203. Which of the following were the consequences of rise of feudalistic states in Medieval India?
1. It weakened the authority of the King
2. It led to a fall in internal trade
3. It strengthened the village self- government
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

🌿After the fall of big kingdoms like Gupta Empire and Harsha, there was a marked rise in Feudalistic societies in North India. 🌿The growth of such a society had far reaching consequences, like: it weakened the position of ruler and made him more dependent on feudal chiefs, many of whom maintained their own military. 🌿The small states discouraged trade and encouraged an economy in which villages or groups of villages tended to be largely self sufficient. 🌿The domination of local chiefs also weakened (not strengthened) village self government and authority of village sarpanch.
🌿In a feudal system, a vassal or a chief receives a piece of land as a reward for serving a king. The vassal in-turn can hire workers to work on his land. He also gets the right to administer the land and collect revenue from it. 🌿The vassal is expected to perform certain duties for the king, like contributing troops to his army, for retaining his reward. The common feature of a feudal society is that the dominant position in society is held by those who draw their sustenance from land without working on it.

204. With reference to medieval history of India, what does the term 'Dehliwal' mean ?
(a) It was the language spoken around Delhi before the advent of Mughals.
(b) These were the temples constructed by Jain merchants in Delhi.
(c) These were the coins minted in Delhi which had a wide circulation.
(d) It was a batter wall (sloping wall) constructed during the Tughlaq period.

🌿Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the Chauhans (also referred to as Chahamanas) of Ajmer. 🌿 It was under the Tomaras and Chauhans that Delhi became an important commercial centre. Many rich Jaina merchants lived in the city and constructed several temples.
🌿Coins minted here, called dehliwal, had a wide circulation. Dehliwal coins were in use during the period of Tomaras.

205.With reference to medieval Indian history, what is Din Panah?
(a) A religious faith started by Sher Shah Suri
(b) A city established by Humayun on the bank of Yamuna river.
(c) A form of charity done by rulers of Vijayanagar.
(d) Group of Sufi saints who migrated to South East Asia.

🌿Babur, the first Mughal ruler, arrived in 1526 and made his base at Agra to the southeast (in what is now the state of Uttar Pradesh). 🌿His son Humayun ascended the throne in 1530 and in 1533 founded a new city, Din Panah, on the bank of the Yamuna River. 🌿Shēr Shah, who overthrew Humāyūn in 1540, razed Din Panah to the ground and built his new capital, the Sher Shahi, now known as Purana Qila fort, in southeastern Delhi.

206. The "three gems", Pampa, Ponna and Ranna are associated with which of the following language?
(a) Malayalam
(b) Odia
(c) Kannada
(d) Tamil

🌿The corpus of transcribed forms of the Kannada language is called the Kannada literature. The following three poets were recognized as the three gems of the Kannada literature:
🌿Pampa is well known as the Ādikavi, he was a court poet of the Chalukya king Arikesari II, written in Champu styles, his epics Vikramārjuna Vijaya and the Ādi purāṇa made him popular.
🌿 Ranna was one of the earliest and the greatest poet of Kannada language.
🌿 Sri Ponna was also a noted poet of Kannada language; he was the court poet of king Krishna III of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty.

207. With reference to Indian history, the 'Mahanavami Dibba' used by the kings to display their prestige, power and suzerainty
was associated with which of the following Kingdoms?
(a) Cholas
(b) Vijaynagara
(c) Gurjara-Pratiharas
(d) Chalukyas

🌿King Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagar Empire constructed Mahanavami Dibba in commemoration on the victory over Udaygiri (now in Orissa). 🌿Archeologists believe that this platform had undergone
systematic enhancements by successive kings who came into power. The greenish schist stone additions in the front portions stands out from the rest and vouch this theory.
🌿Rituals associated with the structure coincided with Mahanavami (literally, the great ninth day) of the ten-day Hindu festival during the autumn months of September and October, known variously as Dussehra (northern India), Durga Puja (in Bengal) and Navaratri or Mahanavami (in peninsular India).
🌿The Vijayanagara kings displayed their prestige, power and suzerainty on this occasion. The ceremonies performed on the occasion included worship of the image, worship of the state horse, and the sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals. Dances, wrestling matches, and processions of caparisoned horses, elephants
and chariots and soldiers, as well as ritual presentations before the king and his guests by the chief nayakas and subordinate kings marked the occasion.

