailblazer Award at the BRICS CCI WE Summit 2026 in New Delhi for promoting women-led development and grassroots entrepreneurship.
Body Movements – Quick Revision Notes on General Science
1. Overview
Body movements range from cellular activities → whole organism locomotion.
Involve coordination of:
Muscles
Skeletal system
Nervous control
2. Types of Movement
Amoeboid Movement
By pseudopodia (protoplasmic streaming)
Involves microfilaments
Example: Amoeba
Ciliary Movement
Occurs in ciliated epithelium
Functions:
Removal of dust (trachea)
Movement of ova (female tract)
Flagellar Movement
Helps in swimming of spermatozoa
Also in sponges & protists (Euglena)
Muscular Movement
Movement of limbs, jaw, tongue
Responsible for locomotion
Based on muscle contraction
3. Muscular System
Origin: Mesoderm
Makes up 40–50% of body weight
Properties of Muscles
Excitability – respond to stimuli
Contractility – shorten forcefully
Extensibility – stretch
Elasticity – regain original length
4. Types of Muscles
1. Skeletal Muscle
Striated, voluntary
Attached to bones
Function: movement & posture
2. Visceral (Smooth) Muscle
Non-striated, involuntary
Found in internal organs
Function: movement of food & gametes
3. Cardiac Muscle
Striated, involuntary
Branched fibers
Present in heart
5. Muscle Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory)
Actin (thin) slides over Myosin (thick)
Steps:
Action potential → Ca²⁺ release
Ca²⁺ binds troponin → exposes active sites
Myosin head + ATP → cross-bridge formation
Actin pulled → sarcomere shortens
I-band ↓, A-band constant
ADP + Pi released
New ATP → cross-bridge breaks
Cycle repeats → contraction continues
Ca²⁺ pumped back → relaxation
Fatigue due to lactic acid accumulation
6. Muscle Fibers
Red Fibers
High myoglobin
More mitochondria
Aerobic
White Fibers
Low myoglobin
Fewer mitochondria
Anaerobic
7. Skeletal System
Framework of bones & cartilage
Humans: 206 bones
Types of Skeleton
Hydrostatic – fluid-based (earthworm)
Exoskeleton – outer covering (insects)
Endoskeleton – internal (humans, birds)
8. Human Skeleton Divisions
A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
Skull (22)
8 cranial + 14 facial
Includes hyoid & ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
Vertebral Column (26)
First vertebra: Atlas
Sternum (1)
Ribs (24)
B. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
Upper Limb
Pectoral girdle: Clavicle (2), Scapula (2)
Arm: Humerus, Radius, Ulna
Carpals (16), Metacarpals (10), Phalanges (28)
Lower Limb
Pelvic girdle (2)
Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella
Tarsals (14), Metatarsals (10), Phalanges (28)
9. Joints
Point of contact between bones / cartilage
Act as fulcrum for movement
Types of Joints
Fibrous Joints
No movement
Example: skull sutures
Cartilaginous Joints
Limited movement
Example: between vertebrae
Synovial Joints
Freely movable
Types:
Ball & socket (shoulder)
Hinge (knee)
Pivot (atlas-axis)
Gliding (carpals)
Saddle (thumb)
10. Disorders
Myasthenia Gravis – autoimmune, muscle weakness
Muscular Dystrophy – genetic muscle degeneration
Tetany – low Ca²⁺ → spasms
Arthritis – joint inflammation
Osteoporosis – low bone density
Gout – uric acid crystal deposition
11. Neural Control
Nervous + endocrine systems ensure:
Coordination
Hormonal regulation
Homeostasis during movement
1. Overview
Body movements range from cellular activities → whole organism locomotion.
Involve coordination of:
Muscles
Skeletal system
Nervous control
2. Types of Movement
Amoeboid Movement
By pseudopodia (protoplasmic streaming)
Involves microfilaments
Example: Amoeba
Ciliary Movement
Occurs in ciliated epithelium
Functions:
Removal of dust (trachea)
Movement of ova (female tract)
Flagellar Movement
Helps in swimming of spermatozoa
Also in sponges & protists (Euglena)
Muscular Movement
Movement of limbs, jaw, tongue
Responsible for locomotion
Based on muscle contraction
3. Muscular System
Origin: Mesoderm
Makes up 40–50% of body weight
Properties of Muscles
Excitability – respond to stimuli
Contractility – shorten forcefully
Extensibility – stretch
Elasticity – regain original length
4. Types of Muscles
1. Skeletal Muscle
Striated, voluntary
Attached to bones
Function: movement & posture
2. Visceral (Smooth) Muscle
Non-striated, involuntary
Found in internal organs
Function: movement of food & gametes
3. Cardiac Muscle
Striated, involuntary
Branched fibers
Present in heart
5. Muscle Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory)
Actin (thin) slides over Myosin (thick)
Steps:
Action potential → Ca²⁺ release
Ca²⁺ binds troponin → exposes active sites
Myosin head + ATP → cross-bridge formation
Actin pulled → sarcomere shortens
I-band ↓, A-band constant
ADP + Pi released
New ATP → cross-bridge breaks
Cycle repeats → contraction continues
Ca²⁺ pumped back → relaxation
Fatigue due to lactic acid accumulation
6. Muscle Fibers
Red Fibers
High myoglobin
More mitochondria
Aerobic
White Fibers
Low myoglobin
Fewer mitochondria
Anaerobic
7. Skeletal System
Framework of bones & cartilage
Humans: 206 bones
Types of Skeleton
Hydrostatic – fluid-based (earthworm)
Exoskeleton – outer covering (insects)
Endoskeleton – internal (humans, birds)
8. Human Skeleton Divisions
A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
Skull (22)
8 cranial + 14 facial
Includes hyoid & ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
Vertebral Column (26)
First vertebra: Atlas
Sternum (1)
Ribs (24)
B. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
Upper Limb
Pectoral girdle: Clavicle (2), Scapula (2)
Arm: Humerus, Radius, Ulna
Carpals (16), Metacarpals (10), Phalanges (28)
Lower Limb
Pelvic girdle (2)
Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella
Tarsals (14), Metatarsals (10), Phalanges (28)
9. Joints
Point of contact between bones / cartilage
Act as fulcrum for movement
Types of Joints
Fibrous Joints
No movement
Example: skull sutures
Cartilaginous Joints
Limited movement
Example: between vertebrae
Synovial Joints
Freely movable
Types:
Ball & socket (shoulder)
Hinge (knee)
Pivot (atlas-axis)
Gliding (carpals)
Saddle (thumb)
10. Disorders
Myasthenia Gravis – autoimmune, muscle weakness
Muscular Dystrophy – genetic muscle degeneration
Tetany – low Ca²⁺ → spasms
Arthritis – joint inflammation
Osteoporosis – low bone density
Gout – uric acid crystal deposition
11. Neural Control
Nervous + endocrine systems ensure:
Coordination
Hormonal regulation
Homeostasis during movement
Current Affairs – 25 March 2026 (UPSC)
1. Political / Governance
Supreme Court Ruling on Scheduled Caste Status
The Supreme Court reaffirmed that Scheduled Caste (SC) status is exclusively for individuals professing Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism. Conversion to other religions (Christianity/Islam) leads to complete loss of SC benefits as per The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950.
Reform Express Initiative Launched
The Union Railway Minister announced five reforms under the Reform Express initiative (2026) to modernize Indian Railways, improving cargo and passenger services with better efficiency and transparency.
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026
Key proposals:
Appointment of a “designated authority” to manage NGO assets if FCRA registration is cancelled
Expansion of “key functionary” definition (higher personal liability)
Mandatory prior Central approval for investigations
Reduction of maximum imprisonment from 5 years to 1 year
AI in Disaster Management
Government highlighted use of AI & ML across disaster cycle (preparedness to recovery) after Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025.
Supreme Court Flags Bias Against Women in Armed Forces
Identified systemic gender bias
Upheld Permanent Commission (PC) & pension rights
Highlighted issues in ACR grading and career opportunities
Linked to Articles 14, 15, 16
Lok Sabha Passes Transgender Amendment Bill 2026
Passed on March 24, 2026
Redefines “transgender” by excluding sexual orientation and self-perceived identity
2. Economic / Business
RBI Liquidity Injection (VRR Auction)
RBI injected ₹55,837 crore via 3-day VRR auction (March 25, 2026).
