Palas ๐นPalas ruled West Bengal with their capital city at Monghyr. ๐นGopala was the founder of the dynasty and Dharmapala was the greatest ruler of the Pala dynasty. ๐นThe only Pala King to rule Kannauj with the title Uttarapatha Swamin (Lord of the North) was Mahipala, the last
great king of the Palas. He was defeated by Rajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty who took control over Silk trade with China.
great king of the Palas. He was defeated by Rajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty who took control over Silk trade with China.
Senas:
๐นFounded by Samanta Sen, they ruled Bihar and Bengal. ๐นBallala Sen introduced a form of landed aristocracy called Kulinism. ๐นLakshman Sen, the greatest and last of the dynasty, founded the city of Lakhanauti. ๐นJaidev, the author of Gita Govinda and Dhoyin or Dhoyฤซ, the author of Pavanaduta were the court poets of Lakshmnan Sen. ๐นLakshman Sen was defeated by Bakhitar Khijli in 1197 A.D.
๐นFounded by Samanta Sen, they ruled Bihar and Bengal. ๐นBallala Sen introduced a form of landed aristocracy called Kulinism. ๐นLakshman Sen, the greatest and last of the dynasty, founded the city of Lakhanauti. ๐นJaidev, the author of Gita Govinda and Dhoyin or Dhoyฤซ, the author of Pavanaduta were the court poets of Lakshmnan Sen. ๐นLakshman Sen was defeated by Bakhitar Khijli in 1197 A.D.
Eastern Ganga dynasty:
๐นThey ruled Kanliga with the capital at Tripuri. ๐นThe dynasty was founded by Anantavarman Choda Gangadeva.
๐นNarasimhadeva I constructed the famous Sun temple at Konark. ๐นBhanudeva III was defeated by Feroz Shah Tughlaq.
๐นThey ruled Kanliga with the capital at Tripuri. ๐นThe dynasty was founded by Anantavarman Choda Gangadeva.
๐นNarasimhadeva I constructed the famous Sun temple at Konark. ๐นBhanudeva III was defeated by Feroz Shah Tughlaq.
Parmars:
๐นThey ruled Southern Malwa with the capital city at Dhar (M.P.) ๐นUpendra was the founder of the dynasty. ๐นBhojaraj was the greatest of the Parmars, who also wrote the famous Samaradngana Sutradhara (which deals with architecture) and Ayurveda Sarvasva (Everything on Ayurveda).
๐นThey ruled Southern Malwa with the capital city at Dhar (M.P.) ๐นUpendra was the founder of the dynasty. ๐นBhojaraj was the greatest of the Parmars, who also wrote the famous Samaradngana Sutradhara (which deals with architecture) and Ayurveda Sarvasva (Everything on Ayurveda).
Chandelas:
๐นThey ruled Bundelkhand with the capital city at Khajuraho. The dynasty was also called Jejakabhukti dynasty (forest tribe with their family deity as Jejaka). ๐นYasovarman was the first great king. His son Dhanga (r. c. 950-999 CE), also known as Dhaแนgadeva commissioned magnificent temples at Khajuraho, including the Vishvanatha temple. ๐นVidyadhara was the successor of Ganda and grandson of Dhanga, and expanded the Chandela power between Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south.
๐นHe offered the most successful resistance to Mahmud Ghazni when Ghazni attacked Kalinjhar fort in 1081 A.D. ๐นThe temples at Khajuraho were constructed by Chandelas.
๐นThey ruled Bundelkhand with the capital city at Khajuraho. The dynasty was also called Jejakabhukti dynasty (forest tribe with their family deity as Jejaka). ๐นYasovarman was the first great king. His son Dhanga (r. c. 950-999 CE), also known as Dhaแนgadeva commissioned magnificent temples at Khajuraho, including the Vishvanatha temple. ๐นVidyadhara was the successor of Ganda and grandson of Dhanga, and expanded the Chandela power between Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south.
๐นHe offered the most successful resistance to Mahmud Ghazni when Ghazni attacked Kalinjhar fort in 1081 A.D. ๐นThe temples at Khajuraho were constructed by Chandelas.
Solankis:
๐นThey ruled Gujarat. The dynasty was founded by Mulraj and Anihilwad was their capital city.
๐นIn 1025 A.D. Mohd Ghazni attacked Somnath temple, the richest temple in Indian in the Kathiawar district in Gujrat. He defeated Bhima I and looted the temple. ๐นBhima II and Mulraj II together defeated Mohd Ghori in the battle of Mt. Abu in 1179 A.D. ๐นGujrat was finally conquered by Alauddin Khilji in 1296 A.D.