208.With reference to Guru Nanak, consider the following statements:
1. He was a contemporary of the Mughal emperor Akbar.
2. His message was about salvation through meditation on the divine name.
3. He died before choosing a successor.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 2 and 3 only

🌿Guru Nanak (1469-1539), the founder of the Sikh religion, was born at village Talwandi, now known as Nankana Sahib in Pakistan. 🌿Guru Nanak‘s three important precepts are contemplation of One God (nam-japna); earning one‘s livelihood (kirat karna); and sharing one‘s earnings with others (vand chhakna).
🌿Guru Nanak repudiated the orthodox practices and rituals of Hinduism and Islam and stressed on the practice of truthful living. To demolish caste- system he insisted on common kitchen and built the first dharamsala or chapel of the Sikhs at Kartarpur.
🌿Guru Nanak‘s message can be summarized as a doctrine of salvation through disciplined meditation on the divine name.
🌿Salvation is understood in terms of escape from the transmigratory round of death and rebirth to a mystical union with God.
🌿The divine name signifies the total manifestation of God, a single Being, immanent both in the created world and within the human spirit.
🌿 Meditation must be strictly inward, and all external aids such as idols, temples, mosques, scriptures, and set prayers are explicitly rejected.
🌿The actual year of Guru Nanak‘s death is disputed, tradition being divided between 1538 and 1539. Of these two possibilities, the latter appears to be the more likely. 🌿 One of his disciples, Angad, was chosen by Guru Nanak as his spiritual successor, and following Guru Nanak‘s death he assumed the leadership of the young Sikh community as Guru Angad.
🌿The Mughal emperor Akbar lived from 1542-1605 and, hence, was not a contemporary of Guru Nanak.

209. With reference to Mughal architecture, the term naubat khana refers to
(a) a Turkish public bath.
(b) a drum house from where ceremonial music was played.
(c) a stepped pulpit in the Jama Masjid.
(d) the shrine of a Sufi saint, where the saint‟s grave is located.

Some terms related to Mughal architecture are as follows:
🌿 Naubat Khana, or Naqqar Khana, refers to a drum house from where ceremonial music was played which was usually situated over the gate. It was a popular feature in Mughal palace complexes.
🌿For example, in the Red Fort, the Naubat Khana or Naqqar Khana originally housed the music gallery and was the main entrance to the Diwan-e-Aam(Hall of Public Audiences).
🌿 Musicians at the Naubat Khana would play drums throughout the day on special occasions like the emperor‘s birthday. On other days, drums would be played five times a day if the emperor was in residence, thrice if he was traveling.
🌿 Mimbar refers to a stepped pulpit in the Jama Masjid or Friday mosque from where the Khutba was read.
🌿Hamam refers to a Turkish public bath for massage and sauna.
🌿Dargah refers to the Shrine of a Sufi saint, where the saint‘s grave called mazar is located.

210. With reference to the Bhakti movement in medieval India, consider the following pairs:
Bhakti tradition : Modern state
1. Varkari : Maharashtra
2. Gaudia Vaishnav : West Bengal
3. Haridasa : Jammu and Kashmir

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly
matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only