S&P Raises India’s FY27 GDP Forecast
Growth raised to 7.1%
Driven by consumption, investment, exports
Risk: geopolitical tensions (Middle East)
RoDTEP Scheme Restored Fully
Export benefits reinstated
Supports exporters amid logistics costs
WTO-compliant scheme (launched 2021)
Biopharma SHAKTI Strategy
Boost domestic biologics & biosimilars
Encourages non-animal testing
India’s Orange Economy Initiatives
1. National AI Skilling Initiative
Partnership: Govt + Google + YouTube
15,000 professionals (AVGC sector)
2. MyWAVES Platform
Supports user-generated content (UGC)
Linked to Create in India Challenge
3. Advanced EPG Technology
Direct DD Free Dish access without set-top box
India Sports Industry Growth
Crossed $2 billion valuation (₹18,864 crore) in 2025
Source: WPP Media report “Sporting Nation: Building a Legacy”
3. International Relations
Russian Strike on Lviv UNESCO Site (Ukraine)
Drone strike damaged heritage zone near Bernardine monastery
India’s Energy Crisis (West Asia Conflict)
54% LPG & 30% LNG supplies disrupted
Strait of Hormuz affected
Philippines Energy Emergency
Declared by President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (March 25, 2026)
Israel–Hezbollah Escalation
Focus on Southern Lebanon
Israel seeks zone up to Litani River
Linked to UNSC Resolution 1701
Threat to City of Tyre (Lebanon)
UNESCO site under bombardment
Historic Phoenician city
Asymmetric Warfare & GNSS Disruptions
1,600+ vessels affected in Persian Gulf
Example of electronic warfare
4. Science & Technology
Vayu Baan Project (IAF)
Helicopter-launched drone system
Autonomous deployment mid-flight
NASA Artemis Program Update
Lunar Gateway scrapped
Focus: Moon base & Mars missions
Space Reactor-1 (SR-1) Freedom planned (2028)
Akasha300 3D Printer for ISRO
Developed by Spacetime 4D
Delivered to LPSC (March 25, 2026)
Supports aerospace self-reliance
Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV)
Solar + farming on same land
~50 pilot projects in India
Proposed under PM-KUSUM 2.0
National AI Skilling Initiative
AI training in AVGC sector
Two-phase structure (basic → advanced)
5. Environment & Climate
Threat to UNESCO Heritage Sites
Lviv (Ukraine) – damaged by drone strike
Tyre (Lebanon) – under bombardment
Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV)
Resolves “food vs fuel” conflict
Benefits:
Water conservation
Crop protection
Extra farmer income
1. Political / Governance
Supreme Court Ruling on Scheduled Caste Status
The Supreme Court reaffirmed that Scheduled Caste (SC) status is exclusively for individuals professing Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism. Conversion to other religions (Christianity/Islam) leads to complete loss of SC benefits as per The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950.
Reform Express Initiative Launched
The Union Railway Minister announced five reforms under the Reform Express initiative (2026) to modernize Indian Railways, improving cargo and passenger services with better efficiency and transparency.
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026
Key proposals:
Appointment of a “designated authority” to manage NGO assets if FCRA registration is cancelled
Expansion of “key functionary” definition (higher personal liability)
Mandatory prior Central approval for investigations
Reduction of maximum imprisonment from 5 years to 1 year
AI in Disaster Management
Government highlighted use of AI & ML across disaster cycle (preparedness to recovery) after Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025.
Supreme Court Flags Bias Against Women in Armed Forces
Identified systemic gender bias
Upheld Permanent Commission (PC) & pension rights
Highlighted issues in ACR grading and career opportunities
Linked to Articles 14, 15, 16
Lok Sabha Passes Transgender Amendment Bill 2026
Passed on March 24, 2026
Redefines “transgender” by excluding sexual orientation and self-perceived identity
2. Economic / Business
RBI Liquidity Injection (VRR Auction)
RBI injected ₹55,837 crore via 3-day VRR auction (March 25, 2026).
S&P Raises India’s FY27 GDP Forecast
Growth raised to 7.1%
Driven by consumption, investment, exports
Risk: geopolitical tensions (Middle East)
RoDTEP Scheme Restored Fully
Export benefits reinstated
Supports exporters amid logistics costs
WTO-compliant scheme (launched 2021)
Biopharma SHAKTI Strategy
Boost domestic biologics & biosimilars
Encourages non-animal testing
India’s Orange Economy Initiatives
1. National AI Skilling Initiative
Partnership: Govt + Google + YouTube
15,000 professionals (AVGC sector)
2. MyWAVES Platform
Supports user-generated content (UGC)
Linked to Create in India Challenge
3. Advanced EPG Technology
Direct DD Free Dish access without set-top box
India Sports Industry Growth
Crossed $2 billion valuation (₹18,864 crore) in 2025
Source: WPP Media report “Sporting Nation: Building a Legacy”
3. International Relations
Russian Strike on Lviv UNESCO Site (Ukraine)
Drone strike damaged heritage zone near Bernardine monastery
India’s Energy Crisis (West Asia Conflict)
54% LPG & 30% LNG supplies disrupted
Strait of Hormuz affected
Philippines Energy Emergency
Declared by President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (March 25, 2026)
Israel–Hezbollah Escalation
Focus on Southern Lebanon
Israel seeks zone up to Litani River
Linked to UNSC Resolution 1701
Threat to City of Tyre (Lebanon)
UNESCO site under bombardment
Historic Phoenician city
Asymmetric Warfare & GNSS Disruptions
1,600+ vessels affected in Persian Gulf
Example of electronic warfare
4. Science & Technology
Vayu Baan Project (IAF)
Helicopter-launched drone system
Autonomous deployment mid-flight
NASA Artemis Program Update
Lunar Gateway scrapped
Focus: Moon base & Mars missions
Space Reactor-1 (SR-1) Freedom planned (2028)
Akasha300 3D Printer for ISRO
Developed by Spacetime 4D
Delivered to LPSC (March 25, 2026)
Supports aerospace self-reliance
Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV)
Solar + farming on same land
~50 pilot projects in India
Proposed under PM-KUSUM 2.0
National AI Skilling Initiative
AI training in AVGC sector
Two-phase structure (basic → advanced)
5. Environment & Climate
Threat to UNESCO Heritage Sites
Lviv (Ukraine) – damaged by drone strike
Tyre (Lebanon) – under bombardment
Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV)
Resolves “food vs fuel” conflict
Benefits:
Water conservation
Crop protection
Extra farmer income
❤1
Supports 300 GW solar target & Net Zero 2070
6. Social Issues
SC Status Ruling
Limited to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist communities
Gender Bias in Armed Forces
SC ensured equality & fair promotions
Transgender Amendment Bill 2026
Redefines scope of transgender identity
National AI Skilling Initiative
Enhances digital employment opportunities
7. Defense & Security
Vayu Baan Project
Indigenous drone innovation
Asymmetric Warfare
GNSS disruptions highlight modern warfare challenges
Women in Armed Forces (SC Judgment)
Promotes gender integration
Improves military effectiveness
8. Appointments
OpenAI Appointment
Kiran Mani appointed as Managing Director (APAC)
Based in Singapore
Focus on Asia-Pacific expansion
6. Social Issues
SC Status Ruling
Limited to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist communities
Gender Bias in Armed Forces
SC ensured equality & fair promotions
Transgender Amendment Bill 2026
Redefines scope of transgender identity
National AI Skilling Initiative
Enhances digital employment opportunities
7. Defense & Security
Vayu Baan Project
Indigenous drone innovation
Asymmetric Warfare
GNSS disruptions highlight modern warfare challenges
Women in Armed Forces (SC Judgment)
Promotes gender integration
Improves military effectiveness
8. Appointments
OpenAI Appointment
Kiran Mani appointed as Managing Director (APAC)
Based in Singapore
Focus on Asia-Pacific expansion
GETTING TO KNOW PLANTS – SHORT NOTES
1. Introduction to Plant Kingdom
Plants: Chlorophyll-bearing, autotrophic, mostly aquatic
Range: Volvox → Kelps
Excluded from Plantae:
Fungi, Monera, Protista
Cyanobacteria (not true algae)
2. Classification of Plants
Major Groups
Algae – Thalloid, aquatic, reproduce:
Vegetative (fragmentation)
Asexual (zoospores)
Sexual (isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy)
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms – Flowering plants
Classification Systems
Artificial – Based on morphology (Linnaeus)
Natural – Based on affinities (Bentham & Hooker)
Phylogenetic – Based on evolution
Numerical taxonomy – Computer-based
Cytotaxonomy – Chromosomes
Chemotaxonomy – Chemical constituents
3. Plant Structures & Functions
1. Root
Functions:
Anchorage
Absorption & transport
Storage / photosynthesis / parasitism
Types:
Tap root – dicots
Fibrous root – monocots
Adventitious root
Modifications:
Storage: Fusiform, Napiform, Tuberous, Fasciculated
Special:
Assimilatory
Haustoria (parasitic)
Pneumatophores (respiration)
2. Stem