๐นThey ruled Gujarat. The dynasty was founded by Mulraj and Anihilwad was their capital city.
๐นIn 1025 A.D. Mohd Ghazni attacked Somnath temple, the richest temple in Indian in the Kathiawar district in Gujrat. He defeated Bhima I and looted the temple. ๐นBhima II and Mulraj II together defeated Mohd Ghori in the battle of Mt. Abu in 1179 A.D. ๐นGujrat was finally conquered by Alauddin Khilji in 1296 A.D.
Chauhans:
๐นThey ruled North Rajasthan and Haryana. They belonged to Sakambari cult (family deity of Chauhans). ๐นThe dynasty was founded by Simharaj Chauhan. ๐นAjayraj Chauhan founded the city of Ajmer. ๐นPrithviraj Chauhan was the greatest ruler of the dynasty. He became popular as Roypithora. He married Samyukta, daughter of Jaichandra against the wishes of Jaichandra.
๐นIn 1191 A.D, Prithviraj defeated Md. Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain. In the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 A.D., Mohd Ghori defeated Prithviraj with the help of Jaichandra.
๐นChand Bardoi, the court poet of Prithviraj wrote Prithvirajraso and Prithviraj Charitra.
๐นThey ruled North Rajasthan and Haryana. They belonged to Sakambari cult (family deity of Chauhans). ๐นThe dynasty was founded by Simharaj Chauhan. ๐นAjayraj Chauhan founded the city of Ajmer. ๐นPrithviraj Chauhan was the greatest ruler of the dynasty. He became popular as Roypithora. He married Samyukta, daughter of Jaichandra against the wishes of Jaichandra.
๐นIn 1191 A.D, Prithviraj defeated Md. Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain. In the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 A.D., Mohd Ghori defeated Prithviraj with the help of Jaichandra.
๐นChand Bardoi, the court poet of Prithviraj wrote Prithvirajraso and Prithviraj Charitra.
Tomars
๐นThey ruled Haryana and Delhi and founded the city of Delhi which was then called Dallika. ๐นMahipal Tomar was the greatest ruler of the dynasty.
๐นThey ruled Haryana and Delhi and founded the city of Delhi which was then called Dallika. ๐นMahipal Tomar was the greatest ruler of the dynasty.
Guhadwalas:
๐นThey ruled South Rajasthan with the capital city at Nagada. ๐นJaichandra was their greatest ruler. In 1193 A.D. Ghori killed Jaichandra in the battle of Chandwa
๐นThey ruled South Rajasthan with the capital city at Nagada. ๐นJaichandra was their greatest ruler. In 1193 A.D. Ghori killed Jaichandra in the battle of Chandwa
HISTORY OF KASHMIR:
๐นKalhanaโs Rajatarangini is the first systematically written historical text in Indian history. It deals with the five dynasties that ruled Kashmir.
๐นLalitha Aditya Muktapada โ The greatest of Karkotaka dynasty (1st dynasty to rule Kashmir).
๐นHe constructed the famous Martanda temple in Srinagar and promoted trade between Kashmir and China.
๐นAvantivarma, the most popular king in the history of Kashmir promoted many irrigation systems. With the help of his minister Suia, he constructed a dam across Vitsata river (Jhelum). He belonged to the Utpala dynasty.
๐นDiddadevi, the only woman ruler in the history of Kashmir, was wife of Kshamagupta and belonged to the Poorvagupta dynasty.
๐นKalhanaโs Rajatarangini is the first systematically written historical text in Indian history. It deals with the five dynasties that ruled Kashmir.
๐นLalitha Aditya Muktapada โ The greatest of Karkotaka dynasty (1st dynasty to rule Kashmir).
๐นHe constructed the famous Martanda temple in Srinagar and promoted trade between Kashmir and China.
๐นAvantivarma, the most popular king in the history of Kashmir promoted many irrigation systems. With the help of his minister Suia, he constructed a dam across Vitsata river (Jhelum). He belonged to the Utpala dynasty.
๐นDiddadevi, the only woman ruler in the history of Kashmir, was wife of Kshamagupta and belonged to the Poorvagupta dynasty.
New Chola Dynasty:
๐นIt was founded by Vijayalaya Chola who was a feudatory of the Pallavas. ๐นTanjore or Thanjavur was their Capital city. ๐นAditya Chola was the first great king, who also defeated the last of the Pallavas, ๐นAparajitavarma Parantaka I issued the famous Uttaramerur inscription that talks about the village administarion under the Cholas.