🌿An important landmark in the cultural history of medieval India was the silent revolution in society brought about by a galaxy of socio-religious reformers, a revolution known as the Bhakti Movement.
🌿The movement in Maharashtra witnessed mass participation by different social groups.
🌿 The Varkari Maratha saints developed a new method of religious instruction, i.e. Kirtan and the Nirupana.
🌿The Maratha movement contributed to the flowering of Marathi literature. These saints used popular dialect which paved the way for transformation of Marathi into a literary language.
🌿 The literature of the Varkari school gives some idea about the plebeian character of the movement. It addressed itself to the problems of the Kunbis (farmers), Vanis (traders) and the artisans, etc.
🌿 M.G. Ranade points out that this movement led to the development of vernacular literature and upliftment of lower castes, etc.
🌿The Gaudia Vaishnav movement and the Chaitanya movement (neo-Vaishnav movement) which derived its inspiration from the life and teachings of Sri Chaitanya had a tremendous impact on the social, religious and cultural life of the people of Assam, Bengal and Orissa. The people were not only influenced by his message but began to regard him as an incarnation of God.
🌿The two important currents of Bhakti that impacted the lives of a very large section of society in medieval Karnataka have been the Virasaiva and the Haridasa movement.
🌿 The Haridasas were of Vaishnavite persuasion.
🌿 They presented two groups Vyasakuta, who were required to be proficient in the Vedas, Upanishads and other Darshanas, and the Dasakuta, which merely conveyed the message of Madhvacharya
through Kannada language to the people.

211. Which of the following events in Indian history happened earliest?
(a) Emergence of the Sultanate of Golconda
(b) Conquest of Goa by the Portuguese
(c) Establishment of the Bahmani kingdom
(d) Establishment of the Mughal Empire by Babur

Some major political developments of medieval India are:
✨ c.1200-1300: Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate (1206)
✨ c.1300-1400: Establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire;
✨ Establishment of the Bahmani kingdom (1347); Sultanates in Jaunpur, Kashmir and Madura
✨ c.1400-1500: Establishment of the Gajapati kingdom of Orissa (1435); Establishment of the Sultanates of Gujarat and Malwa; Emergence of the Sultanates of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Berar
(1490)
✨ c.1500-1600: Conquest of Goa by the Portuguese (1510); Collapse of the Bahmani kingdom, Emergence of the Sultanate of Golconda (1518); Establishment of the Mughal empire by Babur (1526)
🌿The Bahmani kingdom was a Muslim state (1347–1518) in the Deccan in India. The sultanate was founded in 1347 by Alā al-Dīn Bahman Shah, who was supported by other military leaders in rebellion against the sultan of Delhi, Muḥammad bin Tughluq. 🌿The Bahmani capital was Aḥsanabad (now Gulbarga) between 1347 and 1425 and Muḥammadabad (now Bidar) thereafter. Bahmani attained the peak of its power during the vizierate (1466–81) of Maḥmud Gawan.
🌿The first part of India to fall to European colonial rule was Goa in 1510. Its conquest was the work of Portuguese viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque, who recognized that the port-city would make a perfect permanent base for Portugal‘s navy and commerce in the Indian Ocean.
🌿Goa was destined to remain under colonial rule until 1961; it was the last—as well as the first—European possession in India.
🌿Quṭb Shahi dynasty, (1518–1687), were Muslim rulers of the kingdom of Golconda in the southeastern Deccan of India, one of the five successor states of the Bahmanī kingdom. The founder was Quli Quṭb Shah, a Turkish governor of the Bahmani eastern region, which largely coincided with the preceding Hindu state of Warangal. 🌿Quṭb Shah declared his independence in 1518 and moved his capital to Golconda. Toward the end of the century, Muḥammad Quli Quṭb Shah built a new capital at Hyderabad, a few miles away. 🌿Golconda took part in the overthrow of Vijayanagar (1565) and thereafter was mainly concerned with expansion along the coastal Carnatic (Karnakata). In 1687 the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb annexed the kingdom.
🌿The first Battle of Panipat was a decisive battle in history as it laid the foundation of Mughal Empire for coming centuries. This battle was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi on April 21,1526 on the plains of Panipat. Babur defeated Lodhi, who was killed in the battle.

212. With reference to medieval history of India, the terms 'Nayakar' and 'Ayagar' refer to
(a) administrative systems in Vijayanagar kingdom
(b) bhakti saints of South India
(c) artists who performed the Yakshagana
(d) titles given to military officials of the Chola empire