Function: Bears leaves, buds, flowers
Types:
Tree, Shrub, Herb
Erect / Creepers / Climbers
Modifications:
Underground: Rhizome, Bulb, Tuber, Corm
Subaerial: Runner, Stolon, Offset, Sucker
Special: Tendrils, Thorns, Phylloclade, Cladodes, Bulbils
3. Leaf
Function: Photosynthesis
Types:
Simple
Compound (pinnate/palmate)
Modifications:
Tendrils, Spines, Hooks, Scales, Phyllodes, Pitcher
4. Flower
Reproductive organ of angiosperms
Parts:
Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium
Based on ovary:
Hypogynous (superior)
Perigynous
Epigynous (inferior)
Sexuality:
Hermaphrodite / Unisexual
Monoecious / Dioecious
5. Fruit
Ripened ovary
Structure:
Epicarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp
Types:
True / False fruits
Simple, Aggregate, Composite
6. Seed
Contains embryo
Germination needs:
Water, Oxygen, Temperature
Polyembryony – multiple embryos
4. Plant Tissues
A. Simple Permanent Tissues
Parenchyma
Storage, photosynthesis, conduction
Collenchyma
Mechanical support
Sclerenchyma
Strength, protection (dead cells)
B. Complex Tissues
Xylem
Water transport (ascent of sap)
Phloem
Food transport (translocation)
5. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Tissue Systems
Epidermal
Ground
Vascular
Epidermal System
Epidermis – protective layer
Stomata – gas exchange & transpiration
Appendages:
Root hairs
Trichomes
Vascular Bundles
Open – cambium present (dicots)
Closed – no cambium (monocots)
Arrangement:
Radial – roots
Conjoint – stems/leaves
6. Dicot vs Monocot
Stomata:
Dicot: lower surface
Monocot: both surfaces
Bundles:
Dicot: ring
Monocot: scattered
Secondary Growth:
Present in dicots
Absent in monocots
7. Plant Nutrition & Physiology
Autotrophic nutrition
Need 17 essential elements
Key Processes
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Nitrogen metabolism
Special Associations
Mycorrhizae – root + fungi (absorption)
Plant Hormones
Auxin – growth, rooting
Gibberellin – germination
Ethylene – fruit ripening
Cytokinin – delay aging
Abscisic acid – stress hormone
8. Plant Adaptations
Halophytes – saline soils
Mangroves – pneumatophores, vivipary
Eremophytes – desert plants
Lithophytes – rocks
Psammophytes – sand
Sclerophytes – hard leaves
Heterophytes – parasitic/insectivorous
1. Introduction to Plant Kingdom
Plants: Chlorophyll-bearing, autotrophic, mostly aquatic
Range: Volvox → Kelps
Excluded from Plantae:
Fungi, Monera, Protista
Cyanobacteria (not true algae)
2. Classification of Plants
Major Groups
Algae – Thalloid, aquatic, reproduce:
Vegetative (fragmentation)
Asexual (zoospores)
Sexual (isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy)
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms – Flowering plants
Classification Systems
Artificial – Based on morphology (Linnaeus)
Natural – Based on affinities (Bentham & Hooker)
Phylogenetic – Based on evolution
Numerical taxonomy – Computer-based
Cytotaxonomy – Chromosomes
Chemotaxonomy – Chemical constituents
3. Plant Structures & Functions
1. Root
Functions:
Anchorage
Absorption & transport
Storage / photosynthesis / parasitism
Types:
Tap root – dicots
Fibrous root – monocots
Adventitious root
Modifications:
Storage: Fusiform, Napiform, Tuberous, Fasciculated
Special:
Assimilatory
Haustoria (parasitic)
Pneumatophores (respiration)
2. Stem
Function: Bears leaves, buds, flowers
Types:
Tree, Shrub, Herb
Erect / Creepers / Climbers
Modifications:
Underground: Rhizome, Bulb, Tuber, Corm
Subaerial: Runner, Stolon, Offset, Sucker
Special: Tendrils, Thorns, Phylloclade, Cladodes, Bulbils
3. Leaf
Function: Photosynthesis
Types:
Simple
Compound (pinnate/palmate)
Modifications:
Tendrils, Spines, Hooks, Scales, Phyllodes, Pitcher
4. Flower
Reproductive organ of angiosperms
Parts:
Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium
Based on ovary:
Hypogynous (superior)
Perigynous
Epigynous (inferior)
Sexuality:
Hermaphrodite / Unisexual
Monoecious / Dioecious
5. Fruit
Ripened ovary
Structure:
Epicarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp
Types:
True / False fruits
Simple, Aggregate, Composite
6. Seed
Contains embryo
Germination needs:
Water, Oxygen, Temperature
Polyembryony – multiple embryos
4. Plant Tissues
A. Simple Permanent Tissues
Parenchyma
Storage, photosynthesis, conduction
Collenchyma
Mechanical support
Sclerenchyma
Strength, protection (dead cells)
B. Complex Tissues
Xylem
Water transport (ascent of sap)
Phloem
Food transport (translocation)
5. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Tissue Systems
Epidermal
Ground
Vascular
Epidermal System
Epidermis – protective layer
Stomata – gas exchange & transpiration
Appendages:
Root hairs
Trichomes
Vascular Bundles
Open – cambium present (dicots)
Closed – no cambium (monocots)
Arrangement:
Radial – roots
Conjoint – stems/leaves
6. Dicot vs Monocot
Stomata:
Dicot: lower surface
Monocot: both surfaces
Bundles:
Dicot: ring
Monocot: scattered
Secondary Growth:
Present in dicots
Absent in monocots
7. Plant Nutrition & Physiology
Autotrophic nutrition
Need 17 essential elements
Key Processes
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Nitrogen metabolism
Special Associations
Mycorrhizae – root + fungi (absorption)
Plant Hormones
Auxin – growth, rooting
Gibberellin – germination
Ethylene – fruit ripening
Cytokinin – delay aging
Abscisic acid – stress hormone
8. Plant Adaptations
Halophytes – saline soils
Mangroves – pneumatophores, vivipary
Eremophytes – desert plants
Lithophytes – rocks
Psammophytes – sand
Sclerophytes – hard leaves
Heterophytes – parasitic/insectivorous
📰 Current Affairs – 26 March 2026
PREPARED BY VIBHILLION AI.
Material use for UPSC APPSC TGPSC SSC and all computative exams.
🏛 Polity & Governance
1. Corporate Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026
Introduced in Lok Sabha
Referred to Joint Parliamentary Committee (31 members)
Aim: Strategic corporate law reforms
2. IVFRT Scheme Extended
Full form: Immigration, Visa, Foreigners Registration & Tracking
Extended: 2026–2031
Outlay: ₹1,800 crore
Objective:
Secure immigration system
Digital tracking of foreigners
3. Modified UDAN Scheme Approved
Full form: Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik
Duration: 2026–2036
Outlay: ₹28,840 crore
Targets:
100 new airports
200 helipads
Impact:
Boost tourism, trade & connectivity
4. Supreme Court Judgment on SC Status
Case: Chinthada Anand v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2026)
Key rulings:
SC status only for Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs
Conversion → Immediate loss of SC status
No protection under SC/ST Act after conversion
Re-conversion requires:
Proof of genuine return
Community acceptance
👉 Important:
ST status = Religion-neutral
5. Punjab–Rajasthan Water Dispute
Punjab demands ₹1.44 lakh crore
Issue: Water sharing of Sutlej River
Key points:
Based on riparian principle
Rajasthan = non-riparian state
Important agreements:
Indus Waters Treaty (1960)
Tripartite Agreement (1981)
💰 Economy & Business
6. Inflation Targeting Extended
Target: 4% ± 2%
Extended till: March 2031
Implemented by: RBI
Started in: 2016
7. IRCTC Penalized
Fine: ₹10 lakh
Reason: Poor food quality on Vande Bharat Express
Significance: Accountability in public services
8. AI & Energy Consumption
AI emerging as:
High energy-consuming sector
Impact:
Pressure on energy infrastructure
Influence on global energy prices
9. Natural Mineral Water Norms
Must be:
Bottled at source
No chemical treatment
Source:
Underground (not rivers/lakes)
🌍 International Relations
10. Operation Urja Suraksha
Purpose: Protect India’s energy supply
Region: Strait of Hormuz
Includes:
Naval deployment
Focus:
Safe transport of crude oil, LPG, LNG
11. India’s New NDC Targets (2031–2035)
Approved by Cabinet
Submitted to:
UNFCCC
Goals:
Reduce emissions
Expand clean energy
Linked to:
Paris Agreement
🔬 Science & Technology
12. Biopharma SHAKTI Scheme
Launched in: Budget 2026–27
Outlay: ₹10,000 crore (5 years)
Key Features:
Shift to Non-Animal Methods (NAMs):
Organoids
Organ-on-chip
3D bioprinting
Focus:
Affordable treatment for:
Cancer
Diabetes
Autoimmune diseases
Infrastructure:
3 new NIPERs
Upgrade 7 existing
1000+ clinical trial sites
🏅 Sports
13. Asia Cup Archery Stage 1
India won:
2 Bronze medals
Strong performance in:
Compound category
Weakness:
Recurve men
🌱 Environment & Ecology
14. Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve
Location: Madhya Pradesh
To become:
3rd cheetah habitat in India
Step:
Soft-release enclosure (Boma)
15. Microplastics in Chennai Beaches
Finding:
Lower than global average
Concern:
High nylon fiber pollution
Microplastics:
Size < 5 mm
👥 Social Issues
16. Graduate Unemployment Crisis
Source: State of Working India (2026)
Key data:
~40% graduates (age 15–25) unemployed
Term:
“Graduate Paradox”
17. QS World University Rankings 2026
India’s progress:
Top 50 entries increased:
12 (2024) → 27 (2026)
Leaders:
IITs & IIMs
PREPARED BY VIBHILLION AI.
Material use for UPSC APPSC TGPSC SSC and all computative exams.