๐นThe Rastrakuta and Chola dynastic wars began during his times. ๐นKrishna II of the Rastrakutas was defeated by Parantaka in the Battle of Pallava in 919 A.D. ๐นKrishna III of Rastrakutas defeated and killed Parantaka in the Battle of Tukkonam (939 A.D.).
๐นRajaraja Chola was the greatest of the Chola rulers. He defeated Pandyas, Cheras, Banas, Kadambas and Western Gangas. ๐นVimaladitya of the Eastern Chalukyas became the son-in-law of Rajaraja Chola. He attacked Ceylon, destroyed the capital city Anuradhapur and annexed Western Ceylon
๐นIt was founded by Vijayalaya Chola who was a feudatory of the Pallavas. ๐นTanjore or Thanjavur was their Capital city. ๐นAditya Chola was the first great king, who also defeated the last of the Pallavas, ๐นAparajitavarma Parantaka I issued the famous Uttaramerur inscription that talks about the village administarion under the Cholas.
๐นThe Rastrakuta and Chola dynastic wars began during his times. ๐นKrishna II of the Rastrakutas was defeated by Parantaka in the Battle of Pallava in 919 A.D. ๐นKrishna III of Rastrakutas defeated and killed Parantaka in the Battle of Tukkonam (939 A.D.).
๐นRajaraja Chola was the greatest of the Chola rulers. He defeated Pandyas, Cheras, Banas, Kadambas and Western Gangas. ๐นVimaladitya of the Eastern Chalukyas became the son-in-law of Rajaraja Chola. He attacked Ceylon, destroyed the capital city Anuradhapur and annexed Western Ceylon
ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND:
๐นIt was Calipha Wahid who declared โJihadโ on Sind on the complaint of Al-Hazaz, the Sultan of Persia. Dahir, the king of Sind, was a Brahmin and the majority was Buddhists. ๐นMohd bin Qasim led the Arab army, destroyed the golden city Multan and killed Dahir in the Battle of Roare.
Results:
1. The interaction between Hinduism and Islam led to the emergence of Sufism in Islam and Bhakti movement in Hinduism.
2. The Arabs translated Ganithashstra and Charak Samhita into Arabic language called Sind Hind, and also appropriated the popular play, Shatranj.
3. Jizia, a religious tax on all non-muslims in the Islamic state was levied for the first time in Sind. Women, children, slaves and Brahmins were exempted from paying this tax.
๐นIt was Calipha Wahid who declared โJihadโ on Sind on the complaint of Al-Hazaz, the Sultan of Persia. Dahir, the king of Sind, was a Brahmin and the majority was Buddhists. ๐นMohd bin Qasim led the Arab army, destroyed the golden city Multan and killed Dahir in the Battle of Roare.
Results:
1. The interaction between Hinduism and Islam led to the emergence of Sufism in Islam and Bhakti movement in Hinduism.
2. The Arabs translated Ganithashstra and Charak Samhita into Arabic language called Sind Hind, and also appropriated the popular play, Shatranj.
3. Jizia, a religious tax on all non-muslims in the Islamic state was levied for the first time in Sind. Women, children, slaves and Brahmins were exempted from paying this tax.
TURKISH CONQUEST OF INDIA:
๐นMahmud of Ghazniโ 998 A.D-1030 A.D.
๐นHis actual name was Yamฤซn-ud-Dawla Abul-Qฤแนฃim Maแธฅmลซd ibn Sebรผktegฤซn and he belonged to the Yamini dynasty that ruled Ghazni in Afghanistan. He attacked India as many as 17 times during the winter seasons. ๐นHe defeated Saipala of Kashmir, Daud of Sind, Rajyapala of Pratihars and Bhima I of Solankis. ๐น In 1025 A.D. he looted the Somnath temple which was the richest temple in India. ๐นThe Jats of Haryana always created problems for Ghazni while on his journey back.
๐นThe Arab historians- Al-Beruni, Al-masudi and Utbi visited India along with him. ๐นAlberuni stayed at Varanasi and read Sanskrit for 10 years. He wrote the most authoritative, authentic source on early medieval India. Alberuni observed that
a) Indiaโs priestly classes were self-centered, deceptive, arrogant and indifferent.
b) The caste system was responsible for the defeat of Indians.
c) Indians had no sense of history, strategies of warfare and no innovativeness. ๐นHe also wrote Jawahir-ul-Jawahir on mineralogy and Quanun-i-Masudi that dealt with astronomy.
