Air Pollution

Classification of Air Pollutants:-

Primary Pollutants:-
1. Hydrocarbons
2. Sulphur compounds
3. Nitrogen compounds
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Carbon monoxide
6. Photochemical Oxidents
7. Lead
8. Radioactive materials
9. Halogen compounds
10. Suspended Particulate matter

Secondary Pollutants:-
1. Sulphuric acid
2. Ozone
3. Formaldehyde
4. Peroxy-acetyl-nitrate(PAN)
5. Photochemical smog.

Type of cross drainage works (CD works)


1)CD works carrying the canal over the natural drain
a) Aqueduct
b) Syphon aqueduct

2)CD works carrying natural drain over the canal
a) Super passage
b) Syphon

3)CD works admitting the drain water into the canal
a) Level crossing
b) Inlet and outlet

🎲 Quiz 'SOIL MECHANICS'
🖊 30 questions · ⏱ 45 sec

🎲 Quiz 'IRRIGATION'
🖊 30 questions · ⏱ 30 sec

🔥IMP. Points
💥HYDROLOGY💥

🛑Types of Rain Gauge:-

A) Non-Recording Type Rain Gauge:-
SYMON'S RAIN GAUGE

B) Recording Type Rain Gauge:-
1) Tipping Bucket:-
Gives Intensity of Rainfall

2) Weighing Type:-
Gives Mass Curve of Rainfall

3) Natural Syphon Type or Float Type:-
📌Adopted as Standard Recording Type Raingauge in India

It also gives a plot of
Mass Curve of Rainfall.

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💥Other Rain Gauges:-
📌Storage Gauge
📌Telemetering Rain Gauge
📌Radar Measurement of Rainfall Gauge
📌 Satellites

List of Instruments & its Uses:-

Altimeter:- Measures altitudes.

Ammeter:- Measures electric current.

Anemometer:- Measures force and velocity of wind and directions.

Audiometer:- Measures intensity of sound.

Barograph:- Continuous recording of atmospheric pressure.

Barometer:- Measures atmospheric pressure.

Binoculars:- To view distant objects.

Bolometer:- To measure heat radiation.

Callipers:- Measure inner & outer diameters of bodies

Calorimeter:- Measures quantities of heat

Cathetometer:- Determine heights, measurements of levels, etc. in scientific experiments.

Chronometer:- Determines longitude of a vessel at sea

Colorimeter:- Compares intensity of colours.

Commutator:- To change the direction of electrica current.

Cryometer:- A type of thermometer used to measure very low temperature, usually close to 0° C.

Dilatometer:- Measures changes in volume substance.

Dynamo:- Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Dynamometer:- Measures electrical power.

Fathometer:- Measures depth of ocean.

Fluxmeter:- Measures magnetic flux.

Galvanometer:- Measures electric current.

Hydrometer:- Measures relative density of liquids.

Hygrometer:- Measures level of humidity.

Hydrophone:- Measures sound under water.

Hypsometer:- To determine boiling point of liquids.

Hygroscope:- Shows the changes in atmospheric humidity.

Machmeter:- Determines the speed of an aircraft in terms of the speed of sound.

Manometer:- Measures the pressure of gases.

Micrometer:- Measures distances/ angles.

Nephelometer:- Measures turbidity.

Odometer:- Measure distance travelled by vehicle.

Periscope:- To view objects above sea level.

Pyrometer:- Measures very high temperature.

Refractometer:- Measures refractive indices.

Salinometer:- Determine salinity of solutions.

Sonar:- Used to detect objects under water.

Stereoscope:- To view two-dimensional picture.

Tachometer:- A theodolite adopted to measure distances, elevations and bearing during survey.

Udometer, Pluviometer, Ombrometer, hyetometer :- Rain gauge

Venturimeter:- To measure rate of flow of liquids.

Viscometer:- Measures viscosity of liquids.

💫✨various types of precipitation✨💫
1.Cyclonic - pressure difference
2.Orographic - mountain barrier
3.Frontal - warm and cold air
4.convective -temperature difference(heating of air)