🏛 Polity & Governance
1. Corporate Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026
Introduced in Lok Sabha
Referred to Joint Parliamentary Committee (31 members)
Aim: Strategic corporate law reforms
2. IVFRT Scheme Extended
Full form: Immigration, Visa, Foreigners Registration & Tracking
Extended: 2026–2031
Outlay: ₹1,800 crore
Objective:
Secure immigration system
Digital tracking of foreigners
3. Modified UDAN Scheme Approved
Full form: Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik
Duration: 2026–2036
Outlay: ₹28,840 crore
Targets:
100 new airports
200 helipads
Impact:
Boost tourism, trade & connectivity
4. Supreme Court Judgment on SC Status
Case: Chinthada Anand v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2026)
Key rulings:
SC status only for Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs
Conversion → Immediate loss of SC status
No protection under SC/ST Act after conversion
Re-conversion requires:
Proof of genuine return
Community acceptance
👉 Important:
ST status = Religion-neutral
5. Punjab–Rajasthan Water Dispute
Punjab demands ₹1.44 lakh crore
Issue: Water sharing of Sutlej River
Key points:
Based on riparian principle
Rajasthan = non-riparian state
Important agreements:
Indus Waters Treaty (1960)
Tripartite Agreement (1981)
💰 Economy & Business
6. Inflation Targeting Extended
Target: 4% ± 2%
Extended till: March 2031
Implemented by: RBI
Started in: 2016
7. IRCTC Penalized
Fine: ₹10 lakh
Reason: Poor food quality on Vande Bharat Express
Significance: Accountability in public services
8. AI & Energy Consumption
AI emerging as:
High energy-consuming sector
Impact:
Pressure on energy infrastructure
Influence on global energy prices
9. Natural Mineral Water Norms
Must be:
Bottled at source
No chemical treatment
Source:
Underground (not rivers/lakes)
🌍 International Relations
10. Operation Urja Suraksha
Purpose: Protect India’s energy supply
Region: Strait of Hormuz
Includes:
Naval deployment
Focus:
Safe transport of crude oil, LPG, LNG
11. India’s New NDC Targets (2031–2035)
Approved by Cabinet
Submitted to:
UNFCCC
Goals:
Reduce emissions
Expand clean energy
Linked to:
Paris Agreement
🔬 Science & Technology
12. Biopharma SHAKTI Scheme
Launched in: Budget 2026–27
Outlay: ₹10,000 crore (5 years)
Key Features:
Shift to Non-Animal Methods (NAMs):
Organoids
Organ-on-chip
3D bioprinting
Focus:
Affordable treatment for:
Cancer
Diabetes
Autoimmune diseases
Infrastructure:
3 new NIPERs
Upgrade 7 existing
1000+ clinical trial sites
🏅 Sports
13. Asia Cup Archery Stage 1
India won:
2 Bronze medals
Strong performance in:
Compound category
Weakness:
Recurve men
🌱 Environment & Ecology
14. Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve
Location: Madhya Pradesh
To become:
3rd cheetah habitat in India
Step:
Soft-release enclosure (Boma)
15. Microplastics in Chennai Beaches
Finding:
Lower than global average
Concern:
High nylon fiber pollution
Microplastics:
Size < 5 mm
👥 Social Issues
16. Graduate Unemployment Crisis
Source: State of Working India (2026)
Key data:
~40% graduates (age 15–25) unemployed
Term:
“Graduate Paradox”
17. QS World University Rankings 2026
India’s progress:
Top 50 entries increased:
12 (2024) → 27 (2026)
Leaders:
IITs & IIMs
*10 LINEAR QUESTIONS ON Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks in India*
1. First National Park in India
Q. Which was the first National Park established in India, and what is its current name?
Ans: Hailey National Park (1936), now known as Jim Corbett National Park.
2. One-Horned Rhinoceros
Q. Which National Park is famous for one-horned rhinoceros?
Ans: Kaziranga National Park (Assam) – largest population of one-horned rhinoceros.
3. Largest National Park in India
Q. Name the largest National Park in India by area.
Ans:As per given data: Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay) National Park (Chhattisgarh) – 11,440.71 sq km
Note: Generally accepted: Hemis National Park (Ladakh)
4. Sundarbans Location
Q. In which state is Sundarbans National Park located?
Ans: West Bengal
Known for Royal Bengal Tigers
Largest mangrove forest
5. Asiatic Lion Habitat
Q. Which National Park is the only natural habitat for Asiatic Lion?
Ans: Gir National Park (Gujarat)
6. Sanctuary vs National Park
Q. Difference between Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park?
Ans:Feature National Park Wildlife Sanctuary
Protection Higher Moderate
Human Activities Not allowed Limited allowed
Focus Entire ecosystem Wildlife conservation
7. Highest Number of National Parks
Q. Which state has the highest number of National Parks?
Ans: Madhya Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (among highest)
8. Great Himalayan National Park
Q. Location of Great Himalayan National Park?
Ans: Himachal Pradesh
UNESCO World Heritage Site
9. Sangai Deer Park
Q. Which National Park is famous for Sangai deer?
Ans: Keibul Lamjao National Park (Manipur)
Known for floating phumdis
10. Rajasthan Tiger Park
Q. Name the National Park in Rajasthan known for tigers and a fort.
Ans: Ranthambore National Park
Famous for tiger population
Contains Ranthambore Fort
1. First National Park in India
Q. Which was the first National Park established in India, and what is its current name?
Ans: Hailey National Park (1936), now known as Jim Corbett National Park.
2. One-Horned Rhinoceros
Q. Which National Park is famous for one-horned rhinoceros?
Ans: Kaziranga National Park (Assam) – largest population of one-horned rhinoceros.
3. Largest National Park in India
Q. Name the largest National Park in India by area.
Ans:As per given data: Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay) National Park (Chhattisgarh) – 11,440.71 sq km
Note: Generally accepted: Hemis National Park (Ladakh)
4. Sundarbans Location
Q. In which state is Sundarbans National Park located?
Ans: West Bengal
Known for Royal Bengal Tigers
Largest mangrove forest
5. Asiatic Lion Habitat
Q. Which National Park is the only natural habitat for Asiatic Lion?
Ans: Gir National Park (Gujarat)
6. Sanctuary vs National Park
Q. Difference between Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park?
Ans:Feature National Park Wildlife Sanctuary
Protection Higher Moderate
Human Activities Not allowed Limited allowed
Focus Entire ecosystem Wildlife conservation
7. Highest Number of National Parks
Q. Which state has the highest number of National Parks?
Ans: Madhya Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (among highest)
8. Great Himalayan National Park
Q. Location of Great Himalayan National Park?
Ans: Himachal Pradesh
UNESCO World Heritage Site
9. Sangai Deer Park
Q. Which National Park is famous for Sangai deer?
Ans: Keibul Lamjao National Park (Manipur)
Known for floating phumdis
10. Rajasthan Tiger Park
Q. Name the National Park in Rajasthan known for tigers and a fort.
Ans: Ranthambore National Park
Famous for tiger population
Contains Ranthambore Fort
❤1
📰 Current Affairs – 28 March 2026
PREPARED BY VIBHILLION AI.
Material use for UPSC APPSC TGPSC SSC and all computative exams.
Political / Governance
A tragic avalanche at Zojila Pass in the Western Himalayas led to the death of five people and injured several others, highlighting the risks in this strategically important high-altitude region.
The Government of India reduced excise duty on petrol and diesel by ₹10 per litre to protect consumers and Oil Marketing Companies from rising global crude prices, where excise duty is an indirect tax levied by the Centre.
The government informed Parliament about the expansion of Electric Vehicle charging infrastructure under schemes like FAME-II and PM E-DRIVE to build a nationwide EV charging network.
The Supreme Court in Prabhu Kumar v. State of Himachal Pradesh (2026) ruled that states cannot impose arbitrary upper limits on disability for public jobs, clarifying that the RPwD Act, 2016 only mandates a minimum 40% disability and emphasizing equality under Articles 14 and 16.
The government extended the PM E-DRIVE scheme till 2028, shifting focus towards supporting e-rickshaws and commercial three-wheelers while limiting incentives for electric two-wheelers after July 2026.
Economic / Business
The RBI released its ‘Payments Vision 2028’ document titled “Shaping India’s Payment Frontier”, focusing on strengthening trust and expanding the digital payments ecosystem beyond its earlier 4Es vision.
The Ministry of Statistics released the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Annual Report 2025, which provides key estimates on employment and unemployment trends in India since its launch in 2017.
Gold prices declined sharply despite geopolitical tensions due to factors like rising oil prices, inflation fears, higher bond yields, a stronger US dollar, and investor sell-offs to cover stock market losses.
India’s unemployment rate fell to 6.5% in 2025 from 7.0% in 2024 as per the PLFS 2025 report, indicating gradual improvement in the labour market.
International Relations
Israel carried out airstrikes on Iran’s Khondab Heavy Water Complex and Ardakan yellowcake plant, escalating tensions in West Asia by targeting key nuclear facilities.
The 14th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization is being held in Yaoundé, Cameroon, where global trade challenges are being discussed.
India approved its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) for 2031–2035 under the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement framework.
India aims to achieve 60% electricity capacity from non-fossil sources, reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 47% from 2005 levels, and create an additional carbon sink of 3.5–4 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent by 2035.
This NDC highlights India’s commitment to climate leadership, Net Zero target by 2070, Viksit Bharat 2047 vision, and follows the CBDR-RC principle.
Science & Technology
The International Olympic Committee mandated SRY gene screening for female athletes, effectively restricting participation of transgender women and many DSD athletes in women’s categories.
A new COVID-19 variant BA.3.2, also known as the Cicada variant from the Omicron family, has emerged with multiple mutations and is under WHO observation.
Sports
Indian hockey player Gurjant Singh announced retirement from international hockey after earning 130 caps and scoring 33 goals over nearly a decade-long career.
The IOC’s SRY gene screening policy has major implications in athletics, particularly affecting transgender and DSD athletes' eligibility in women’s events.
Environment & Climate
India’s NDC 3.0 includes targets like 60% non-fossil electricity capacity, 47% reduction in emissions intensity, and creation of 3.5–4 billion tonnes carbon sink by 2035.
India’s climate strategy focuses on equity, CBDR-RC principle, and integration with schemes like Green Hydrogen Mission, PM Surya Ghar, and MISHTI.
PREPARED BY VIBHILLION AI.
Material use for UPSC APPSC TGPSC SSC and all computative exams.
Political / Governance
A tragic avalanche at Zojila Pass in the Western Himalayas led to the death of five people and injured several others, highlighting the risks in this strategically important high-altitude region.
The Government of India reduced excise duty on petrol and diesel by ₹10 per litre to protect consumers and Oil Marketing Companies from rising global crude prices, where excise duty is an indirect tax levied by the Centre.
The government informed Parliament about the expansion of Electric Vehicle charging infrastructure under schemes like FAME-II and PM E-DRIVE to build a nationwide EV charging network.
The Supreme Court in Prabhu Kumar v. State of Himachal Pradesh (2026) ruled that states cannot impose arbitrary upper limits on disability for public jobs, clarifying that the RPwD Act, 2016 only mandates a minimum 40% disability and emphasizing equality under Articles 14 and 16.
The government extended the PM E-DRIVE scheme till 2028, shifting focus towards supporting e-rickshaws and commercial three-wheelers while limiting incentives for electric two-wheelers after July 2026.