๐นFirdausi, an Indian, was invited by Ghazni to write his biography. ๐นShahnamal written by Firdausi is called the Odyssey of Persian literature. ๐นGhazni was impressed by Sanskrit language and issued Silver coins with Sanskrit verses.
๐นMahmud of Ghazniโ 998 A.D-1030 A.D.
๐นHis actual name was Yamฤซn-ud-Dawla Abul-Qฤแนฃim Maแธฅmลซd ibn Sebรผktegฤซn and he belonged to the Yamini dynasty that ruled Ghazni in Afghanistan. He attacked India as many as 17 times during the winter seasons. ๐นHe defeated Saipala of Kashmir, Daud of Sind, Rajyapala of Pratihars and Bhima I of Solankis. ๐น In 1025 A.D. he looted the Somnath temple which was the richest temple in India. ๐นThe Jats of Haryana always created problems for Ghazni while on his journey back.
๐นThe Arab historians- Al-Beruni, Al-masudi and Utbi visited India along with him. ๐นAlberuni stayed at Varanasi and read Sanskrit for 10 years. He wrote the most authoritative, authentic source on early medieval India. Alberuni observed that
a) Indiaโs priestly classes were self-centered, deceptive, arrogant and indifferent.
b) The caste system was responsible for the defeat of Indians.
c) Indians had no sense of history, strategies of warfare and no innovativeness. ๐นHe also wrote Jawahir-ul-Jawahir on mineralogy and Quanun-i-Masudi that dealt with astronomy.
๐นFirdausi, an Indian, was invited by Ghazni to write his biography. ๐นShahnamal written by Firdausi is called the Odyssey of Persian literature. ๐นGhazni was impressed by Sanskrit language and issued Silver coins with Sanskrit verses.
Muhammad of Ghor
๐นHis actual name was Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori, the Sultan of Ghor in Afghanistan. ๐นHis titles were Jahan-i-Soz (one who sets World on fire). ๐นHis main objective was to make Islam popular in India. He was very much troubled by a tribe called Khokaras. ๐นHe appointed Aibak as his representative in India.
๐นHis actual name was Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori, the Sultan of Ghor in Afghanistan. ๐นHis titles were Jahan-i-Soz (one who sets World on fire). ๐นHis main objective was to make Islam popular in India. He was very much troubled by a tribe called Khokaras. ๐นHe appointed Aibak as his representative in India.
DELHI SULTANATE (1206 โ 1526 A.D.)
๐นSultanate in Indian context connotes โassociationโ or โseriesโ of five dynasties:
1. Slave Dynasty - 1206 A.D. โ 1290 A.D.
2. Khilji Dynasty - 1290 A.D. โ 1320 A.D.
3. Tughlaq Dynasty - 1320 A.D. โ 1414 A.D.
4. Sayyid Dynasty - 1414 A.D. โ 1451 A.D.
5. Lodhi Dynasty - 1451 A.D. โ 1526 A.D
๐นThe Tughlaqs ruled for the longest and Khilji for the shortest period. ๐นThe Slave dynasty had the maximum number of sultans (10) and the Lodhis had the least (3).
๐นSultanate in Indian context connotes โassociationโ or โseriesโ of five dynasties:
1. Slave Dynasty - 1206 A.D. โ 1290 A.D.
2. Khilji Dynasty - 1290 A.D. โ 1320 A.D.
3. Tughlaq Dynasty - 1320 A.D. โ 1414 A.D.
4. Sayyid Dynasty - 1414 A.D. โ 1451 A.D.
5. Lodhi Dynasty - 1451 A.D. โ 1526 A.D
๐นThe Tughlaqs ruled for the longest and Khilji for the shortest period. ๐นThe Slave dynasty had the maximum number of sultans (10) and the Lodhis had the least (3).
SLAVE DYNASTY:
๐นIt was founded by Qutubuddin Aibak (who was popularly known as Lakh Baksh) together with Mongbarni in Central Asia and Yalduz in Lahore, who were the two representatives of
Ghori. ๐นAibak was also known as Akshar Baksh for his patronage given to poets. He died at Lahore while playing Chogam (polo).
๐นAram Shan, son of Aibak was the first Sultan deposed by the Sardars (military commanders).