Economic / Business
The RBI released its ‘Payments Vision 2028’ document titled “Shaping India’s Payment Frontier”, focusing on strengthening trust and expanding the digital payments ecosystem beyond its earlier 4Es vision.
The Ministry of Statistics released the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Annual Report 2025, which provides key estimates on employment and unemployment trends in India since its launch in 2017.
Gold prices declined sharply despite geopolitical tensions due to factors like rising oil prices, inflation fears, higher bond yields, a stronger US dollar, and investor sell-offs to cover stock market losses.
India’s unemployment rate fell to 6.5% in 2025 from 7.0% in 2024 as per the PLFS 2025 report, indicating gradual improvement in the labour market.
International Relations
Israel carried out airstrikes on Iran’s Khondab Heavy Water Complex and Ardakan yellowcake plant, escalating tensions in West Asia by targeting key nuclear facilities.
The 14th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization is being held in Yaoundé, Cameroon, where global trade challenges are being discussed.
India approved its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) for 2031–2035 under the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement framework.
India aims to achieve 60% electricity capacity from non-fossil sources, reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 47% from 2005 levels, and create an additional carbon sink of 3.5–4 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent by 2035.
This NDC highlights India’s commitment to climate leadership, Net Zero target by 2070, Viksit Bharat 2047 vision, and follows the CBDR-RC principle.
Science & Technology
The International Olympic Committee mandated SRY gene screening for female athletes, effectively restricting participation of transgender women and many DSD athletes in women’s categories.
A new COVID-19 variant BA.3.2, also known as the Cicada variant from the Omicron family, has emerged with multiple mutations and is under WHO observation.
Sports
Indian hockey player Gurjant Singh announced retirement from international hockey after earning 130 caps and scoring 33 goals over nearly a decade-long career.
The IOC’s SRY gene screening policy has major implications in athletics, particularly affecting transgender and DSD athletes' eligibility in women’s events.
Environment & Climate
India’s NDC 3.0 includes targets like 60% non-fossil electricity capacity, 47% reduction in emissions intensity, and creation of 3.5–4 billion tonnes carbon sink by 2035.
India’s climate strategy focuses on equity, CBDR-RC principle, and integration with schemes like Green Hydrogen Mission, PM Surya Ghar, and MISHTI.
Challenges include dependence on coal, storage issues, financial constraints, and land scarcity, while solutions include RTC renewables, carbon markets, agroforestry, and Just Transition Fund.
Social Issues
The Supreme Court ruled against arbitrary disability limits in jobs, ensuring fair opportunities based on functional ability and reinforcing rights under the RPwD Act, 2016.
The United Kingdom introduced strict screen-time guidelines recommending no screen exposure for children below 2 years and limiting usage to one hour for ages 2–5.
India reported 24,700 maternal deaths in 2023 as per a Lancet study led by IHME, highlighting significant public health concerns.
Defense & Security
India signed a ₹445 crore deal with Russia’s JSC Rosoboronexport to procure the Tunguska Air Defence Missile System (2K22M), a self-propelled anti-aircraft system known as SA-19 Grison.
Adani Ports operationalized India’s first Port of Refuge to manage ships in distress, strengthening maritime safety across the country’s long coastline.
Social Issues
The Supreme Court ruled against arbitrary disability limits in jobs, ensuring fair opportunities based on functional ability and reinforcing rights under the RPwD Act, 2016.
The United Kingdom introduced strict screen-time guidelines recommending no screen exposure for children below 2 years and limiting usage to one hour for ages 2–5.
India reported 24,700 maternal deaths in 2023 as per a Lancet study led by IHME, highlighting significant public health concerns.
Defense & Security
India signed a ₹445 crore deal with Russia’s JSC Rosoboronexport to procure the Tunguska Air Defence Missile System (2K22M), a self-propelled anti-aircraft system known as SA-19 Grison.
Adani Ports operationalized India’s first Port of Refuge to manage ships in distress, strengthening maritime safety across the country’s long coastline.
Current Affairs - 01 April 2026
Political/Governance
• Lok Sabha Declares Amaravati as Andhra Pradesh Capital: The Lok Sabha passed a resolution officially declaring Amaravati as the sole capital of Andhra Pradesh. This decision follows years of political debate and policy changes regarding the state's capital structure, reflecting a strong consensus in Parliament and aiming to conclude political discussions within the state.
• Appointment of NCBC Chairperson and Member: Niranjan Jyoti has assumed charge as the Chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC), and Kiran Umesh Mahalle has taken charge as a Member. The NCBC is a constitutional body established under Article 338B of the Indian Constitution, dedicated to the welfare and protection of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs). It gained constitutional status through the 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018, and has powers akin to a civil court for investigations.
• Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot Unveiled: The Vice-President of India and the Minister of Law and Justice unveiled the Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot and its official mascot, Dishika, during the DISHA programme. Nyaya Setu is described as a voice-first, multimodal, and multilingual AI-powered legal assistant, designed to serve as a comprehensive legal aid tool.
• Purvanchal Mahotsav ‘Maati-9’ Festival: The Speaker of Lok Sabha addressed the Purvanchal Mahotsav ‘Maati-9’ Festival, emphasizing the region’s rich cultural and spiritual heritage. This premier cultural festival of the Purvanchal region is centered on the theme of 'Maati' (soil), celebrating the deep bond between people and their ancestral roots through heritage and traditions.
• AI-Driven Tax Governance in India: India is increasingly integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into its tax administration, notably through the Income Tax Department's Project Insight (PI). Launched in 2017 and operational since 2019, PI uses AI and data analytics to create 360-degree financial profiles of taxpayers by analyzing data from various sources like banking, GST, property, and high-value transactions. This initiative aims to detect tax evasion, enhance voluntary compliance, and ensure efficient tax enforcement. Since 2020–21, AI nudges have resulted in over 1 crore revised returns, generating an additional Rs 11,000 crore in tax. AI has also detected Rs 70,000 crore in tax evasion since 2019–20 and improved operational efficiency, reducing refund times from 93 to 17 days. However, concerns regarding data quality, algorithmic bias, lack of explainability, data privacy vulnerabilities (with Indians reportedly losing USD 22,495 crore to cyber fraud in 2025), and institutional voids are emerging.
Economic/Business
• RBI Foundation Day 2026: India observed the foundation day of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on April 1. Established in 1935, the RBI serves as India's central bank, playing a crucial role in monetary policy, controlling inflation, managing currency fluctuations, and regulating the banking system.
• New ATM Rules in India 2026: Effective from April 1, 2026, several banks in India introduced new ATM rules impacting customer transactions. These changes include counting UPI-based cash withdrawals as ATM usage, reducing daily withdrawal limits on certain debit cards, and tightening overall transaction regulations.
• India's Fiscal Deficit Update: India's fiscal deficit reached Rs 12.52 trillion by the end of February 2026, representing 80.4% of the annual budgetary target. This figure is notably lower than the 85.8% recorded during the same period in the 2024-25 fiscal year. For the full 2025-26 fiscal year, the Centre has set a fiscal deficit target of 4.4% of the GDP, amounting to an absolute value of Rs 15.58 trillion. These monthly accounts are compiled and released by the Controller General of Accounts (CGA) under the Ministry of Finance.
Political/Governance
• Lok Sabha Declares Amaravati as Andhra Pradesh Capital: The Lok Sabha passed a resolution officially declaring Amaravati as the sole capital of Andhra Pradesh. This decision follows years of political debate and policy changes regarding the state's capital structure, reflecting a strong consensus in Parliament and aiming to conclude political discussions within the state.
• Appointment of NCBC Chairperson and Member: Niranjan Jyoti has assumed charge as the Chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC), and Kiran Umesh Mahalle has taken charge as a Member. The NCBC is a constitutional body established under Article 338B of the Indian Constitution, dedicated to the welfare and protection of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs). It gained constitutional status through the 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018, and has powers akin to a civil court for investigations.
• Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot Unveiled: The Vice-President of India and the Minister of Law and Justice unveiled the Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot and its official mascot, Dishika, during the DISHA programme. Nyaya Setu is described as a voice-first, multimodal, and multilingual AI-powered legal assistant, designed to serve as a comprehensive legal aid tool.
• Purvanchal Mahotsav ‘Maati-9’ Festival: The Speaker of Lok Sabha addressed the Purvanchal Mahotsav ‘Maati-9’ Festival, emphasizing the region’s rich cultural and spiritual heritage. This premier cultural festival of the Purvanchal region is centered on the theme of 'Maati' (soil), celebrating the deep bond between people and their ancestral roots through heritage and traditions.
• AI-Driven Tax Governance in India: India is increasingly integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into its tax administration, notably through the Income Tax Department's Project Insight (PI). Launched in 2017 and operational since 2019, PI uses AI and data analytics to create 360-degree financial profiles of taxpayers by analyzing data from various sources like banking, GST, property, and high-value transactions. This initiative aims to detect tax evasion, enhance voluntary compliance, and ensure efficient tax enforcement. Since 2020–21, AI nudges have resulted in over 1 crore revised returns, generating an additional Rs 11,000 crore in tax. AI has also detected Rs 70,000 crore in tax evasion since 2019–20 and improved operational efficiency, reducing refund times from 93 to 17 days. However, concerns regarding data quality, algorithmic bias, lack of explainability, data privacy vulnerabilities (with Indians reportedly losing USD 22,495 crore to cyber fraud in 2025), and institutional voids are emerging.
Economic/Business
• RBI Foundation Day 2026: India observed the foundation day of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on April 1. Established in 1935, the RBI serves as India's central bank, playing a crucial role in monetary policy, controlling inflation, managing currency fluctuations, and regulating the banking system.