๐นIt was founded by Qutubuddin Aibak (who was popularly known as Lakh Baksh) together with Mongbarni in Central Asia and Yalduz in Lahore, who were the two representatives of
Ghori. ๐นAibak was also known as Akshar Baksh for his patronage given to poets. He died at Lahore while playing Chogam (polo).
๐นAram Shan, son of Aibak was the first Sultan deposed by the Sardars (military commanders).
โ๏ธIltutmish or Altamash, son-in-law of Aibak, is considered the real founder of the Slave dynasty. His reforms included:
1. Introduction of Silver coins called Tankas and Copper coins called Jittals for the first time.
2. Appointment of Sujan Roy Pandit to draft a text on administration. That took the form of Kulsath-ul-Tawarikh.
3. An association of 40 nobles called Chahalgani was by Iltutmish for the first time.
4. He was also the first to introduce Land Assignment System called Iqtadari.
5. Iltutmish was the first to introduce the principle of hereditary succession.
๐นIt was during his time that the Mongols invaded India for the first time under the leadership of Chengiz Khan.
1. Introduction of Silver coins called Tankas and Copper coins called Jittals for the first time.
2. Appointment of Sujan Roy Pandit to draft a text on administration. That took the form of Kulsath-ul-Tawarikh.
3. An association of 40 nobles called Chahalgani was by Iltutmish for the first time.
4. He was also the first to introduce Land Assignment System called Iqtadari.
5. Iltutmish was the first to introduce the principle of hereditary succession.
๐นIt was during his time that the Mongols invaded India for the first time under the leadership of Chengiz Khan.
Razia Sultana: ๐นShe was the only woman ruler in the history of Delhi. ๐นShe promoted an Abyssinian slave Yakub to the highest rank of Amir-i-Alore i.e. the Chief Commander of Cavalry. This was not at all appreciated by the nobility. ๐น She was killed by the Court officers while returning back from Bhatinda along with Altunia, her cousin.
๐นMinaz-us-Siraz wrote the famous Tabaqath-i-Nasiri on the administration of Nasiruddin (who had taken over the throne after Razia).
๐นMinaz-us-Siraz wrote the famous Tabaqath-i-Nasiri on the administration of Nasiruddin (who had taken over the throne after Razia).
Ghiasuddin Balban โ 1265 A.D. โ 1286 A.D.:
๐นHe was the greatest ruler of the Slave dynasty and his actual name was Ulughukhan.
๐นHe was first to introduce the theory of divine origin of kingship, declaring the Sultan as the Shadow of God (Jilla-i-ilahi).
๐นHe abolished Chahalgani, the association of 40 nobles that constituted the most important part of the nobility and was crucial to any decision making. ๐นHe also reorganized the lqta system for the first time in order to curb the power of nobles and created a separate department Diwan-i-Araz for military admintration. ๐นHe introduced the royal customs: Shizda and Paibos i.e prostration, kissing the fingers/hand of Sultan and touching his feet.
๐นThe Persian New Year festival, Navaroz, was introduced for the first time.
๐นHis eldest son Prince Mohammed died in the fight against Mongols and Balban died of shock.
๐นHe was the greatest ruler of the Slave dynasty and his actual name was Ulughukhan.
๐นHe was first to introduce the theory of divine origin of kingship, declaring the Sultan as the Shadow of God (Jilla-i-ilahi).
๐นHe abolished Chahalgani, the association of 40 nobles that constituted the most important part of the nobility and was crucial to any decision making. ๐นHe also reorganized the lqta system for the first time in order to curb the power of nobles and created a separate department Diwan-i-Araz for military admintration. ๐นHe introduced the royal customs: Shizda and Paibos i.e prostration, kissing the fingers/hand of Sultan and touching his feet.
๐นThe Persian New Year festival, Navaroz, was introduced for the first time.
๐นHis eldest son Prince Mohammed died in the fight against Mongols and Balban died of shock.
Kaiqubad โ 1286 A.D.-1290 A.D.:
๐นHe was the grandson of Balban and the last ruler of the Slave dynasty. ๐นInterestingly he was the first Sultan to come to power when his father Bugra Khan was alive. Bugra Khan was the second son of Balban and the Governor of Bengal. He was deposed by Jalaluddin Khilji as he was incompetent and paralytic
๐นHe was the grandson of Balban and the last ruler of the Slave dynasty. ๐นInterestingly he was the first Sultan to come to power when his father Bugra Khan was alive. Bugra Khan was the second son of Balban and the Governor of Bengal. He was deposed by Jalaluddin Khilji as he was incompetent and paralytic