• New ATM Rules in India 2026: Effective from April 1, 2026, several banks in India introduced new ATM rules impacting customer transactions. These changes include counting UPI-based cash withdrawals as ATM usage, reducing daily withdrawal limits on certain debit cards, and tightening overall transaction regulations.
• India's Fiscal Deficit Update: India's fiscal deficit reached Rs 12.52 trillion by the end of February 2026, representing 80.4% of the annual budgetary target. This figure is notably lower than the 85.8% recorded during the same period in the 2024-25 fiscal year. For the full 2025-26 fiscal year, the Centre has set a fiscal deficit target of 4.4% of the GDP, amounting to an absolute value of Rs 15.58 trillion. These monthly accounts are compiled and released by the Controller General of Accounts (CGA) under the Ministry of Finance.
• IndiGo Names William Walsh as CEO: IndiGo, India's largest airline, confirmed the appointment of aviation veteran William Walsh as its new CEO on March 31. This leadership shift comes as IndiGo navigates a crucial period, aiming to recover from recent operational disruptions and enhance its business strategies.
International Relations
• India-Algeria Foreign Office Consultations: The 7th round of Foreign Office Consultations between India and Algeria was held in Algiers. During the consultations, both nations agreed to strengthen parliamentary cooperation and intensify efforts to combat terrorism. Algeria is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by land area.
• India's Leadership in Biodiversity Compliance: India has emerged as the global leader in biodiversity compliance under the Nagoya Protocol, issuing 3,561 Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCCs). This accounts for over 56% of the total certificates issued worldwide, highlighting India's commitment to access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources.
• Japan Establishes Centre for Indian Investments: Japan is launching a specialized center to streamline operations and provide critical support for Japanese firms expanding into the Indian market. This initiative aims to help companies navigate India's complex tax system, state-level regulations, and perceived lack of transparency in legal applications. This move supports the 10 trillion yen (USD 62.6 billion) private-sector investment target set by New Delhi and Tokyo in August 2025 for the coming decade. The focus will extend beyond traditional manufacturing to high-tech and strategic areas like Artificial Intelligence (AI), startups, and critical minerals. Japan is currently the 5th-largest source of FDI for India, with cumulative investments of USD 43.2 billion (2000–December 2024).
Science & Technology
• Artemis II Mission Launch: NASA is scheduled to launch the Artemis II mission on Wednesday, April 1, 2026. This mission marks the first time humans will venture to the Moon’s neighborhood since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, making it the first crewed mission under NASA’s Artemis program.
• India's First Quantum Computer in Amaravati: Andhra Pradesh is set to launch India's first quantum computer on April 14, 2026, in Amaravati. This announcement was made by Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu and is part of the state's ambitious Amaravati Quantum Valley project, indicating a major leap in advanced technology.
• Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot Unveiled: As mentioned under Political/Governance, the Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot, a voice-first, multimodal, and multilingual AI-powered legal assistant, was unveiled. This demonstrates the application of advanced AI in public service.
• Bhavasagara Referral Centre as National Deep-Sea Fauna Repository: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has officially designated the Bhavasagara Referral Centre at CMLRE, Kochi, as a National Repository for Deep-Sea Fauna under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This specialized scientific hub will preserve and study India's deep-sea biodiversity, developed by the Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
• Space Governance Concerns: Space governance is facing a critical failure due to increasingly crowded Earth orbits and vulnerability to debris. Current regulations are struggling to keep pace with rapid commercial expansion, highlighting the need for updated international and national frameworks of treaties, laws, and ethical guidelines for space activities.
• AI-Driven Tax Governance: As detailed under Political/Governance and Economic/Business, India's Income Tax Department is extensively using AI through Project Insight to improve tax compliance and detect evasion, showcasing significant technological integration in governance.
Environment & Climate
International Relations
• India-Algeria Foreign Office Consultations: The 7th round of Foreign Office Consultations between India and Algeria was held in Algiers. During the consultations, both nations agreed to strengthen parliamentary cooperation and intensify efforts to combat terrorism. Algeria is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by land area.
• India's Leadership in Biodiversity Compliance: India has emerged as the global leader in biodiversity compliance under the Nagoya Protocol, issuing 3,561 Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCCs). This accounts for over 56% of the total certificates issued worldwide, highlighting India's commitment to access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources.
• Japan Establishes Centre for Indian Investments: Japan is launching a specialized center to streamline operations and provide critical support for Japanese firms expanding into the Indian market. This initiative aims to help companies navigate India's complex tax system, state-level regulations, and perceived lack of transparency in legal applications. This move supports the 10 trillion yen (USD 62.6 billion) private-sector investment target set by New Delhi and Tokyo in August 2025 for the coming decade. The focus will extend beyond traditional manufacturing to high-tech and strategic areas like Artificial Intelligence (AI), startups, and critical minerals. Japan is currently the 5th-largest source of FDI for India, with cumulative investments of USD 43.2 billion (2000–December 2024).
Science & Technology
• Artemis II Mission Launch: NASA is scheduled to launch the Artemis II mission on Wednesday, April 1, 2026. This mission marks the first time humans will venture to the Moon’s neighborhood since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, making it the first crewed mission under NASA’s Artemis program.
• India's First Quantum Computer in Amaravati: Andhra Pradesh is set to launch India's first quantum computer on April 14, 2026, in Amaravati. This announcement was made by Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu and is part of the state's ambitious Amaravati Quantum Valley project, indicating a major leap in advanced technology.
• Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot Unveiled: As mentioned under Political/Governance, the Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot, a voice-first, multimodal, and multilingual AI-powered legal assistant, was unveiled. This demonstrates the application of advanced AI in public service.
• Bhavasagara Referral Centre as National Deep-Sea Fauna Repository: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has officially designated the Bhavasagara Referral Centre at CMLRE, Kochi, as a National Repository for Deep-Sea Fauna under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This specialized scientific hub will preserve and study India's deep-sea biodiversity, developed by the Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
• Space Governance Concerns: Space governance is facing a critical failure due to increasingly crowded Earth orbits and vulnerability to debris. Current regulations are struggling to keep pace with rapid commercial expansion, highlighting the need for updated international and national frameworks of treaties, laws, and ethical guidelines for space activities.
• AI-Driven Tax Governance: As detailed under Political/Governance and Economic/Business, India's Income Tax Department is extensively using AI through Project Insight to improve tax compliance and detect evasion, showcasing significant technological integration in governance.
Environment & Climate
• IMD Summer Forecast 2026: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) released its summer forecast for April to June 2026. The forecast predicts above-normal heatwave days across most parts of East, Central, Northwest India, and the Southeast Peninsula, along with a nationwide rise in minimum (night-time) temperatures. North India, however, is likely to experience a cooler-than-normal summer. India is also expected to receive approximately 12% above-normal rainfall in April, supported by increased western disturbances. A significant concern is the likelihood of El Niño developing by July, which may negatively impact the monsoon. The report also details the IMD's criteria for declaring heatwaves and discusses their impacts on public health, agriculture, water scarcity, economy, and environment.
• India Strengthens Marine Research with Bhavasagara Centre: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has officially designated the Bhavasagara Referral Centre at CMLRE, Kochi, as a National Repository for Deep-Sea Fauna under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This facility, developed by the Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology, is India's specialized scientific hub for preserving and studying its deep-sea biodiversity, reinforcing marine conservation efforts.
• India's Leadership in Nagoya Protocol Compliance: India has emerged as a global leader in biodiversity compliance, issuing 3,561 Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCCs), which constitute over 56% of the total certificates issued worldwide under the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing (ABS). The Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that ensures the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.
Social Issues
• Nalanda Temple Stampede: A tragic stampede occurred at the Maa Sheetla Mandir in Maghra village, Nalanda district, Bihar, during a religious gathering. Eight women died as massive crowds overwhelmed local barricades, highlighting critical issues in disaster management and crowd control at religious sites.
• Purvanchal Mahotsav ‘Maati-9’ Festival: As mentioned under Political/Governance, this cultural festival celebrates the deep bond between people and their ancestral roots through heritage and traditions in the Purvanchal region.
Defense & Security
• Delivery of 'Malwan' ASW SWC: The Indian Navy marked a significant step in its maritime defense capabilities with the official delivery of ‘Malwan’, the second of eight indigenously built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASW SWC). Malwan is a high-tech, waterjet-propelled warship specifically designed for anti-submarine warfare in shallow waters.
• Launch of 'Shachi' NGOPV: The Indian Navy achieved a major indigenous shipbuilding milestone with the launch of Shachi (Yard 1280), the first of eleven Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels (NGOPVs), at Goa Shipyard Limited. Shachi is the lead ship in this new class, demonstrating India's 'Aatmanirbharta' (self-reliance) in defense technology.
• Dunagiri, 5th Ship of Project 17A: The Indian Navy received 'Dunagiri (Yard 3023)', marking a significant advancement in India's pursuit of Aatmanirbharta (self-reliance) in defense. This signifies the continued progress in the Project 17A frigate program.
Awards & Honors
• International Booker Prize 2026 Shortlist: The International Booker Prize 2026 has shortlisted six novels from around the world. These selected books explore diverse themes such as human struggle, identity, resilience, stories of exile, political unrest, and haunting psychological narratives.
Appointments
• Appointment of NCBC Chairperson and Member: Niranjan Jyoti has assumed charge as the Chairperson and Kiran Umesh Mahalle as a Member of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
• India Strengthens Marine Research with Bhavasagara Centre: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has officially designated the Bhavasagara Referral Centre at CMLRE, Kochi, as a National Repository for Deep-Sea Fauna under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This facility, developed by the Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology, is India's specialized scientific hub for preserving and studying its deep-sea biodiversity, reinforcing marine conservation efforts.
• India's Leadership in Nagoya Protocol Compliance: India has emerged as a global leader in biodiversity compliance, issuing 3,561 Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCCs), which constitute over 56% of the total certificates issued worldwide under the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing (ABS). The Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that ensures the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.
Social Issues
• Nalanda Temple Stampede: A tragic stampede occurred at the Maa Sheetla Mandir in Maghra village, Nalanda district, Bihar, during a religious gathering. Eight women died as massive crowds overwhelmed local barricades, highlighting critical issues in disaster management and crowd control at religious sites.
• Purvanchal Mahotsav ‘Maati-9’ Festival: As mentioned under Political/Governance, this cultural festival celebrates the deep bond between people and their ancestral roots through heritage and traditions in the Purvanchal region.
Defense & Security
• Delivery of 'Malwan' ASW SWC: The Indian Navy marked a significant step in its maritime defense capabilities with the official delivery of ‘Malwan’, the second of eight indigenously built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASW SWC). Malwan is a high-tech, waterjet-propelled warship specifically designed for anti-submarine warfare in shallow waters.
• Launch of 'Shachi' NGOPV: The Indian Navy achieved a major indigenous shipbuilding milestone with the launch of Shachi (Yard 1280), the first of eleven Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels (NGOPVs), at Goa Shipyard Limited. Shachi is the lead ship in this new class, demonstrating India's 'Aatmanirbharta' (self-reliance) in defense technology.
• Dunagiri, 5th Ship of Project 17A: The Indian Navy received 'Dunagiri (Yard 3023)', marking a significant advancement in India's pursuit of Aatmanirbharta (self-reliance) in defense. This signifies the continued progress in the Project 17A frigate program.
Awards & Honors
• International Booker Prize 2026 Shortlist: The International Booker Prize 2026 has shortlisted six novels from around the world. These selected books explore diverse themes such as human struggle, identity, resilience, stories of exile, political unrest, and haunting psychological narratives.
Appointments
• Appointment of NCBC Chairperson and Member: Niranjan Jyoti has assumed charge as the Chairperson and Kiran Umesh Mahalle as a Member of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
❤1
• IndiGo Names William Walsh as CEO: William Walsh has been named the new CEO of IndiGo, confirmed on March 31, marking a leadership shift for India's largest airline.
రాజకీయాలు/పరిపాలన
* లోక్సభ అమరావతిని ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాజధానిగా ప్రకటించింది: ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ ఏకైక రాజధానిగా అమరావతిని అధికారికంగా ప్రకటిస్తూ లోక్సభ ఒక తీర్మానాన్ని ఆమోదించింది. రాష్ట్ర రాజధాని నిర్మాణంపై చాలా సంవత్సరాలుగా జరుగుతున్న రాజకీయ చర్చలు మరియు విధాన మార్పుల తర్వాత ఈ నిర్ణయం వచ్చింది, ఇది పార్లమెంటులో బలమైన ఏకాభిప్రాయాన్ని ప్రతిబింబిస్తుంది మరియు రాష్ట్రంలో రాజకీయ చర్చలను ముగించాలని లక్ష్యంగా పెట్టుకుంది.
* NCBC చైర్పర్సన్ మరియు సభ్యుల నియామకం: నిరంజన్ జ్యోతి జాతీయ వెనుకబడిన తరగతుల కమిషన్ (NCBC) చైర్పర్సన్గా బాధ్యతలు స్వీకరించారు, మరియు కిరణ్ ఉమేష్ మహల్లే సభ్యునిగా బాధ్యతలు స్వీకరించారు. NCBC అనేది భారత రాజ్యాంగంలోని ఆర్టికల్ 338B కింద స్థాపించబడిన ఒక రాజ్యాంగ సంస్థ, ఇది సామాజికంగా మరియు విద్యాపరంగా వెనుకబడిన తరగతుల (SEBCs) సంక్షేమం మరియు రక్షణకు అంకితం చేయబడింది. ఇది 102వ రాజ్యాంగ సవరణ చట్టం, 2018 ద్వారా రాజ్యాంగ హోదాను పొందింది మరియు విచారణల కోసం సివిల్ కోర్టుకు సమానమైన అధికారాలను కలిగి ఉంది.
* న్యాయ సేతు AI చాట్బాట్ ఆవిష్కరణ: భారత ఉపరాష్ట్రపతి మరియు న్యాయశాఖ మంత్రి DISHA కార్యక్రమంలో న్యాయ సేతు AI చాట్బాట్ను మరియు దాని అధికారిక మస్కట్ దిశికను ఆవిష్కరించారు. న్యాయ సేతు వాయిస్-ఫస్ట్, మల్టీమోడల్ మరియు బహుభాషా AI-శక్తితో కూడిన న్యాయ సహాయకుడిగా వివరించబడింది, ఇది సమగ్ర న్యాయ సహాయ సాధనంగా పనిచేయడానికి రూపొందించబడింది.
* పూర్వాంచల్ మహోత్సవ్ ‘మాటీ-9’ ఉత్సవం: లోక్సభ స్పీకర్ పూర్వాంచల్ మహోత్సవ్ ‘మాటీ-9’ ఉత్సవంలో ప్రసంగిస్తూ, ఈ ప్రాంతం యొక్క గొప్ప సాంస్కృతిక మరియు ఆధ్యాత్మిక వారసత్వాన్ని నొక్కి చెప్పారు. పూర్వాంచల్ ప్రాంతంలోని ఈ ప్రముఖ సాంస్కృతిక ఉత్సవం 'మాటీ' (మట్టి) థీమ్పై కేంద్రీకృతమై ఉంది, వారసత్వం మరియు సంప్రదాయాల ద్వారా ప్రజలు మరియు వారి పూర్వీకుల మూలాల మధ్య లోతైన బంధాన్ని జరుపుకుంటుంది.
* భారతదేశంలో AI-ఆధారిత పన్ను పాలన: భారతదేశం తన పన్ను నిర్వహణలో కృత్రిమ మేధస్సు (AI) ను ఎక్కువగా అనుసంధానిస్తోంది, ముఖ్యంగా ఆదాయపు పన్ను శాఖ యొక్క ప్రాజెక్ట్ ఇన్సైట్ (PI) ద్వారా. 2017లో ప్రారంభించబడి 2019 నుండి అమలులో ఉన్న PI, బ్యాంకింగ్, GST, ఆస్తి మరియు అధిక-విలువ లావాదేవీల వంటి వివిధ వనరుల నుండి డేటాను విశ్లేషించడం ద్వారా పన్ను చెల్లింపుదారుల యొక్క 360-డిగ్రీల ఆర్థిక ప్రొఫైల్లను రూపొందించడానికి AI మరియు డేటా అనలిటిక్స్ను ఉపయోగిస్తుంది. ఈ చొరవ పన్ను ఎగవేతను గుర్తించడం, స్వచ్ఛంద సమ్మతిని పెంచడం మరియు సమర్థవంతమైన పన్ను అమలును నిర్ధారించడం లక్ష్యంగా పెట్టుకుంది. 2020–21 నుండి, AI నడ్జ్లు 1 కోటి కంటే ఎక్కువ సవరించిన రిటర్న్లకు దారితీశాయి, అదనంగా రూ. 11,000 కోట్లు పన్ను వసూలైంది. AI 2019–20 నుండి రూ. 70,000 కోట్ల పన్ను ఎగవేతను కూడా గుర్తించింది మరియు కార్యాచరణ సామర్థ్యాన్ని మెరుగుపరిచింది, వాపసు సమయాన్ని 93 నుండి 17 రోజులకు తగ్గించింది. అయితే, డేటా నాణ్యత, అల్గోరిథమిక్ బయాస్, వివరణాత్మకత లేకపోవడం, డేటా గోప్యత బలహీనతలు (భారతీయులు 2025లో సైబర్ మోసం ద్వారా USD 22,495 కోట్లు కోల్పోయినట్లు నివేదించబడింది), మరియు సంస్థాగత లోపాలకు సంబంధించిన ఆందోళనలు తలెత్తుతున్నాయి.
ఆర్థికం/వ్యాపారం
* ఆర్బిఐ వ్యవస్థాపక దినోత్సవం 2026: భారతదేశం ఏప్రిల్ 1న రిజర్వ్ బ్యాంక్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా (ఆర్బిఐ) వ్యవస్థాపక దినోత్సవాన్ని పాటించింది. 1935లో స్థాపించబడిన ఆర్బిఐ భారతదేశ కేంద్ర బ్యాంకుగా పనిచేస్తుంది, ద్రవ్య విధానం, ద్రవ్యోల్బణాన్ని నియంత్రించడం, కరెన్సీ హెచ్చుతగ్గులను నిర్వహించడం మరియు బ్యాంకింగ్ వ్యవస్థను నియంత్రించడంలో కీలక పాత్ర పోషిస్తుంది.
* భారతదేశంలో కొత్త ఏటీఎం నిబంధనలు 2026: ఏప్రిల్ 1, 2026 నుండి అమలులోకి వచ్చేలా, భారతదేశంలోని అనేక బ్యాంకులు కొత్త ఏటీఎం నిబంధనలను ప్రవేశపెట్టాయి, ఇవి కస్టమర్ లావాదేవీలపై ప్రభావం చూపుతాయి. ఈ మార్పులలో UPI-ఆధారిత నగదు ఉపసంహరణలను ఏటీఎం వినియోగంగా లెక్కించడం, కొన్ని డెబిట్ కార్డులపై రోజువారీ ఉపసంహరణ పరిమితులను తగ్గించడం మరియు మొత్తం లావాదేవీ నిబంధనలను కఠినతరం చేయడం వంటివి ఉన్నాయి.
* భారతదేశ ద్రవ్య లోటు అప్డేట్: భారతదేశ ద్రవ్య లోటు ఫిబ్రవరి 2026 చివరి నాటికి రూ. 12.52 ట్రిలియన్లకు చేరుకుంది, ఇది వార్షిక బడ్జెట్ లక్ష్యంలో 80.4%గా ఉంది. ఈ సంఖ్య 2024-25 ఆర్థిక సంవత్సరంలో ఇదే కాలంలో నమోదైన 85.8% కంటే తక్కువగా ఉంది. 2025-26 పూర్తి ఆర్థిక సంవత్సరానికి, కేంద్రం GDPలో 4.4% ద్రవ్య లోటు లక్ష్యాన్ని నిర్దేశించింది, ఇది రూ. 15.58 ట్రిలియన్ల సంపూర్ణ విలువకు సమానం. ఈ నెలవారీ ఖాతాలను ఆర్థిక మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ కింద కంట్రోలర్ జనరల్ ఆఫ్ అకౌంట్స్ (CGA) సంకలనం చేసి విడుదల చేస్తుంది.
* లోక్సభ అమరావతిని ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాజధానిగా ప్రకటించింది: ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ ఏకైక రాజధానిగా అమరావతిని అధికారికంగా ప్రకటిస్తూ లోక్సభ ఒక తీర్మానాన్ని ఆమోదించింది. రాష్ట్ర రాజధాని నిర్మాణంపై చాలా సంవత్సరాలుగా జరుగుతున్న రాజకీయ చర్చలు మరియు విధాన మార్పుల తర్వాత ఈ నిర్ణయం వచ్చింది, ఇది పార్లమెంటులో బలమైన ఏకాభిప్రాయాన్ని ప్రతిబింబిస్తుంది మరియు రాష్ట్రంలో రాజకీయ చర్చలను ముగించాలని లక్ష్యంగా పెట్టుకుంది.
* NCBC చైర్పర్సన్ మరియు సభ్యుల నియామకం: నిరంజన్ జ్యోతి జాతీయ వెనుకబడిన తరగతుల కమిషన్ (NCBC) చైర్పర్సన్గా బాధ్యతలు స్వీకరించారు, మరియు కిరణ్ ఉమేష్ మహల్లే సభ్యునిగా బాధ్యతలు స్వీకరించారు. NCBC అనేది భారత రాజ్యాంగంలోని ఆర్టికల్ 338B కింద స్థాపించబడిన ఒక రాజ్యాంగ సంస్థ, ఇది సామాజికంగా మరియు విద్యాపరంగా వెనుకబడిన తరగతుల (SEBCs) సంక్షేమం మరియు రక్షణకు అంకితం చేయబడింది. ఇది 102వ రాజ్యాంగ సవరణ చట్టం, 2018 ద్వారా రాజ్యాంగ హోదాను పొందింది మరియు విచారణల కోసం సివిల్ కోర్టుకు సమానమైన అధికారాలను కలిగి ఉంది.
* న్యాయ సేతు AI చాట్బాట్ ఆవిష్కరణ: భారత ఉపరాష్ట్రపతి మరియు న్యాయశాఖ మంత్రి DISHA కార్యక్రమంలో న్యాయ సేతు AI చాట్బాట్ను మరియు దాని అధికారిక మస్కట్ దిశికను ఆవిష్కరించారు. న్యాయ సేతు వాయిస్-ఫస్ట్, మల్టీమోడల్ మరియు బహుభాషా AI-శక్తితో కూడిన న్యాయ సహాయకుడిగా వివరించబడింది, ఇది సమగ్ర న్యాయ సహాయ సాధనంగా పనిచేయడానికి రూపొందించబడింది.
* పూర్వాంచల్ మహోత్సవ్ ‘మాటీ-9’ ఉత్సవం: లోక్సభ స్పీకర్ పూర్వాంచల్ మహోత్సవ్ ‘మాటీ-9’ ఉత్సవంలో ప్రసంగిస్తూ, ఈ ప్రాంతం యొక్క గొప్ప సాంస్కృతిక మరియు ఆధ్యాత్మిక వారసత్వాన్ని నొక్కి చెప్పారు. పూర్వాంచల్ ప్రాంతంలోని ఈ ప్రముఖ సాంస్కృతిక ఉత్సవం 'మాటీ' (మట్టి) థీమ్పై కేంద్రీకృతమై ఉంది, వారసత్వం మరియు సంప్రదాయాల ద్వారా ప్రజలు మరియు వారి పూర్వీకుల మూలాల మధ్య లోతైన బంధాన్ని జరుపుకుంటుంది.
* భారతదేశంలో AI-ఆధారిత పన్ను పాలన: భారతదేశం తన పన్ను నిర్వహణలో కృత్రిమ మేధస్సు (AI) ను ఎక్కువగా అనుసంధానిస్తోంది, ముఖ్యంగా ఆదాయపు పన్ను శాఖ యొక్క ప్రాజెక్ట్ ఇన్సైట్ (PI) ద్వారా. 2017లో ప్రారంభించబడి 2019 నుండి అమలులో ఉన్న PI, బ్యాంకింగ్, GST, ఆస్తి మరియు అధిక-విలువ లావాదేవీల వంటి వివిధ వనరుల నుండి డేటాను విశ్లేషించడం ద్వారా పన్ను చెల్లింపుదారుల యొక్క 360-డిగ్రీల ఆర్థిక ప్రొఫైల్లను రూపొందించడానికి AI మరియు డేటా అనలిటిక్స్ను ఉపయోగిస్తుంది. ఈ చొరవ పన్ను ఎగవేతను గుర్తించడం, స్వచ్ఛంద సమ్మతిని పెంచడం మరియు సమర్థవంతమైన పన్ను అమలును నిర్ధారించడం లక్ష్యంగా పెట్టుకుంది. 2020–21 నుండి, AI నడ్జ్లు 1 కోటి కంటే ఎక్కువ సవరించిన రిటర్న్లకు దారితీశాయి, అదనంగా రూ. 11,000 కోట్లు పన్ను వసూలైంది. AI 2019–20 నుండి రూ. 70,000 కోట్ల పన్ను ఎగవేతను కూడా గుర్తించింది మరియు కార్యాచరణ సామర్థ్యాన్ని మెరుగుపరిచింది, వాపసు సమయాన్ని 93 నుండి 17 రోజులకు తగ్గించింది. అయితే, డేటా నాణ్యత, అల్గోరిథమిక్ బయాస్, వివరణాత్మకత లేకపోవడం, డేటా గోప్యత బలహీనతలు (భారతీయులు 2025లో సైబర్ మోసం ద్వారా USD 22,495 కోట్లు కోల్పోయినట్లు నివేదించబడింది), మరియు సంస్థాగత లోపాలకు సంబంధించిన ఆందోళనలు తలెత్తుతున్నాయి.
ఆర్థికం/వ్యాపారం
* ఆర్బిఐ వ్యవస్థాపక దినోత్సవం 2026: భారతదేశం ఏప్రిల్ 1న రిజర్వ్ బ్యాంక్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా (ఆర్బిఐ) వ్యవస్థాపక దినోత్సవాన్ని పాటించింది. 1935లో స్థాపించబడిన ఆర్బిఐ భారతదేశ కేంద్ర బ్యాంకుగా పనిచేస్తుంది, ద్రవ్య విధానం, ద్రవ్యోల్బణాన్ని నియంత్రించడం, కరెన్సీ హెచ్చుతగ్గులను నిర్వహించడం మరియు బ్యాంకింగ్ వ్యవస్థను నియంత్రించడంలో కీలక పాత్ర పోషిస్తుంది.
* భారతదేశంలో కొత్త ఏటీఎం నిబంధనలు 2026: ఏప్రిల్ 1, 2026 నుండి అమలులోకి వచ్చేలా, భారతదేశంలోని అనేక బ్యాంకులు కొత్త ఏటీఎం నిబంధనలను ప్రవేశపెట్టాయి, ఇవి కస్టమర్ లావాదేవీలపై ప్రభావం చూపుతాయి. ఈ మార్పులలో UPI-ఆధారిత నగదు ఉపసంహరణలను ఏటీఎం వినియోగంగా లెక్కించడం, కొన్ని డెబిట్ కార్డులపై రోజువారీ ఉపసంహరణ పరిమితులను తగ్గించడం మరియు మొత్తం లావాదేవీ నిబంధనలను కఠినతరం చేయడం వంటివి ఉన్నాయి.
* భారతదేశ ద్రవ్య లోటు అప్డేట్: భారతదేశ ద్రవ్య లోటు ఫిబ్రవరి 2026 చివరి నాటికి రూ. 12.52 ట్రిలియన్లకు చేరుకుంది, ఇది వార్షిక బడ్జెట్ లక్ష్యంలో 80.4%గా ఉంది. ఈ సంఖ్య 2024-25 ఆర్థిక సంవత్సరంలో ఇదే కాలంలో నమోదైన 85.8% కంటే తక్కువగా ఉంది. 2025-26 పూర్తి ఆర్థిక సంవత్సరానికి, కేంద్రం GDPలో 4.4% ద్రవ్య లోటు లక్ష్యాన్ని నిర్దేశించింది, ఇది రూ. 15.58 ట్రిలియన్ల సంపూర్ణ విలువకు సమానం. ఈ నెలవారీ ఖాతాలను ఆర్థిక మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ కింద కంట్రోలర్ జనరల్ ఆఫ్ అకౌంట్స్ (CGA) సంకలనం చేసి విడుదల చేస్తుంది.